Effects of Home-Based Exercise Training on Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy and Metabolic Profile in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Charlson Comorbidity Index
2.4. Blood Analysis Assessment
2.5. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
2.6. 24-H Electrocardiographic Monitoring
2.7. Exercise Training Program
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patients’ Characteristics
3.2. Blood Analysis
3.3. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
3.4. 24-H Holter Monitoring
3.5. Linear Regression Analysis
3.6. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EX Group | CO Group | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Medication at home | |||
Calcium channel inhibitors | 6 (40.00%) | 5 (38.46%) | p = 0.75 |
Antidiabetic drugs (per os) | 4 (26.66%) | 4 (30.76%) | p = 0.84 |
Beta-adrenergic blockers | 4 (26.66%) | 4 (30.76%) | p = 0.82 |
Slow and/or intermediate-acting insulin | 13 (86.66%) | 12 (92.30%) | p = 0.76 |
Corticosteroids | 2 (13.33%) | 1 (7.69%) | p = 0.73 |
Lipid-lowering drugs | 8 (53.33%) | 9 (69.23%) | p = 0.77 |
Diuretics | 4 (26.66%) | 3 (23.07%) | p = 0.80 |
Antithrombotic agents | 4 (26.66%) | 4 (30.76%) | p = 0.92 |
Antihypertensive agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system | 10 (66.66%) | 9 (69.23%) | p = 0.81 |
Other | 2 (13.33%) | 1 (7.69%) | p = 0.79 |
Medication during hemodialysis sessions | |||
Erythropoietin | 14 (93.33%) | 12 (92.30%) | p = 0.56 |
Levocarnitine | 14 (93.33%) | 13 (100.00%) | p = 0.85 |
Analogues of vitamin D, Paricalcitol | 12 (80.00%) | 10 (76.92%) | p = 0.61 |
Vitamin complexes | 7 (46.66%) | 5 (38.46%) | p = 0.59 |
Other | 2 (13.33%) | 3 (23.07%) | p = 0.82 |
EX Group (n = 15) | CO Group (n = 13) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex (male/female) | 10/5 | 7/6 | p = 0.51 |
Age (years) | 62.06 ± 6.34 | 63.30 ± 8.50 | p = 0.66 |
Employment status | |||
Employed | 3 (20.00%) | 2 (15.39%) | p = 0.76 |
Unemployed | 2 (13.33%) | 2 (15.39%) | p = 0.93 |
Retired | 10 (66.66%) | 9 (69.23%) | p = 0.81 |
HD vintage (years) | 6.53 ± 5.70 | 4.70 ± 3.17 | p = 0.31 |
Dry weight (kg) | 78.80 ± 17.34 | 79.38 ± 15.01 | p = 0.92 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.28 ± 6.22 | 29.05 ± 5.71 | p = 0.73 |
Dialysis access | |||
Arteriovenous fistula or graft | 9 (60.00%) | 5 (38.46%) | p = 0.27 |
Central venous catheter | 6 (40.00%) | 8 (61.54%) | p = 0.45 |
Previous transplantation | |||
