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Article

Diagnosis of Indigenous Non-Malarial Vector-Borne Infections from Malaria Negative Samples from Community and Rural Hospital Surveillance in Dhalai District, Tripura, North-East India

by
Ipsita Pal Bhowmick
1,*,
Apoorva Pandey
2,
Sarala K. Subbarao
3,
Rocky Pebam
4,
Tapan Majumder
5,
Aatreyee Nath
4,
Diptarup Nandi
6,
Analabha Basu
6,
Apurba Sarkar
5,
Saikat Majumder
5,
Jotish Debbarma
1,
Dipanjan Dasgupta
1,
Arup Borgohain
4,
Rajdeep Chanda
7,
Mandakini Das
1,8,
Karuna Gogoi
1,
Kongkona Gogoi
1,
Pyare Laal Joshi
9,
Harpreet Kaur
2,
Biswajyoti Borkakoti
1,
Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharya
1,
Abdul Mamood Khan
2,
Satyajit Sen
10 and
Kanwar Narain
1add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India
2
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, India
3
Formerly National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research ICMR, New Delhi 110029, India
4
North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India Umiam, Umiam 793103, India
5
Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala 799006, India
6
National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, India
7
Department of Forestry, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, India
8
Roche Diagnostics India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400069, India
9
Formerly National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP), New Delhi 110054, India
10
Regional Office of Health and Family Welfare, Kolkata 700106, India
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2022, 12(2), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020362
Submission received: 13 December 2021 / Revised: 11 January 2022 / Accepted: 12 January 2022 / Published: 1 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Malaria Diagnosis)
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Abstract

The aetiology of non-malaria vector-borne diseases in malaria-endemic, forested, rural, and tribal-dominated areas of Dhalai, Tripura, in north-east India, was studied for the first time in the samples collected from malaria Rapid Diagnostic Kit negative febrile patients by door-to-door visits in the villages and primary health centres. Two hundred and sixty serum samples were tested for the Dengue NS1 antigen and the IgM antibodies of Dengue, Chikungunya, Scrub Typhus (ST), and Japanese Encephalitis (JE) during April 2019–March 2020. Fifteen Dengue, six JE, twelve Chikungunya, nine ST and three Leptospirosis, and mixed infections of three JE + Chikungunya, four Dengue + Chikungunya, three Dengue + JE + Chikungunya, one Dengue + Chikungunya + ST, and one Dengue + ST were found positive by IgM ELISA tests, and four for the Dengue NS1 antigen, all without any travel history. True prevalence values estimated for infections detected by Dengue IgM were 0.134 (95% CI: 0.08–0.2), Chikungunya were 0.084 (95% CI: 0.05–0.13), Scrub were 0.043 (95% CI: 0.01–0.09), and Japanese Encephalitis were 0.045 (95% CI: 0.02–0.09). Dengue and Chikungunya were associated significantly more with a younger age. There was a lack of a defined set of symptoms for any of the Dengue, Chikungunya, JE or ST infections, as indicated by the k-modes cluster analysis. Interestingly, most of these symptoms have an overlapping set with malaria; thereby, it becomes imperative that malaria and these non-malaria vector-borne disease diagnoses are made in a coordinated manner. Findings from this study call for advances in routine diagnostic procedures and the development of a protocol that can accommodate, currently, in practicing the rapid diagnosis of malaria and other vector-borne diseases, which is doable even in the resource-poor settings of rural hospitals and during community fever surveillance.
Keywords: acute febrile illness; infectious diseases; malaria; non-malaria vector-borne diseases; Dengue; Chikungunya; Japanese encephalitis; scrub typhus; leptospirosis; malaria-endemic region; community fever surveillance acute febrile illness; infectious diseases; malaria; non-malaria vector-borne diseases; Dengue; Chikungunya; Japanese encephalitis; scrub typhus; leptospirosis; malaria-endemic region; community fever surveillance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bhowmick, I.P.; Pandey, A.; Subbarao, S.K.; Pebam, R.; Majumder, T.; Nath, A.; Nandi, D.; Basu, A.; Sarkar, A.; Majumder, S.; et al. Diagnosis of Indigenous Non-Malarial Vector-Borne Infections from Malaria Negative Samples from Community and Rural Hospital Surveillance in Dhalai District, Tripura, North-East India. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020362

AMA Style

Bhowmick IP, Pandey A, Subbarao SK, Pebam R, Majumder T, Nath A, Nandi D, Basu A, Sarkar A, Majumder S, et al. Diagnosis of Indigenous Non-Malarial Vector-Borne Infections from Malaria Negative Samples from Community and Rural Hospital Surveillance in Dhalai District, Tripura, North-East India. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(2):362. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020362

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bhowmick, Ipsita Pal, Apoorva Pandey, Sarala K. Subbarao, Rocky Pebam, Tapan Majumder, Aatreyee Nath, Diptarup Nandi, Analabha Basu, Apurba Sarkar, Saikat Majumder, and et al. 2022. "Diagnosis of Indigenous Non-Malarial Vector-Borne Infections from Malaria Negative Samples from Community and Rural Hospital Surveillance in Dhalai District, Tripura, North-East India" Diagnostics 12, no. 2: 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020362

APA Style

Bhowmick, I. P., Pandey, A., Subbarao, S. K., Pebam, R., Majumder, T., Nath, A., Nandi, D., Basu, A., Sarkar, A., Majumder, S., Debbarma, J., Dasgupta, D., Borgohain, A., Chanda, R., Das, M., Gogoi, K., Gogoi, K., Joshi, P. L., Kaur, H., ... Narain, K. (2022). Diagnosis of Indigenous Non-Malarial Vector-Borne Infections from Malaria Negative Samples from Community and Rural Hospital Surveillance in Dhalai District, Tripura, North-East India. Diagnostics, 12(2), 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020362

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