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Micromachines
Volume 16
Issue 9
10.3390/mi16091070
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Article

A Study on the Transient Process of Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators

by
Shengyao Zhang
1,
Hongchun Luo
1,
Ru Zhang
2,3,*,
Shun Ye
1,
Haoyu Wei
1,
Zhiqiang Zeng
1,
Futi Liu
1,* and
Guiyu Zhou
4
1
College of Mathematics and Physics, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
3
College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
4
College of Electronic Information and Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Micromachines 2025, 16(9), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16091070
Submission received: 15 August 2025 / Revised: 19 September 2025 / Accepted: 19 September 2025 / Published: 22 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Tuning and Self-Powered Energy Harvesting Devices)
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Abstract

In the research of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), most attention has been paid to material modification, structural design, and power management. Little study has been performed on the transient process of TENGs, although the capacitance characteristics of TENGs are well known. In this work, the transient process of contact-mode TENGs was studied by the infinite-plate model and verified by experimental tests. The results showed that TENGs exhibited a much higher output in the transient process than that in the steady state. Within the transient process, the transfer charge gradually grew to a maximum value, while the output current and power decreased. A formula to calculate the duration of the transient process was derived by Fourier expansion. This work also demonstrated an interesting transformation process of the Q-V curve in the transient process. Furthermore, the transient phenomenon was verified clearly in a contact-mode TENG sample fabricated by copper and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films through experimental tests. These results are useful for performance optimization of TENGs in applications.
Keywords: triboelectric nanogenerator; transient process; steady state; Fourier expansion triboelectric nanogenerator; transient process; steady state; Fourier expansion

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, S.; Luo, H.; Zhang, R.; Ye, S.; Wei, H.; Zeng, Z.; Liu, F.; Zhou, G. A Study on the Transient Process of Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Micromachines 2025, 16, 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16091070

AMA Style

Zhang S, Luo H, Zhang R, Ye S, Wei H, Zeng Z, Liu F, Zhou G. A Study on the Transient Process of Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Micromachines. 2025; 16(9):1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16091070

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Shengyao, Hongchun Luo, Ru Zhang, Shun Ye, Haoyu Wei, Zhiqiang Zeng, Futi Liu, and Guiyu Zhou. 2025. "A Study on the Transient Process of Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators" Micromachines 16, no. 9: 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16091070

APA Style

Zhang, S., Luo, H., Zhang, R., Ye, S., Wei, H., Zeng, Z., Liu, F., & Zhou, G. (2025). A Study on the Transient Process of Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators. Micromachines, 16(9), 1070. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16091070

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