Yes | 3 (20.00%) | 2 (15.39%) | p = 0.76 |
No | 12 (80.00%) | 11 (84.61%) | p = 0.76 |
Primary causes of ESKD | |||
Diabetes mellitus | 7 (46.66%) | 6 (46.15%) | p = 0.77 |
Hypertension | 5 (33.33%) | 3 (23.07%) | p = 0.81 |
Glomerulonephritis | 2 (13.33%) | 2 (15.38%) | p = 0.79 |
Other | 1 (6.66%) | 2 (15.38%) | p = 0.73 |
CCΙ | 7.20 ± 1.78 | 7.15 ± 1.67 | p = 0.94 |
Comorbidities | |||
Hypertension | 7 (46.66%) | 6 (46.15%) | p = 0.64 |
Dyslipidemia | 2 (13.33%) | 2 (15.38%) | p = 0.91 |
Hypothyroidism | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (7.69%) | p = 0.84 |
Diabetic retinopathy | 2 (13.33%) | 1 (7.69%) | p = 0.71 |
Peripheral neuropathy | 1 (6.66%) | 0 (0.00%) | p = 0.83 |
Multiple myeloma | 0 (0.00% | 1 (7.69%) | p = 0.82 |
Secondary hyperthyroidism | 1 (6.66%) | 1 (7.69%) | p = 0.95 |
Venous insufficiency | 2 (13.33%) | 2 (15.38%) | p = 0.92 |
Mitral valve insufficiency | 1 (6.66%) | 0 (0.00%) | p = 0.82 |
Varicose veins | 1 (6.66%) | 0 (0.00%) | p = 0.82 |
Osteoporosis | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (7.69%) | p = 0.84 |
COPD | 1 (6.66%) | 0 (0.00%) | p = 0.82 |
Other | 1 (6.66%) | 0 (0.00%) | p = 0.85 |
EX Group | CO Group | EX vs. CO Group | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | After 6-Months | p-Value | Intra-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | Baseline | After 6-Months | p-Value | Intra-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | Pre | Inter-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | Post | Inter-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | |
Hematocrit (%) | 35.86 ± 3.28 | 36.22 ± 3.54 | p = 0.19 | 0.97 (0.93/0.99) | 36.13 ± 2.39 | 36.35 ± 2.23 | p = 0.31 | 0.78 (0.55/0.99) | p = 0.80 | 0.41 (−1.06/0.76) | p = 0.78 | 0.21 (−1.57/0.76) |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.61 ± 0.85 | 11.80 ± 1.35 | p = 0.38 | 0.85 (0.56/0.95) | 11.68 ± 0.68 | 11.73 ± 0.76 | p = 0.55 | 0.90 (0.69/0.97) | p = 0.81 | −0.75 (−4.75/0.46) | p = 0.73 | −1.00 (−5.56/0.38) |
Na+ (mg/dL) | 138.46 ± 2.47 | 138.53 ± 3.06 | p = 0.68 | 0.93 (0.77/0.97) | 137.84 ± 4.77 | 137.85 ± 4.48 | p = 0.94 | 0.93 (0.77/0.97) | p = 0.66 | −1.11 (−5.92/0.35) | p = 0.61 | −0.41 (−3.64/0.56) |
Κ+ (mg/dL) | 5.18 ± 0.71 | 5.16 ± 0.54 | p = 0.71 | 0.87 (0.61/0.95) | 5.04 ± 0.57 | 5.07 ± 0.55 | p = 0.69 | 0.78 (0.28/0.93) | p = 0.57 | 0.04 (−2.12/0.70) | p = 0.52 | 0.41 (−0.91/0.82) |
