Biochar and Chlorella Synergistically Enhance Grain Yield in Saline Soil

Saline soils severely constrain rice growth and reduce grain yield. While biochar and Chlorella have each been extensively investigated for their roles in improving plant growth, few studies have explored their combined application to support rice cultivation in saline soil environments. A controlled pot experiment tested three biochar rates (B₀: 0 g/kg, B₂₀: 0.98 g/kg, B₄₀: 1.97 g/kg) and two Chlorella concentrations (C₀: 0 cells/mL, C₁: 1.3 × 10⁷ cells/mL) to evaluate their combined effects on soil properties, rice root development, and productivity. The study showed that compared with B₀C₀, B₀C₁ increased NH₄⁺-N by 50.00–57.16%, NO₃⁻-N by 57.61–104.57%, effective panicle number by 55.00%, and grain yield by 46.06%. Meanwhile, B₂₀C₁ also significantly improved soil and plant indicators, with NH₄⁺-N increased by 57.21–63.16%, NO₃⁻-N by 140.28–151.53%, urease activity by 57.18–178.81%, root traits by 28.58–213.10%, effective panicle number by 40.00%, and grain yield by 30.05%. Mechanistically, biochar promoted rice root growth by improving soil physicochemical properties, while Chlorella enhanced soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N contents via the “capacitor effect”, boosted urease activity, and secreted plant hormones to directly stimulate rice tillering. Notably, Chlorella significantly increased yield under no biochar (B₀C₁) or low biochar (B₂₀C₁) conditions, but this effect nearly disappeared under high biochar application (B₄₀C₁). This study is the first to reveal the synergistic effect between biochar and Chlorella, as well as their application potential in rice cultivation on saline soils. It thereby provides novel insights for saline soil amendment and aquaculture tailwater reuse.