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Volume 16
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Article

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pancreatic Cancer: An Analysis of the Blood Biomarker, r-1,t-2,3,c-4-Tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene and Selected Metabolism Gene SNPs

by
Sierra Nguyen
1,
Heather Carlson
2,
Andrea Yoder
3,
William R. Bamlet
4,
Ann L. Oberg
4,
Gloria M. Petersen
4,†,
Steven G. Carmella
3,
Stephen S. Hecht
3 and
Rick J. Jansen
3,*
1
Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
2
Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
3
Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
4
Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Deceased.
Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050688
Submission received: 30 November 2023 / Revised: 5 February 2024 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 28 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Collection Diet and Multi-Omics)
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Abstract

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), byproducts of incomplete combustion, and their effects on the development of cancer are still being evaluated. Recent studies have analyzed the relationship between PAHs and tobacco or dietary intake in the form of processed foods and smoked/well-done meats. This study aims to assess the association of a blood biomarker and metabolite of PAHs, r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT), dietary intake, selected metabolism SNPs, and pancreatic cancer. Demographics, food-frequency data, SNPs, treatment history, and levels of PheT in plasma were determined from 400 participants (202 cases and 198 controls) and evaluated based on pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosis. Demographic and dietary variables were selected based on previously published literature indicating association with pancreatic cancer. A multiple regression model combined the significant demographic and food items with SNPs. Final multivariate logistic regression significant factors (p-value < 0.05) associated with pancreatic cancer included: Type 2 Diabetes [OR = 6.26 (95% CI = 2.83, 14.46)], PheT [1.03 (1.02, 1.05)], very well-done red meat [0.90 (0.83, 0.96)], fruit/vegetable servings [1.35 (1.06, 1.73)], recessive (rs12203582) [4.11 (1.77, 9.91)], recessive (rs56679) [0.2 (0.06, 0.85)], overdominant (rs3784605) [3.14 (1.69, 6.01)], and overdominant (rs721430) [0.39 (0.19, 0.76)]. Of note, by design, the level of smoking did not differ between our cases and controls. This study does not provide strong evidence that PheT is a biomarker of pancreatic cancer susceptibility independent of dietary intake and select metabolism SNPs among a nonsmoking population.
Keywords: PAH; PheT; urinary biomarker; dietary intake; pancreatic cancer; SNPs; metabolism PAH; PheT; urinary biomarker; dietary intake; pancreatic cancer; SNPs; metabolism

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nguyen, S.; Carlson, H.; Yoder, A.; Bamlet, W.R.; Oberg, A.L.; Petersen, G.M.; Carmella, S.G.; Hecht, S.S.; Jansen, R.J. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pancreatic Cancer: An Analysis of the Blood Biomarker, r-1,t-2,3,c-4-Tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene and Selected Metabolism Gene SNPs. Nutrients 2024, 16, 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050688

AMA Style

Nguyen S, Carlson H, Yoder A, Bamlet WR, Oberg AL, Petersen GM, Carmella SG, Hecht SS, Jansen RJ. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pancreatic Cancer: An Analysis of the Blood Biomarker, r-1,t-2,3,c-4-Tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene and Selected Metabolism Gene SNPs. Nutrients. 2024; 16(5):688. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050688

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nguyen, Sierra, Heather Carlson, Andrea Yoder, William R. Bamlet, Ann L. Oberg, Gloria M. Petersen, Steven G. Carmella, Stephen S. Hecht, and Rick J. Jansen. 2024. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pancreatic Cancer: An Analysis of the Blood Biomarker, r-1,t-2,3,c-4-Tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene and Selected Metabolism Gene SNPs" Nutrients 16, no. 5: 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050688

APA Style

Nguyen, S., Carlson, H., Yoder, A., Bamlet, W. R., Oberg, A. L., Petersen, G. M., Carmella, S. G., Hecht, S. S., & Jansen, R. J. (2024). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pancreatic Cancer: An Analysis of the Blood Biomarker, r-1,t-2,3,c-4-Tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene and Selected Metabolism Gene SNPs. Nutrients, 16(5), 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050688

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