Next Article in Journal
Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Diagnostic Leukapheresis Product of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Comparing CellSearch® and ISET
Next Article in Special Issue
Transport Metabolons and Acid/Base Balance in Tumor Cells
Previous Article in Journal
Comparison between Y90 Radioembolization Plus Sorafenib and Y90 Radioembolization alone in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Analysis
Previous Article in Special Issue
Targeting the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment: Unexpected Pro-Neoplastic Effects of Oral NaHCO3 Therapy in Murine Breast Tissue
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cancers
Volume 12
Issue 4
10.3390/cancers12040898
cancers-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer

by
Khalid O. Alfarouk
1,2,3,*,
Samrein B. M. Ahmed
4,
Ahmed Ahmed
5,
Robert L. Elliott
6,
Muntaser E. Ibrahim
7,
Heyam S. Ali
8,
Christian C. Wales
2,
Ibrahim Nourwali
9,
Ahmed N. Aljarbou
10,
Adil H. H. Bashir
7,
Sari T. S. Alhoufie
11,
Saad Saeed Alqahtani
12,
Rosa A. Cardone
13,
Stefano Fais
14,
Salvador Harguindey
15 and
Stephan J. Reshkin
13
1
Alfarouk Biomedical Research LLC, Temple Terrace, FL 33617, USA
2
American Biosciences Inc., New York, NY 10913, USA
3
Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Khartoum 11123, Sudan
4
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272 Sharjah, UAE
5
Department of Oesphogastric and General Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
6
The Sallie A. Burdine Breast Foundation, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
7
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
8
Department Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
9
College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munwarah 42313, Saudi Arabia
10
College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
11
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munwarah 42353, Saudi Arabia
12
Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
13
Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 90126 Bari, Italy
14
Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
15
Institute for Clinical Biology and Metabolism, Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
remove Hide full affiliation list
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2020, 12(4), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040898
Submission received: 2 February 2020 / Revised: 1 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 April 2020 / Published: 7 April 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Tumour pH Regulation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Cancer cells and tissues have an aberrant regulation of hydrogen ion dynamics driven by a combination of poor vascular perfusion, regional hypoxia, and increased the flux of carbons through fermentative glycolysis. This leads to extracellular acidosis and intracellular alkalinization. Dysregulated pH dynamics influence cancer cell biology, from cell transformation and tumorigenesis to proliferation, local growth, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, this dysregulated intracellular pH (pHi) drives a metabolic shift to increased aerobic glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, referred to as the Warburg effect, or Warburg metabolism, which is a selective feature of cancer. This metabolic reprogramming confers a thermodynamic advantage on cancer cells and tissues by protecting them against oxidative stress, enhancing their resistance to hypoxia, and allowing a rapid conversion of nutrients into biomass to enable cell proliferation. Indeed, most cancers have increased glucose uptake and lactic acid production. Furthermore, cancer cells have very dysregulated electrolyte balances, and in the interaction of the pH dynamics with electrolyte, dynamics is less well known. In this review, we highlight the interconnected roles of dysregulated pH dynamics and electrolytes imbalance in cancer initiation, progression, adaptation, and in determining the programming and reprogramming of tumor cell metabolism.
Keywords: cancer; pH; electrolytes; metabolism cancer; pH; electrolytes; metabolism

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Alfarouk, K.O.; Ahmed, S.B.M.; Ahmed, A.; Elliott, R.L.; Ibrahim, M.E.; Ali, H.S.; Wales, C.C.; Nourwali, I.; Aljarbou, A.N.; Bashir, A.H.H.; et al. The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer. Cancers 2020, 12, 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040898

AMA Style

Alfarouk KO, Ahmed SBM, Ahmed A, Elliott RL, Ibrahim ME, Ali HS, Wales CC, Nourwali I, Aljarbou AN, Bashir AHH, et al. The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer. Cancers. 2020; 12(4):898. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040898

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfarouk, Khalid O., Samrein B. M. Ahmed, Ahmed Ahmed, Robert L. Elliott, Muntaser E. Ibrahim, Heyam S. Ali, Christian C. Wales, Ibrahim Nourwali, Ahmed N. Aljarbou, Adil H. H. Bashir, and et al. 2020. "The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer" Cancers 12, no. 4: 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040898

APA Style

Alfarouk, K. O., Ahmed, S. B. M., Ahmed, A., Elliott, R. L., Ibrahim, M. E., Ali, H. S., Wales, C. C., Nourwali, I., Aljarbou, A. N., Bashir, A. H. H., Alhoufie, S. T. S., Alqahtani, S. S., Cardone, R. A., Fais, S., Harguindey, S., & Reshkin, S. J. (2020). The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer. Cancers, 12(4), 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040898

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop