Research on the Deterioration Mechanism of PPF Mortar-Masonry Stone Structures Under Freeze–Thaw Conditions
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.2. Testing Methods’ Experimental Design
2.3. Testing Methods
2.3.1. DIC Test Method Acoustic Emission Test Method
2.3.2. Acoustic Emission Test Method
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Study on the Optimal Fiber Content
3.1.1. Analysis of Uniaxial Compression Test Results
3.1.2. Flexural Strength Study
3.1.3. Freeze–Thaw Mass Loss
3.1.4. Optimal Fiber Content
3.2. Different Stress Ratio Loading Test Study
3.2.1. Failure Mode
3.2.2. Principal Stress Law
3.2.3. Peak Strain
3.2.4. Failure Criterion
3.2.5. Freeze–Thaw Damage Evolution Model
3.3. Analysis Based on NAD Damage Degree
3.4. Acoustic Emission RA-AF Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Comprehensively considering the three characteristics of uniaxial compressive strength, flexural strength, and freeze–thaw mass loss rate, it is concluded that when the PPF mortar rubble is between 0.9 and 1.1 kg/m3, both the compressive strength and the flexural strength of the rubble are relatively large, and the mass loss rate is relatively small. The durability of the specimens is good.
- Compared with the uniaxial compression test, the ultimate compressive strength of different stress ratio loading methods all showed an increasing trend. Moreover, as the stress ratio increases, the development trend of the vertical pressure of the ultimate compressive strength exhibits a parabolic shape. When α = 0.5, the strength reaches the maximum. By correcting the parameters in the Kupfer criterion and establishing the biaxial failure criterion of PPF mortar rubble under different freeze–thaw cycle times, the test results were fitted, and the fitting effect was good.
- The freeze–thaw cycle leads to intensified damage and failure of PPF mortar rubble specimens. Under the same number of freeze–thaw cycles, the strength attenuation amplitude of the specimens without fiber addition was significantly increased compared with that of the specimens with fiber addition. To a certain extent, the existence of lateral pressure can inhibit the development of slate damage, increase the compressive strength of the specimen, provide specific stability, and delay the occurrence of failure. Based on the test results, a freeze–thaw damage evolution model was established. By fitting the test results, this model has a good fitting effect on PP fiber mortar rubble.
- Based on the theory of statistical analysis, it is concluded that the sharp fluctuations in the evolution rate of NAD in the middle stage can be regarded as the signal of specimen cracking, and the sharp fluctuations in the latter stage can be regarded as the signal of specimen failure. Moreover, with the increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles, the fluctuation degree of the evolution rate of NAD becomes larger and larger, and the process of damage is accelerated simultaneously.
- Through the analysis of the distribution of RA-AF values, the specimens mainly suffered tensile failure during the failure process, while shear failure was relatively rare. Meanwhile, the increase in the stress ratio will weaken the lateral expansion effect generated during the loading process of the principal stress. With an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles, this will cause damage to the internal structure of the rubble, resulting in a decrease in the number of tensile cracks.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MMS | mortar-masonry stone |
PPF | polypropylene fiber |
NAD | normalized average deviation |
DIC | digital image correlation |
AE | acoustic emission |
RA | rise time/amplitude |
AF | counts/duration |
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Aggregate Type | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Bending Strength (MPa) | Water Absorption (%) | Density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Granite | 120 | 15 | 0.30 | 2650 |
Parameter | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Bending Strength (MPa) | Fineness (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3d | 28d | 3d | 28d | ||
Value | 18 | 43 | 4.2 | 6.6 | 0.03 |
Physical Properties | Diameter (µm) | Specific Gravity (g/cm3) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elastic Modulus (MPa) | Color | Shape |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polypropylene fiber | 30 | 0.90 | 557 | 4100 | White | Fasciculate monofilament |
Group | Mix Ratio (kg/m3) | Fiber Dosage (kg/m3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | Sand | Water | Aggregate | Water Reducer | ||
1 | 462 | 724 | 175 | 1512 | 1.62 | 0 |
2 | 0.5 | |||||
3 | 0.75 | |||||
4 | 1 | |||||
5 | 1.25 | |||||
6 | 1.5 |
Loading Method | Fiber Content (kg/m3) | Freeze–Thaw Cycles | Stress Ratio | Quantity of Specimens |
---|---|---|---|---|
Three-point bending | 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5 | Three specimens for each case | ||
Uniaxial compression | 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5 | 0, 40, 80, 120 | ||
Different stress ratio loading | 1 | 0, 40, 80, 120 | 0.25, 0.5 0.75, 1 |
Iterate the Residual Threshold | Distinguish Types | Capture Frequency | Search Radius | Iterative Threshold | Pixel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 | Bilinear interpolation | 1.2 Hz | 75 | 0.1 | 2000 |
Parameters | PDT/µs | HDT/µs | HLT/µs | Amplification Gain Value | Sampling Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Numerical value | 300 | 850 | 650 | 30 | 3 |
Freeze–Thaw Cycles | a | b | R2 |
---|---|---|---|
0 | −1.04055 | −4.08999 | 0.99692 |
40 | −1.0243 | −3.80401 | 0.97388 |
80 | −1.00868 | −3.52267 | 0.98017 |
120 | −0.95719 | −3.2549 | 0.98436 |
Loading Mode | a | b | R2 |
---|---|---|---|
α = 0.25 | 0.17569 | 1.46996 | 0.99446 |
α = 0.5 | 0.16557 | 1.55443 | 0.99775 |
α = 0.75 | 0.18555 | 1.80884 | 0.9743 |
α = 1 | 0.17906 | 0.92615 | 0.99285 |
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Dong, J.; Zhang, H.; Jiao, Z.; Yang, Z.; Chu, S.; Chai, J.; Zhang, S.; Gong, L.; Cui, H. Research on the Deterioration Mechanism of PPF Mortar-Masonry Stone Structures Under Freeze–Thaw Conditions. Buildings 2025, 15, 2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142468
Dong J, Zhang H, Jiao Z, Yang Z, Chu S, Chai J, Zhang S, Gong L, Cui H. Research on the Deterioration Mechanism of PPF Mortar-Masonry Stone Structures Under Freeze–Thaw Conditions. Buildings. 2025; 15(14):2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142468
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Jie, Hongfeng Zhang, Zhenhuan Jiao, Zhao Yang, Shaohui Chu, Jinfei Chai, Song Zhang, Lunkai Gong, and Hongyu Cui. 2025. "Research on the Deterioration Mechanism of PPF Mortar-Masonry Stone Structures Under Freeze–Thaw Conditions" Buildings 15, no. 14: 2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142468
APA StyleDong, J., Zhang, H., Jiao, Z., Yang, Z., Chu, S., Chai, J., Zhang, S., Gong, L., & Cui, H. (2025). Research on the Deterioration Mechanism of PPF Mortar-Masonry Stone Structures Under Freeze–Thaw Conditions. Buildings, 15(14), 2468. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142468