Ca+ (mg/dL) | 8.81 ± 0.71 | 8.94 ± 0.74 | p = 0.66 | 0.81 (0.44/0.93) | 8.67 ± 0.83 | 8.52 ± 0.91 | p = 0.27 | 0.95 (0.84/0.98) | p = 0.64 | −0.60 (−4.24/0.51) | p = 0.65 | 0.009 (−2.24/0.69) |
p (mg/dL) | 4.88 ± 1.07 | 4.82 ± 1.03 | p = 0.72 | 0.99 (0.97/0.99) | 5.00 ± 0.59 | 4.90 ± 0.51 | p = 0.50 | 0.66 (0.45/0.84) | p = 0.72 | 0.12 (−1.87/0.73) | p = 0.77 | 0.22 (−1.52/0.76) |
Mg+ (mg/dL) | 2.01 ± 0.14 | 2.04 ± 0.11 | p = 0.54 | 0.94 (0.82/0.98) | 2.02 ± 0.22 | 2.03 ± 0.18 | p = 0.84 | 0.85 (0.53/0.95) | p = 0.89 | 0.35 (−1.11/0.80) | p = 0.95 | 0.58 (−0.34/0.87) |
Fe+ (mg/dL) | 72.73 ± 10.40 | 72.53 ± 10.82 | p = 0.97 | 0.74 (0.63/0.98) | 72.84 ± 11.48 | 72.92 ± 11.60 | p = 0.76 | 0.82 (0.43/0.94) | p = 0.79 | −0.14 (−2.74/0.65) | p = 0.44 | 0.53 (−0.53/0.85) |
Urea (mg/dL) | 136.20 ± 24.83 | 136.40 ± 15.20 | p = 0.81 | 0.41 (−0.73/0.80) | 136.84 ± 23.04 | 136.84 ± 20.49 | p = 0.98 | 0.38 (0.16/0.79) | p = 0.94 | 0.06 (−2.05/0.71) | p = 0.33 | −0.96 (−5.44/0.40) |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 7.32 ± 1.70 | 7.37 ± 1.84 | p = 0.68 | 0.85 (0.57/0.95) | 7.54 ± 1.65 | 7.58 ± 1.60 | p = 0.92 | 0.89 (0.64/0.96) | p = 0.72 | 0.65 (−0.13/0.89) | p = 0.16 | 0.55 (−0.46/0.86) |
ALP (mg/dL) | 76.13 ± 11.10 | 75.93 ± 17.13 | p = 0.33 | 0.58 (−0.24/0.85) | 75.92 ± 9.66 | 75.69 ± 11.10 | p = 0.68 | 0.97 (0.92/0.99) | p = 0.95 | 0.59 (−0.32/0.87) | p = 0.68 | 0.47 (−0.71/0.84) |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.21 ± 0.57 | 6.11 ± 0.62 | p = 0.46 | 0.64 (−0.04/0.88) | 6.26 ± 0.88 | 6.26 ± 0.92 | p = 0.99 | 0.67 (−0.02/0.79) | p = 0.84 | 0.33 (−1.17/0.79) | p = 0.61 | −0.37 (−3.51/0.58) |
Serum albumin (g/dL) | 5.02 ± 1.08 | 5.00 ± 1.03 | p = 0.75 | −0.15 (−2.44/0.61) | 4.99 ± 0.74 | 5.00 ± 0.64 | p = 0.91 | 0.79 (0.33/0.93) | p = 0.93 | 0.53 (−0.52/0.85) | p = 0.98 | −0.02 (−2.37/0.68) |
SGOT (IU/L) | 15.46 ± 3.41 | 15.13 ± 3.66 | p = 0.82 | 0.94 (0.82/0.98) | 15.76 ± 6.32 | 15.69 ± 6.47 | p = 0.77 | 0.97 (0.92/0.99) | p = 0.87 | 0.16 (−1.73/0.74) | p = 0.38 | −1.07 (−5.79/0.36) |
SGPT (IU/L) | 16.40 ± 3.88 | 16.46 ± 3.24 | p = 0.76 | 0.91 (0.73/0.97) | 15.84 ± 6.44 | 16.15 ± 5.47 | p = 0.23 | 0.96 (0.89/0.99) | p = 0.78 | 0.17 (−1.73/0.75) | p = 0.35 | −0.32 (−3.35/0.59) |
FPG (mg/dL) | 144.73 ± 41.13 | 121.66 ± 36.28 | p < 0.05 | 0.95 (0.87/0.98) | 152.69 ± 60.55 | 151.76 ± 61.29 | p = 0.42 | 0.55 (0.10/0.79) | p = 0.65 | −1.07 (−5.79/0.36) | p = 0.20 | −1.22 (−6.30/0.32) |
TC (mg/dL) | 239.40 ± 80.46 | 224.53 ± 84.05 | p = 0.04 | 0.82 (0.65/0.94) | 237.15 ± 95.69 | 237.15 ± 97.02 | p = 0.98 | 0.87 (0.76/0.98) | p = 0.94 | −0.05 (−2.44/0.68) | p = 0.79 | 0.08 (−2.00/0.72) |
