Regulation of Osmotic Balance and Increased Antioxidant Activities under Heat Stress in Abelmoschus esculentus L. Triggered by Exogenous Proline Application

Hussain, Rashid; Ayyub, Choudhary Muhammad; Shaheen, Muhammad Rashid; Rashid, Sahar; Nafees, Muhammad; Ali, Saif; Butt, Madiha; Ali, Mujahid; Maqsood, Ambreen; Fiaz, Sajid; Ahmar, Sunny; Mahmood, Tahir; Mora-Poblete, Freddy

doi:10.3390/agronomy11040685

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Regulation of Osmotic Balance and Increased Antioxidant Activities under Heat Stress in Abelmoschus esculentus L. Triggered by Exogenous Proline Application

by

Rashid Hussain

^1,2,

Choudhary Muhammad Ayyub

¹,

Muhammad Rashid Shaheen

²,

Sahar Rashid

³,

Muhammad Nafees

²,

Saif Ali

⁴,

Madiha Butt

⁵,

Mujahid Ali

⁶,

Ambreen Maqsood

⁷

,

Sajid Fiaz

⁸

,

Sunny Ahmar

⁹,

Tahir Mahmood

¹⁰ and

Freddy Mora-Poblete

^9,*

¹

Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Punjab, Pakistan

²

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan

³

Horticultural Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad 38040, Punjab, Pakistan

⁴

College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210000, China

⁵

College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah, Layyah 31200, Punjab, Pakistan

⁶

Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan

⁷

Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan

⁸

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22600, kpk, Pakistan

⁹

Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca 3460000, Chile

¹⁰

Molecular Plant Breeding Laboratory, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Pir Mehar Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Punjab, Pakistan

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Agronomy 2021, 11(4), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040685

Submission received: 23 January 2021 / Revised: 3 March 2021 / Accepted: 1 April 2021 / Published: 3 April 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drought and Heat Stress Regulation on Crop Development and Yield)

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Abstract

Keeping in view the yield losses instigated by heat stress in several crops, we carried out an experiment to explore the curative effect of exogenous applications of proline on the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and water-related attributes of okra genotypes under high-temperature stress (controlled conditions). Four contrasting genotypes C1, C2, C3, and C4 heat tolerant and heat sensitive genotypes were selected from a diverse panel of okra genotypes (n = 100) to examine plant responses to high-temperature stress and exogenous application of proline. Four-week-old seedlings were subjected to heat stress by gradually increasing the temperature of a growth chamber from 28/22 °C to 45/35 °C (day/night) and sprayed with an optimized proline concentration 2.5 mM. The experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design. The results showed that there were maximum increases in shoot length (32.7%), root length (58.9%), and shoot fresh (85.7%). The quantities of leaves per plant were increased by 52.9%, 123.6%, 82.5%, and 62.2% in C1, C2, C3, and C4 after proline application. On the other hand, only root fresh weight decreased in all genotypes after proline application by 23.1%, 20%, 266.7%, and 280.8% (C1, C2, C3, C4). A lower leaf temperature of 27.72 °C, minimum transpiration of 3.29 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹, maximum photosynthesis of 3.91 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and a maximum water use efficiency of 1.20 μmol CO₂ mmol H₂O were recorded in the genotypes C2, C1, C3, and C4, respectively. The highest enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were 14.88, 0.31, and 0.15 U mg-protein in C2, C1, and C3, respectively. Maximum leaf proline, glycinebetaine, total free amino acids, and chlorophyll content 3.46 mg g⁻¹, 4.02 mg g⁻¹, 3.46 mg g⁻¹, and 46.89 (in C2), respectively, due to foliar applications of proline. Another important finding was that heat tolerance in okra was highly linked highly linked to genotypes’ genetic potential, having more water use efficiency, enzymatic activities, and physio-biochemical attributes under the foliar applications of proline.

Keywords: climate change; gas exchange; heat stress; okra; physiology; proline; water relations

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hussain, R.; Ayyub, C.M.; Shaheen, M.R.; Rashid, S.; Nafees, M.; Ali, S.; Butt, M.; Ali, M.; Maqsood, A.; Fiaz, S.; et al. Regulation of Osmotic Balance and Increased Antioxidant Activities under Heat Stress in Abelmoschus esculentus L. Triggered by Exogenous Proline Application. Agronomy 2021, 11, 685. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040685

AMA Style

Hussain R, Ayyub CM, Shaheen MR, Rashid S, Nafees M, Ali S, Butt M, Ali M, Maqsood A, Fiaz S, et al. Regulation of Osmotic Balance and Increased Antioxidant Activities under Heat Stress in Abelmoschus esculentus L. Triggered by Exogenous Proline Application. Agronomy. 2021; 11(4):685. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040685

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hussain, Rashid, Choudhary Muhammad Ayyub, Muhammad Rashid Shaheen, Sahar Rashid, Muhammad Nafees, Saif Ali, Madiha Butt, Mujahid Ali, Ambreen Maqsood, Sajid Fiaz, and et al. 2021. "Regulation of Osmotic Balance and Increased Antioxidant Activities under Heat Stress in Abelmoschus esculentus L. Triggered by Exogenous Proline Application" Agronomy 11, no. 4: 685. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040685

APA Style

Hussain, R., Ayyub, C. M., Shaheen, M. R., Rashid, S., Nafees, M., Ali, S., Butt, M., Ali, M., Maqsood, A., Fiaz, S., Ahmar, S., Mahmood, T., & Mora-Poblete, F. (2021). Regulation of Osmotic Balance and Increased Antioxidant Activities under Heat Stress in Abelmoschus esculentus L. Triggered by Exogenous Proline Application. Agronomy, 11(4), 685. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040685

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Regulation of Osmotic Balance and Increased Antioxidant Activities under Heat Stress in Abelmoschus esculentus L. Triggered by Exogenous Proline Application

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