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Article

Characteristics of Precipitation Diurnal Cycle over a Mountainous Area of Sumatra Island including MJO and Seasonal Signatures Based on the 15-Year Optical Rain Gauge Data, WRF Model and IMERG

by
Marzuki Marzuki
1,*,
Helmi Yusnaini
1,
Ravidho Ramadhan
1,2,
Fredolin Tangang
3,
Abdul Azim Bin Amirudin
3,
Hiroyuki Hashiguchi
4,
Toyoshi Shimomai
5 and
Mutya Vonnisa
1
1
Department of Physics, Universitas Andalas, Padang 25163, Indonesia
2
Department of Physics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
3
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
5
Department of Electronic and Control Systems Engineering, Shimane University, Shimane 690-0823, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2022, 13(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010063
Submission received: 15 November 2021 / Revised: 10 December 2021 / Accepted: 28 December 2021 / Published: 30 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving the Understanding, Diagnostics, and Prediction of Precipitation)
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Abstract

In this study we investigate the characteristics of the diurnal precipitation cycle including the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and seasonal influences over a mountainous area in Sumatra Island based on the in situ measurement of precipitation using the optical rain gauge (ORG). For comparison with ORG data, the characteristics based on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG) and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations were also investigated. Fifteen years of ORG data over a mountainous area of Sumatra, namely, at Kototabang (100.32° E, 0.20° S), were analyzed to obtain the characteristics of the diurnal cycle of precipitation in this region. The diurnal cycle of precipitation presented a single peak in the late afternoon, and the peak time difference was closely related to the rain event duration. The MJO acts to modulate the diurnal amplitude but not the diurnal phase. A high precipitation amount (PA) and frequency (PF) were observed during phases 2, 3, and 4, along with an increase in the number of longer-duration rain events, but the diurnal phase was similar in all MJO phases. In terms of season, the highest PA and PF values were observed during pre-southwest and pre-northeast monsoon seasons. WRF simulation reproduced the diurnal phase correctly and more realistically than the IMERG products. However, it largely overestimated the amplitude of the diurnal cycle in comparison with ORG. These disagreements could be related to the resolution and quality of IMERG and WRF data.
Keywords: diurnal cycle; Kototabang; Sumatra; optical rain gauge; IMERG; WRF diurnal cycle; Kototabang; Sumatra; optical rain gauge; IMERG; WRF

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MDPI and ACS Style

Marzuki, M.; Yusnaini, H.; Ramadhan, R.; Tangang, F.; Amirudin, A.A.B.; Hashiguchi, H.; Shimomai, T.; Vonnisa, M. Characteristics of Precipitation Diurnal Cycle over a Mountainous Area of Sumatra Island including MJO and Seasonal Signatures Based on the 15-Year Optical Rain Gauge Data, WRF Model and IMERG. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010063

AMA Style

Marzuki M, Yusnaini H, Ramadhan R, Tangang F, Amirudin AAB, Hashiguchi H, Shimomai T, Vonnisa M. Characteristics of Precipitation Diurnal Cycle over a Mountainous Area of Sumatra Island including MJO and Seasonal Signatures Based on the 15-Year Optical Rain Gauge Data, WRF Model and IMERG. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(1):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010063

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzuki, Marzuki, Helmi Yusnaini, Ravidho Ramadhan, Fredolin Tangang, Abdul Azim Bin Amirudin, Hiroyuki Hashiguchi, Toyoshi Shimomai, and Mutya Vonnisa. 2022. "Characteristics of Precipitation Diurnal Cycle over a Mountainous Area of Sumatra Island including MJO and Seasonal Signatures Based on the 15-Year Optical Rain Gauge Data, WRF Model and IMERG" Atmosphere 13, no. 1: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010063

APA Style

Marzuki, M., Yusnaini, H., Ramadhan, R., Tangang, F., Amirudin, A. A. B., Hashiguchi, H., Shimomai, T., & Vonnisa, M. (2022). Characteristics of Precipitation Diurnal Cycle over a Mountainous Area of Sumatra Island including MJO and Seasonal Signatures Based on the 15-Year Optical Rain Gauge Data, WRF Model and IMERG. Atmosphere, 13(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010063

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