TG (mg/dL) | 191.06 ± 62.57 | 171.66 ± 40.12 | p = 0.01 | 0.92 (0.77/0.97) | 179.69 ± 53.11 | 179.84 ± 54.30 | p = 0.97 | 0.97 (0.93/0.99) | p = 0.61 | 0.57 (−0.41/0.86) | p = 0.53 | 0.30 (−1.27/0.78) |
HDL (mg/dL) | 43.53 ± 20.02 | 56.00 ± 22.60 | p < 0.05 | 0.86 (0.58/0.96) | 44.07 ± 19.92 | 43.84 ± 19.87 | p = 0.78 | 0.89 (0.73/0.95) | p = 0.94 | 0.59 (0.33/0.96) | p = 0.01 | 0.86 (0.56/0.45) |
LDL (mg/dL) | 102.93 ± 16.78 | 97.06 ± 15.07 | p = 0.06 | 0.58 (0.45/0.75) | 94.53 ± 22.45 | 94.92 ± 22.82 | p = 0.48 | 0.99 (0.99/0.99) | p = 0.26 | 0.89 (0.65/0.94) | p = 0.66 | −0.10 (−2.63/0.66) |
HbA1c (%) | 6.85 ± 0.69 | 6.16 ± 0.70 | p < 0.05 | 0.86 (0.60/0.95) | 7.01 ± 1.20 | 7.04 ± 1.15 | p = 0.53 | 0.93 (0.84/0.98) | p = 0.67 | 0.04 (−2.12/0.70) | p = 0.04 | 0.007 (−2.04/0.71) |
EX Group | CO Group | EX vs. CO Group | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | After 6-Months | p-Value | Intra-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | Baseline | After 6-Months | p-Value | Intra-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | Pre | Inter-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | Post | Inter-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | |
Time (min) | 6.45 ± 2.04 | 6.96 ± 1.73 | p = 0.03 | 0.94 (0.84/0.98) | 6.40 ± 1.24 | 6.43 ± 1.32 | p = 0.66 | 0.91(0.97/0.99) | p = 0.36 | 0.64 (−0.16/0.89) | p = 0.88 | 0.30 (−1.27/0.78) |
METs (%pred) | 67.20 ± 4.79 | 70.53 ± 4.18 | p < 0.05 | 0.83 (0.50/0.94) | 67.00 ± 4.37 | 66.92 ± 5.04 | p = 0.89 | 0.94 (0.82/0.98) | p = 0.95 | 0.72 (0.009/0.91) | p = 0.04 | 0.66 (−0.10/0.89) |
VO2peak (mL/kg/min) | 19.94 ± 2.13 | 21.90 ± 1.75 | p < 0.05 | 0.90 (0.72/0.96) | 19.80 ± 1.90 | 19.87 ± 1.87 | p = 0.40 | 0.98 (0.77/0.99) | p = 0.68 | 0.77 (0.25/0.93) | p < 0.05 | 0.76 (0.23/0.92) |
RERmax | 1.12 ± 0.10 | 1.14 ± 0.09 | p = 0.54 | 0.79 (0.38/0.93) | 1.09 ± 0.07 | 1.09 ± 0.08 | p = 0.98 | 0.73 (0.44/0.98) | p = 0.41 | 0.37 (−1.04/0.81) | p = 0.51 | 0.44 (−1.01/0.78) |
VO2/HRmax | 11.81 ± 1.88 | 11.90 ± 1.97 | p = 0.74 | 0.67 (0.21/0.88) | 11.59 ± 1.32 | 11.64 ± 1.26 | p = 0.50 | 0.96 (0.65/0.98) | p = 0.73 | 0.77 (0.26/0.93) | p = 0.36 | 0.72 (0.08/0.91) |
VE/VO2max | 31.41 ± 4.46 | 29.67 ± 4.42 | p < 0.05 | 0.82 (0.45/0.95) | 31.63 ± 5.60 | 31.33 ± 5.27 | p = 0.22 | 0.77 (0.32/0.95) | p = 0.51 | 0.70 (0.04/0.91) | p = 0.24 | 0.75 (0.20/0.92) |
