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Article

Automated 3-D Computer-Aided Measurement of the Bony Orbit: Evaluation of Correlations among Volume, Depth, and Surface Area

by
Risto Kontio
1,2,
Tommy Wilkman
1,
Karri Mesimäki
1,
Yurii Chepurnyi
3,
Antti Asikainen
1,
Aleksi Haapanen
1,
Arto Poutala
4,
Marko Mikkonen
4,
Alina Slobodianiuk
3,* and
Andrii Kopchak
3
1
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
2
Institute of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
3
Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Modern Dental Technologies, O.O.Bogomolets Medical University, 02000 Kyiv, Ukraine
4
Disior, Maria 01, Building 2, Lapinlahdenkatu 16, 00180 Helsinki, Finland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(5), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14050508
Submission received: 16 April 2024 / Revised: 4 May 2024 / Accepted: 5 May 2024 / Published: 11 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Research on the Imaging in Personalized Medicine)
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Abstract

(1)The study aimed to measure the depth, volume, and surface area of the intact human orbit by applying an automated method of CT segmentation and to evaluate correlations among depth, volume, and surface area. Additionally, the relative increases in volume and surface area in proportion to the diagonal of the orbit were assessed. (2) CT data from 174 patients were analyzed. A ball-shaped mesh consisting of tetrahedral elements was inserted inside orbits until it encountered the bony boundaries. Orbital volume, area depth, and their correlations were measured. For the validation, an ICC was used. (3) The differences between genders were significant (p < 10−7) but there were no differences between sides. When comparing orbit from larger to smaller, a paired sample t-test indicated a significant difference in groups (p < 10−10). A simple linear model (Volume~1 + Gender + Depth + Gender:Depth) revealed that only depth had a significant effect on volume (p < 10−19). The ICCs were 1.0. (4) Orbital volume, depth, and surface area measurements based on an automated CT segmentation algorithm demonstrated high repeatability and reliability. Male orbits were always larger on average by 14%. There were no differences between the sides. The volume and surface area ratio did not differ between genders and was approximately 0.75.
Keywords: orbit; orbital volume; automated CT segmentation; orbital depth orbit; orbital volume; automated CT segmentation; orbital depth

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kontio, R.; Wilkman, T.; Mesimäki, K.; Chepurnyi, Y.; Asikainen, A.; Haapanen, A.; Poutala, A.; Mikkonen, M.; Slobodianiuk, A.; Kopchak, A. Automated 3-D Computer-Aided Measurement of the Bony Orbit: Evaluation of Correlations among Volume, Depth, and Surface Area. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14050508

AMA Style

Kontio R, Wilkman T, Mesimäki K, Chepurnyi Y, Asikainen A, Haapanen A, Poutala A, Mikkonen M, Slobodianiuk A, Kopchak A. Automated 3-D Computer-Aided Measurement of the Bony Orbit: Evaluation of Correlations among Volume, Depth, and Surface Area. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(5):508. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14050508

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kontio, Risto, Tommy Wilkman, Karri Mesimäki, Yurii Chepurnyi, Antti Asikainen, Aleksi Haapanen, Arto Poutala, Marko Mikkonen, Alina Slobodianiuk, and Andrii Kopchak. 2024. "Automated 3-D Computer-Aided Measurement of the Bony Orbit: Evaluation of Correlations among Volume, Depth, and Surface Area" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 5: 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14050508

APA Style

Kontio, R., Wilkman, T., Mesimäki, K., Chepurnyi, Y., Asikainen, A., Haapanen, A., Poutala, A., Mikkonen, M., Slobodianiuk, A., & Kopchak, A. (2024). Automated 3-D Computer-Aided Measurement of the Bony Orbit: Evaluation of Correlations among Volume, Depth, and Surface Area. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14(5), 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14050508

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