An Overview of Key Challenges in the Fabrication of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced by Graphene Nanoplatelets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
- Higher mechanical properties
- Lower specific gravity
- Improved elevated temperature properties
- Better thermal expansion coefficient
- Higher thermal conductivity
- Higher wear resistance
- Improved damping capabilities
3. Reinforcement (First Challenge)
Graphene Nanoplatelets
4. Preparation of MMNCs Reinforced by GNPs
4.1. Dispersion of GNPs (Second Challenge)
4.2. Consolidation and Sintering (Third Challenge)
4.3. Reactivity and Interface Design (Fourth and Fifth Challenge)
5. Properties of MMNCs Reinforced by GNPs
5.1. Density and Vickers Hardness
5.2. Electrical Conductivity
5.3. Tribological Performance
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Challenge | Source | Role | Solution(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Selection of high-quality GNPs | Lack of data from suppliers | Defects play key roles in the reactivity and also the final mechanical properties | Characterizing as-received GNPs in terms of residual defects and morphology |
Uniform dispersion of GNPs | A van der Waals force between the platelets | Agglomerates of GNPs leave some porosities and are deleterious for all the properties | Using a novel wet mixing technique for mixing and the powder metallurgy method for production |
Reactivity with matrix | Residual defects in GNPs and the molten state of the matrix | Carbide formation in Al/GNPs system is deleterious for the final properties | Using a novel wet mixing method for dispersion, using GNPs with the lowest level of defects, employing powder metallurgy techniques for production |
Interfacial bonding between metal/GNPs | Poor adhesion/wettability between metal matrix and GNPs | Poor interfacial bonding results in poor mechanical and thermophysical properties | Coating of GNPs or using post-processing techniques to remove the voids from the interface of metal/GNPs |
Alignment/orientation of GNPs | High aspect ratio of GNPs (1:10–1:100) | The preferred orientation of GNPs results in anisotropy properties | Using hot isostatic pressing instead of unidirectional consolidation |
Material | Density (g/cm3) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Thermal Expansion Coefficient (106/K) | Melting Point (°C) | Vickers Hardness (HV) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-Al2O3 | 3.95–3.98 | 35–39 | 7.1–8.4 | 2054–2072 | 1800–3000 | 365–393 |
AlN | 3.05–3.26 | 130–180 | 2.5–5.3 | 2200–2230 | 1170–1530 | 308–346 |
α-SiC | 3.15 | 42.5–270 | 4.3–5.8 | 2093–2400 | 2400–2500 | 386–476 |
β-SiC | 3.16 | 135 | 4.5 | 2093 decom. | 2700 | 262–468 |
Diamond | 3.52 | 2400 | - | 3550 | 8000 | 930 |
Graphite | 2.25 | 25–470 | 0.6–4.3 | - | - | 4.8–27 |
SWCNTs | 1.8 | Up to 2900 | Negligible | - | - | 1000 |
GNPs | 1.8–2.2 | 5300 | −0.8–0.7 | - | - | 1000 |
Composition (Cu-GNPs) | ID/IG | I2D/IG | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ball Milled | Wet Mixed | Ball Milled | Wet Mixed | |
Before mixing | 0.112 | 0.112 | 0.511 | 0.511 |
After mixing | 0.893 | 0.127 | 0.584 | 0.525 |
Matrix | Graphene Content (wt. %) | Fabrication Techniques | Theoretical Density (g/cm3) | Sintered Density (g/cm3) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg | 0 | Semi-PM | 1.740 | 1.738 | [95] |
0.18 | Semi-PM | 1.743 | 1.733 | [95] | |
Al | 0 | Conventional PM | 2.700 | 2.646 | [110] |
0.5 | Conventional PM | 2.695 | 2.628 | [110] | |
1.0 | Conventional PM | 2.690 | 2.556 | [110] | |
Al | 0 | Hot rolling | 2.700 | 2.557 | [70] |