VE/VCO2max | 35.77 ± 4.96 | 34.32 ± 5.07 | p = 0.01 | 0.76 (0.37/0.89) | 36.66 ± 7.75 | 36.32 ± 7.33 | p = 0.23 | 0.98 (0.94/0.99) | p = 0.14 | 0.77 (0.26/0.91) | p = 0.11 | 0.37 (−1.03/0.81) |
HRrest (bpm) | 71.80 ± 8.24 | 69.60 ± 9.18 | p < 0.05 | 0.98 (0.96/0.99) | 73.69 ± 6.43 | 73.69 ± 5.99 | p = 0.99 | 0.97 (0.92/0.99) | p = 0.75 | 0.47 (−0.70/0.84) | p = 0.54 | 0.50 (0.01/0.89) |
SBPrest (mmHg) | 124.53 ± 7.54 | 121.46 ± 8.09 | p = 0.03 | 0.87 (0.63/0.95) | 125.00 ± 5.00 | 125.61 ± 4.99 | p = 0.45 | 0.91 (0.70/0.97) | p = 0.31 | 0.27 (−1.37/0.77) | p = 0.04 | 0.75 (0.06/0.93) |
DBPrest (mmHg) | 73.66 ± 8.12 | 71.66 ± 6.45 | p = 0.06 | 0.93 (0.80/0.97) | 74.23 ± 4.93 | 74.23 ± 4.93 | p = 0.98 | 0.95 (0.85/0.98) | p = 0.25 | −0.21 (−2.98/0.62) | p = 0.64 | 0.08 (−2.00/0.72) |
HRmax (bpm) | 132.86 ± 15.58 | 139.46 ± 17.95 | p < 0.05 | 0.97 (0.91/0.99) | 131.46 ± 10.19 | 131.15 ± 8.90 | p = 0.64 | 0.88 (0.75/0.97) | p = 0.84 | 0.77 (0.27/0.93) | p = 0.04 | 0.65 (−0.14/0.89) |
SBPmax (mmHg) | 163.33 ± 8.79 | 155.53 ± 12.18 | p < 0.05 | 0.78 (0.34/0.92) | 164.38 ± 8.89 | 164.23 ± 8.61 | p = 0.93 | 0.96 (0.89/0.99) | p = 0.42 | 0.68 (−2.05/0.71) | p = 0.03 | 0.11 (−1.89/0.73) |
DBPmax (mmHg) | 73.66 ± 8.12 | 71.00 ± 8.28 | p = 0.01 | 0.94 (0.83/0.98) | 74.23 ± 6.72 | 74.23 ± 5.71 | p = 0.98 | 0.95 (0.87/0.97) | p = 0.93 | −0.09 (−2.59/0.66) | p = 0.98 | −1.07 (−5.78/0.36) |
EX Group | CO Group | EX vs. CO Group | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | After 6-Months | p-Value | Intra-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | Baseline | After 6-Months | p-Value | Intra-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | Pre | Inter-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | Post | Inter-Observer Variability ICC (95% CI) | |
HRV | ||||||||||||
HR (bpm) | 74.33 ± 12.31 | 73.13 ± 10.80 | p = 0.62 | 0.81 (0.43/0.93) | 73.30 ± 6.79 | 73.46 ± 5.99 | p = 0.67 | 0.99 (0.96/0.99) | p = 0.79 | −0.56 (−4.12/0.52) | p = 0.92 | −0.17 (−0.64/0.39) |
TP (ms2) | 978.33 ± 388.51 | 1118.84 ± 446.64 | p = 0.04 | 0.90 (0.70/0.96) | 934.10 ± 403.79 | 935.48 ± 404.48 | p = 0.70 | 0.97 (0.89/0.99) | p = 0.77 | −0.22 (−0.67/0.35) | p = 0.27 | −0.71 (−4.62/0.47) |
Mean 24-RR intervals (ms) | 842.74 ± 128.65 | 870.76 ± 118.27 | p = 0.19 | 0.91 (0.73/0.97) | 846.07 ± 83.94 | 847.30 ± 92.49 | p = 0.71 | 0.96 (0.92/0.99) | p = 0.93 | 0.04 (−0.50/0.56) | p = 0.56 | −0.42 (−3.65/0.56) |
Time domain variables | ||||||||||||
