The Effect of Breakfast Prior to Morning Exercise on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Appetite Later in the Day in Habitually Active Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Pilot Study
2.1.1. Methods
Participants
Screening and Familiarisation
Experimental Procedures
2.1.2. Statistic
2.2. Main Study
2.2.1. Methods
Participants
Screening and Familiarisation
Cognitive Tasks
Visual Analogue Scales (VAS)
Preliminary Exercise Tests
Pre-Testing Procedures
Treatments/Test Meals
kJ/Kcal | Carbohydrate (g) | Protein (g) | Fat (g) | Fibre (g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breakfasts | |||||
20 g Special K cereal | 321/76 | 15 | 3 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
83 mL Semi-skimmed milk | 171/42 | 4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | <0.5 |
Total | 492/118 | 19 | 4.5 | 1.8 | 0.9 |
40 g Special K cereal | 642/152 | 30 | 6 | 0.6 | 1.8 |
166 mL Semi-skimmed milk | 342/81 | 8 | 3 | 3 | <0.5 |
Total | 984/236 | 38 | 9 | 3.6 | 1.8 |
Lunch | |||||
125 g Penne Pasta | 1894/446 | 91 | 15 | 2 | 3 |
250 g Tomato and Herb pasta sauce | 540/128 | 20 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
15 g Olive Oil | 508/123 | <0.5 | <0.5 | 14 | <0.5 |
40 g Cheddar Cheese | 648/156 | <0.5 | 10 | 13 | <0.5 |
Total per 430 g portion | 3544/938 | 111 | 29 | 32 | 7 |
Total per 100 g | 824/218 | 26 | 7 | 7 | 1.5 |
Experimental procedures (Figure 1)
2.2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pilot Study Results
3.2. Main Study Results
3.2.1. Cognitive Function
3.2.2. Mood and Physical State
3.2.3. Appetite
3.2.4. Energy Intake
3.2.5. Meal Liking
Measure | Condition | Mean Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Breakfast Liking (mm) | NB | 19.4 *, † | ± | 2.7 |
20 g | 68.9 | ± | 3.0 | |
40 g | 67.9 | ± | 3.5 | |
Lunch Liking (mm) | NB | 74.5 | ± | 3.0 |
20 g | 76.5 | ± | 2.2 | |
40 g | 75.8 | ± | 2.4 | |
Lunch Energy Intake (kcal) | NB | 763.2 | ± | 37.2 |
20 g | 786.2 | ± | 37.1 | |
40 g | 778.7 | ± | 38.8 | |
Post-lunch Energy Intake (kcal; n = 22) | NB | 1000.8 | ± | 76.9 |
20 g | 1055.9 | ± | 105.6 | |
40 g | 1067.5 | ± | 114.5 | |
Net Energy Intake (kcal; n = 22) | NB | 1780.14 | ± | 80.59 |
20 g | 1957.21 | ± | 114.64 | |
40 g | 2088.57 | ± | 132.30 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Pilot Study
4.2. Main Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Veasey, R.C.; Haskell-Ramsay, C.F.; Kennedy, D.O.; Tiplady, B.; Stevenson, E.J. The Effect of Breakfast Prior to Morning Exercise on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Appetite Later in the Day in Habitually Active Women. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5712-5732. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075250
Veasey RC, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Kennedy DO, Tiplady B, Stevenson EJ. The Effect of Breakfast Prior to Morning Exercise on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Appetite Later in the Day in Habitually Active Women. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5712-5732. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075250
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeasey, Rachel C., Crystal F. Haskell-Ramsay, David O. Kennedy, Brian Tiplady, and Emma J. Stevenson. 2015. "The Effect of Breakfast Prior to Morning Exercise on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Appetite Later in the Day in Habitually Active Women" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5712-5732. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075250