0.5 | Hot rolling | 2.695 | 2.526 | [70] | |
1.0 | Hot rolling | 2.690 | 2.441 | [70] | |
Cu | 0 | Conventional PM | 8.961 | 8.781 | [111] |
1.0 | Conventional PM | 8.661 | 8.532 | [111] | |
2.0 | Conventional PM | 8.391 | 8.143 | [111] | |
Cu | 0 | Conventional PM + Repressed + annealed | 8.960 | 8.821 | [8] |
1.0 | Conventional PM+ Repressed + annealed | 8.660 | 8.562 | [8] | |
2.0 | Conventional PM + Repressed + annealed | 8.390 | 8.231 | [8] | |
Cu | 0 | Conventional PM + HIP | 8.960 | 8.951 | [8] |
1.0 | Conventional PM + HIP | 8.660 | 8.652 | [8] | |
2.0 | Conventional PM + HIP | 8.390 | 8.371 | [8] | |
Al | 0 | Hot extrusion | 2.700 | 2.699 | [79] |
0.25 | Hot extrusion | 2.699 | 2.698 | [79] | |
0.5 | Hot extrusion | 2.697 | 2.696 | [79] | |
1.0 | Hot extrusion | 2.694 | 2.691 | [79] |
Matrix | Graphene Content (wt. %) | Fabrication Techniques | Vickers Hardness (HV) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 0 | Hot extrusion | 76 ± 4.0 | [79] |
0.25 | Hot extrusion | 80 ± 5.0 | [79] | |
0.5 | Hot extrusion | 85 ± 4.0 | [79] | |
1.0 | Hot extrusion | 90 ± 4.0 | [79] | |
Al | 0 | Conventional PM | 44 ± 2.1 | [110] |
0.5 | Conventional PM | 51 ± 1.4 | [110] | |
1.0 | Conventional PM | 57 ± 4.2 | [110] | |
Al | 0 | Hot rolling | 42 ± 1.1 | [70] |
0.5 | Hot rolling | 43 ± 1.5 | [70] | |
1.0 | Hot rolling | 42 ± 2.3 | [70] | |
Cu | 0 | Conventional PM | 42.3 ± 2.1 | [111] |
1.0 | Conventional PM | 45.1 ± 3.2 | [111] | |
2.0 | Conventional PM | 48.6 ± 5.0 | [111] | |
Cu | 0 | Conventional PM + Repressed + annealed | 45.2 ± 1.5 | [8] |
1.0 | Conventional PM + Repressed + annealed | 51.6 ± 2.2 | [8] | |
2.0 | Conventional PM + Repressed + annealed | 55.8 ± 3.6 | [8] | |
Cu | 0 | Conventional PM + HIP | 50.4 ± 0.9 | [8] |
1.0 | Conventional PM + HIP | 57.5 ± 1.6 | [8] | |
2.0 | Conventional PM + HIP | 62.3 ± 1.2 | [8] | |
Mg | 0 | Semi-PM | 41 ± 4.0 | [95] |
0.18 | Semi-PM | 55 ± 2.0 | [95] |
Reinforcement | Content | Electrical Conductivity (% IACS) | Fabrication Method | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
CNTs | 0.5 vol % | 91.2 | SPS + wire drawing | [118] |
GNPs | 0.6 vol % | 88 | Molecular level mixing + SPS | [17] |
Graphite | 8.0 wt % | 55 | Cu coating of graphene + sintering | [119,120] |
Graphite | 0.1 vol % | 90 | Roll bonding | [121] |
- | - | 52.3 | Sintering + Forging | [122] |
SWCNTs | 5.0 vol % | 44.5 | Sintering + Forging | |
- | - | 78 | Sintering + HIPing | [8] |
GNPs | 2.0 vol % | 77 | Sintering + HIPing | [8] |
GNPs | 4.0 vol % | 72.5 | Sintering + HIPing | [8] |
GNPs | 8.0 vol % | 67.5 | Sintering + HIPing | [8] |
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Saboori, A.; Moheimani, S.K.; Dadkhah, M.; Pavese, M.; Badini, C.; Fino, P. An Overview of Key Challenges in the Fabrication of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced by Graphene Nanoplatelets. Metals 2018, 8, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8030172
Saboori A, Moheimani SK, Dadkhah M, Pavese M, Badini C, Fino P. An Overview of Key Challenges in the Fabrication of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced by Graphene Nanoplatelets. Metals. 2018; 8(3):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8030172
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaboori, Abdollah, Seyed Kiomars Moheimani, Mehran Dadkhah, Matteo Pavese, Claudio Badini, and Paolo Fino. 2018. "An Overview of Key Challenges in the Fabrication of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced by Graphene Nanoplatelets" Metals 8, no. 3: 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/met8030172