SDNN (ms) | 95.46 ± 15.02 | 126.40 ± 21.95 | p < 0.05 | 0.51 (−0.44/0.83) | 93.92 ± 37.99 | 94.11 ± 33.99 | p = 0.91 | 0.98 (0.95/0.99) | p = 0.88 | 0.08 (−2.00/0.72) | p = 0.03 | 0.78 (0.55/0.98) |
SDANN (ms) | 73.60 ± 22.76 | 90.86 ± 27.05 | p = 0.02 | 0.78 (0.36/0.92) | 75.30 ± 20.54 | 74.61 ± 20.03 | p = 0.70 | 0.97 (0.91/0.99) | p = 0.83 | 0.11 (−1.91/0.72) | p = 0.17 | 0.26 (−1.39/0.77) |
rMSSD (ms) | 55.06 ± 25.92 | 70.53 ± 23.73 | p < 0.05 | 0.88 (0.66/0.96) | 55.76 ± 13.26 | 55.30 ± 10.16 | p = 0.72 | 0.97 (0.90/0.98) | p = 0.93 | 0.05 (−0.48/0.57) | p = 0.02 | 0.61 (−1.58/0.75) |
pNN50 (%) | 8.66 ± 7.20 | 12.20 ± 11.16 | p = 0.04 | 0.91 (0.75/0.97) | 8.07 ± 7.52 | 8.07 ± 7.87 | p = 0.99 | 0.99 (0.97/0.99) | p = 0.86 | 0.45 (−0.80/0.83) | p = 0.02 | 0.65 (0.11/0.78) |
Frequency domain variables | ||||||||||||
VLF (ms2) | 1460.84 ± 950.48 | 1550.40 ± 1331.76 | p = 0.87 | −0.02 (−1.97/0.78) | 1501.31 ± 1152.81 | 1526.73 ± 1148.43 | p = 0.67 | 0.92 (0.76/0.97) | p = 0.86 | 0.29 (−0.28/0.71) | p = 0.39 | 0.11 (−0.44/0.61) |
LF (ms2) | 155.53 ± 53.91 | 108.28 ± 48.04 | p = 0.03 | 0.91 (0.74/0.97) | 154.65 ± 69.24 | 154.08 ± 67.20 | p = 0.75 | 0.99 (0.89/0.99) | p = 0.98 | −0.03 (−2.39/0.68) | p = 0.01 | 0.58 (−1.78/0.69) |
HF (ms2) | 305.04 ± 169.63 | 430.33 ± 259.49 | p = 0.01 | 0.92 (0.71/0.98) | 304.90 ± 108.38 | 304.45 ± 109.54 | p = 0.49 | 0.88 (0.33/0.98) | p = 0.69 | 0.24 (−1.47/0.76) | p = 0.18 | 0.42 (0.20/0.78) |
LF (n.u.) | 16.34 ± 15.70 | 12.63 ± 8.28 | p = 0.02 | 0.65 (−0.04/0.88) | 11.21 ± 5.77 | 11.30 ± 5.90 | p = 0.37 | 0.98 (0.94/0.99) | p = 0.61 | 0.13 (−0.42/0.62) | p = 0.18 | 0.56 (0.11/0.89) |
HF (n.u.) | 62.89 ± 17.49 | 81.07 ± 42.81 | p = 0.12 | 0.42 (−0.70/0.80) | 62.47 ± 21.76 | 62.66 ± 21.69 | p = 0.09 | 0.83 (0.56/0.98) | p = 0.95 | 0.39 (−0.99/0.81) | p = 0.72 | 0.08 (−2.01/0.72) |
LF/HF | 2.08 ± 1.42 | 1.91 ± 1.28 | p = 0.26 | 0.26 (−1.18/0.72) | 2.12 ± 2.03 | 2.10 ± 1.90 | p = 0.71 | 0.95 (0.90/0.97) | p = 0.96 | −0.11 (−2.66/0.65) | p = 0.08 | −0.006 (−2.48/0.67) |
HRT | ||||||||||||
TO (%) | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | p = 0.17 | 0.001 (−1.98/0.66) | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | p = 0.33 | 0.99 (0.99/1.00) | p = 0.22 | −0.003 (−2.28/0.69) | p = 0.12 | 0.11 (−0.44/0.60) |
TS (ms/RR) | 6.54 ± 4.17 | 8.02 ± 4.65 | p = 0.01 | 0.94 (0.82/0.98) | 6.69 ± 5.11 | 6.50 ± 4.77 | p = 0.35 | 0.95 (0.84/0.98) | p = 0.88 | −0.001 (−0.53/0.53) | p = 0.40 | −0.001 (−2.27/0.69) |
