On the Impact of the Intermetallic Fe2Nb Laves Phase on the Mechanical Properties of Fe-6 Al-1.25 Nb-X W/Mo Fully Ferritic Light-Weight Steels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure Analysis and Thermodynamic Assessment
3.2. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
3.3. Influence of Aging Temperature and Time on Hardness
3.3.1. Early Stages of Aging at 650 °C
3.3.2. Evolution of Laves Phase at 650 °C
3.3.3. Hardness Profile for Aging at 550 °C
3.3.4. Hardness Profile for Aging at 750 °C
3.4. Influence of Laves Phase on Tensile Properties
4. Conclusions
- Aging at temperatures between 550 and 750 °C leads in the investigated W- and Mo-alloyed steels to the formation of the intermetallic Fe2Nb Laves phase. Aside from Fe and Nb, small amounts of W or Mo as well as Si were found to be incorporated in the Laves phase.
- The most powerfull effect of precipitation hardening occurs in both alloying concepts at 550 °C. At 650 °C, the increase in hardness is less pronounced but occurs after a significantly shorter aging time due to the higher diffusion coefficients of Nb, W, and Mo at 650 °C compared to 550 °C. Aging at 750 °C leads to no significant increase in hardness for both alloying concept since the formation and coarsening of the Laves phase is very fast at this temperature.
- At 550 °C, the precipitation hardening in the Mo-concept is less stable than in the W-concept which might be contributed to the higher diffusion coefficient of Mo and the accelerated diffusion of Nb in presence of Mo. Further investigations have to be performed to clarify the effect of W and Mo on coarsening of the Laves phase at 550 °C.
- The yield strength can be substantially increased by precipitation hardening with the intermetallic Laves phase. The effect of precipitation hardening is still present and not lowered at testing temperatures of 500 °C in comparison to the effect of precipitation hardening at room temperature.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloy | C * | Si | Mn | S * | Al | N | W | Mo | Nb | Fe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W-concept | wt. % | 0.021 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.002 | 5.91 | 0.007 | 1.23 | − | 1.34 | bal. |
at. % | 0.093 | 0.94 | 0.24 | 0.003 | 11.59 | 0.026 | 0.35 | − | 0.76 | bal. | |
Mo-concept | wt. % | 0.029 | 0.50 | 0.27 | 0.013 | 5.91 | 0.004 | − | 0.75 | 1.29 | bal. |
at. % | 0.127 | 0.94 | 0.26 | 0.021 | 11.53 | 0.015 | − | 0.41 | 0.76 | bal. |
Alloy | State | Precipitation No. | Fe | Al | Si | Nb | W | Mo | C | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W-concept | solution annealed | 1 | 4.5 | − | − | 75.3 | − | − | 17.6 | 1.6 |
2 | 5.2 | 62.4 | − | − | − | − | 3.0 | 28.3 | ||
650 °C 8 h | 3 | 59.0 | − | 2.1 | 27.4 | 6.5 | − | 2.4 | − | |
750 °C 8 h | 4 | 55.4 | − | 3.1 | 31.6 | 0.4 | − | 1.9 | − | |
Mo-concept | solution annealed | 5 | 2.5 | 65.0 | − | − | − | − | 2.7 | 27.3 |
6 | 3.4 | − | − | 77.0 | − | − | 17.1 | 1.0 | ||
650 °C 8 h | 7 | 55.7 | − | 4.7 | 29.9 | − | 3.9 | 3.6 | − | |
750 °C 8 h | 8 | 3.6 | − | − | 77.4 | − | − | 17.2 | 1.1 | |
9 | 51.1 | − | 4.5 | 34.3 | − | 4.1 | 3.1 | − |
Alloy | Aging Temperature | Aging Time | Fe | Al | Si | Mn | Nb | W | Mo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W-concept | 650 °C | 1 h | 91.0 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | − |
4 h | 90.7 | 5.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.3 | − | ||
12 h | 86.7 | 11.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 | − | ||
750 °C | 8 h | 92.1 | 5.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | − | |
Mo-concept | 650 °C | 1 h | 91.7 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.8 | − | 0.7 |
4 h | 92.4 | 5.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | − | 0.5 | ||
12 h | 92.8 | 5.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | − | 0.5 | ||
750 °C | 8 h | 92.7 | 6.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | − | − | 0.4 |
Alloy | State | Measuring Site | Fe | Al | Si | Mn | Nb | W | Mo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W-concept | solution annealed | fracture surface | 90.0 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | − |
4 h at 650 °C | fracture surface | 90.4 | 5.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | − | |
Mo-concept | solution annealed | fracture surface | 89.8 | 6.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.2 | − | 0.7 |
4 h at 650 °C | fracture surface | 87.1 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 8.5 | − | − | |
4 h at 650 °C | precipitation | 79.9 | − | 2.1 | − | 13.2 | − | 1.5 |
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Emmrich, R.; Krupp, U. On the Impact of the Intermetallic Fe2Nb Laves Phase on the Mechanical Properties of Fe-6 Al-1.25 Nb-X W/Mo Fully Ferritic Light-Weight Steels. Metals 2021, 11, 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111693
Emmrich R, Krupp U. On the Impact of the Intermetallic Fe2Nb Laves Phase on the Mechanical Properties of Fe-6 Al-1.25 Nb-X W/Mo Fully Ferritic Light-Weight Steels. Metals. 2021; 11(11):1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111693
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmmrich, Robin, and Ulrich Krupp. 2021. "On the Impact of the Intermetallic Fe2Nb Laves Phase on the Mechanical Properties of Fe-6 Al-1.25 Nb-X W/Mo Fully Ferritic Light-Weight Steels" Metals 11, no. 11: 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111693