Effect of Milling Time and the Consolidation Process on the Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with Fe-Based Glassy Particles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Mechanical Milling
2.3. Consolidation
2.4. Characterization of the Powders and Consolidated Samples
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Processing and Characterization of the Composite Powders
3.2. Characterization of the Consolidated Samples
3.3. Mechanical Properties of the Consolidated Samples
Milling time (h) | Consolidation process | Yield Strength (MPa) | Ultimate Strength (MPa) | Strain at Fracture (%) | Vickers Microhardness (HV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | HP | 125 | 220 | 35.0 | 51 ± 2 |
HP + HE | 125 | 220 | 35.0 | 45 ±2 | |
10 | HP | 275 | 340 | 8.5 | 79 ± 5 |
HP + HE | 180 | 295 | 30.5 | 60 ± 6 | |
30 | HP | 350 | 440 | 6.5 | 136 ± 5 |
HP + HE | 285 | 390 | 21.0 | 101 ± 7 | |
50 | HP | 595 | 630 | 1.2 | 155 ± 7 |
HP + HE | 340 | 470 | 6.5 | 144 ± 11 |
Milling Time (h) | Average inter-particle distance (µm) | |
---|---|---|
Hot pressed composites | Hot pressed and hot extruded composites | |
1 | 21 ± 7 | 26 ± 7 |
10 | 8 ± 1 | 10 ± 2 |
30 | 6 ± 2 | 6 ± 1 |
50 | 3 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 |
3.4. Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior by Theoretical Predictions
4. Conclusions
- Milled and hot pressed composites revealed no formation of intermetallic compounds even after milling for 50 h, within the sensitivity of the XRD measurements. Only a small amount of the Al5Fe2 intermetallic compound was observed in the XRD patterns of all milled, hot pressed and hot extruded samples. DSC scans revealed that milling time changes the overall crystallization behavior of the composite powders.
- Ball milling resulted in the decrease of the grain sizes of the Al matrix, in the reduction of the particle size of the glassy reinforcements and in their homogeneous distribution in the Al matrix. This has a positive effect on the hardness and strength of the composites produced by both hot pressing and hot pressing followed by hot extrusion. With increasing the milling time from 1–50 h, the microhardness values of the hot pressed and hot extruded samples increase from 51 ± 2.26–155 ± 6.5 HV and from 45.1 ± 2.24–144 ± 10.5 HV, respectively. With increasing milling time from 1–50 h, the strength of the composites increases remarkably for both consolidation processes, showing a similar tendency as observed for the hardness.
- The ultimate strength of the hot pressed materials increases from 220 MPa for the composite milled for 1 h to 340, 440 and 630 MPa for the composites milled for 10, 30 and 50 h, respectively. The 50-h milled and hot pressed composite exhibits small plastic deformation of 1.2% and a maximum strength of 630 MPa, which is in agreement with the highest Vickers microhardness of 155 ± 6.5 HV among all composites.
- The use of hot extrusion after hot pressing slightly reduces both the strength and hardness of the composites, while raising the plastic deformation ranging between 35 and 6.5%. The 30-h milled, hot pressed and hot extruded composite gives a combination of high strength (390 MPa) and remarkable plasticity (21%).
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Balcı, Ö.; Prashanth, K.G.; Scudino, S.; Ağaoğulları, D.; Duman, İ.; Öveçoğlu, M.L.; Uhlenwinkel, V.; Eckert, J. Effect of Milling Time and the Consolidation Process on the Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with Fe-Based Glassy Particles. Metals 2015, 5, 669-685. https://doi.org/10.3390/met5020669
Balcı Ö, Prashanth KG, Scudino S, Ağaoğulları D, Duman İ, Öveçoğlu ML, Uhlenwinkel V, Eckert J. Effect of Milling Time and the Consolidation Process on the Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with Fe-Based Glassy Particles. Metals. 2015; 5(2):669-685. https://doi.org/10.3390/met5020669
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalcı, Özge, Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth, Sergio Scudino, Duygu Ağaoğulları, İsmail Duman, M. Lütfi Öveçoğlu, Volker Uhlenwinkel, and Jürgen Eckert. 2015. "Effect of Milling Time and the Consolidation Process on the Properties of Al Matrix Composites Reinforced with Fe-Based Glassy Particles" Metals 5, no. 2: 669-685. https://doi.org/10.3390/met5020669