Mean 24-RR intervals (ms) | 1641.49 ± 154.43 | 2343.42 ± 151.25 | p = 0.11 | 0.47 (0.11/0.96) | 1639.72 ± 104.26 | 1641.11 ± 105.13 | p = 0.64 | 0.98 (0.96/0.99) | p = 0.50 | 0.03 (−2.16/0.70) | p = 0.52 | 0.19 (−1.62/0.75) |
Model | B | β | t-Test | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participation to exercise | −6.142 | −0.076 | p = 0.94 | |
Age | 0.641 | 0.185 | 0.968 | p = 0.36 |
HD vintage | −0.265 | −0.069 | −0.305 | p = 0.76 |
Hb | 0.201 | 0.012 | 0.065 | p = 0.94 |
FPG | 0.250 | 0.414 | 2.098 | p = 0.06 |
HbA1c | −19.621 | −0.652 | −2.855 | p = 0.02 |
VO2peak | 8.346 | 0.666 | 3.433 | p < 0.05 |
R2 = 0.724 | ||||
F = 3.505 |
Model | B | β | t-Test | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participation to exercise | 20.670 | 4373 | p < 0.05 | |
Age | 0.017 | 0.063 | 0.261 | p = 0.80 |
HD vintage | 0.158 | 0.514 | 2.051 | p = 0.08 |
SDNN | 0.044 | 0.549 | 2.366 | p = 0.03 |
pNN50 | 0.017 | 0.126 | 0.665 | p = 0.53 |
SDANN | −0.008 | −0.124 | −0.401 | p = 0.70 |
rMSSD | −0.043 | −0.582 | −2.833 | p = 0.03 |
HF (ms2) | 0.005 | 0.729 | 3.842 | p < 0.05 |
LF (ms2) | −0.013 | −0.344 | −0.962 | p = 0.37 |
R2 = 0.863F = 4.706 |
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Michou, V.; Liakopoulos, V.; Roumeliotis, S.; Roumeliotis, A.; Anifanti, M.; Tsamos, G.; Papagianni, A.; Zempekakis, P.; Deligiannis, A.; Kouidi, E. Effects of Home-Based Exercise Training on Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy and Metabolic Profile in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients. Life 2023, 13, 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010232
Michou V, Liakopoulos V, Roumeliotis S, Roumeliotis A, Anifanti M, Tsamos G, Papagianni A, Zempekakis P, Deligiannis A, Kouidi E. Effects of Home-Based Exercise Training on Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy and Metabolic Profile in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients. Life. 2023; 13(1):232. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010232
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichou, Vassiliki, Vassilios Liakopoulos, Stefanos Roumeliotis, Athanasios Roumeliotis, Maria Anifanti, Georgios Tsamos, Aikaterini Papagianni, Pantelis Zempekakis, Asterios Deligiannis, and Evangelia Kouidi. 2023. "Effects of Home-Based Exercise Training on Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy and Metabolic Profile in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients" Life 13, no. 1: 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010232