Organic Food in Athletes Diet—Narrative Review of Alternative Products in Sports Nutrition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
3. Organic Food and Antioxidant Potential
4. Iron
5. Calcium and Vitamin D
Study | Study Group | Method | Iron | Calcium | Vit. D | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg | % Below | mg | % Below | µg/UI | % Below | ||||
Baranauskas et al. (2020) | n = 323 High-performance athletes | 24 h dietary food recall | n/d | n/d | 1254.0 ± 580.2 * 1113.9 ± 501.9 * | n/d | n/d | n/d | [75] |
Jenner et al. (2018) | n = 46 Male Australian football players | 7-day food diary | n/d | n/d | 952 ± 287 | 56 | n/d | n/d | [76] |
Ishizu et al. (2022) | n = 589 Female collegiate athletes | FFQ | 6.1 (4.5–8.4) | n/d | 487 (361–728) | n/d | 4.8 (2.9–8.7) | n/d | [77] |
Baranauskas et al. (2020) | n = 247 Elite athletes | 24 h dietary food recall | 28.8 ± 9.8 ^ 18.8 ± 7.5 ^ | n/d | 1227 ± 511 ^ 927 ± 474 ^ | n/d | 144 ± 104 ^ 88 ± 76 ^ | n/d | [78] |
Vermeulen et al. (2021) | n = 23 Female ice hockey players | 7-day food diary | 17 ± 7 | 52 | 1022 ± 256 | 78 | 4.5 ± 2.4 | 100 | [79] |
Książek et al. (2020) | n = 26 Male football players | 7-day food diary | 14.9 ± 2.5 # 16.7 ± 3.3 # | n/d | 1179.9 ± 265.8 # 1291.5 ± 318.2 # | n/d | 4.9 # 56.5 # | n/d | [80] |
Gogojewicz et al. (2020) | n = 62 CrossFit athletes | 3-day food diary | 16.5 ± 3.6 ^ 12.6 ± 3.2 ^ | n/d | 1214 ± 550 ^ 894 ± 431 ^ | n/d | 6.3 ± 5.8 ^ 5.8 ± 6.2 ^ | n/d | [81] |
Dobrowolski and Włodarek (2019) | n = 41 Female soccer players | 3-day food diary | 8.8 | n/d | 646 ± 290 | 82.9 | 1.69 | n/d | [38] |
Jenner et al. (2019) | n = 23 Female football players | 3-day food diary | 12.1 ± 3.5 | 87 | 852.0 ± 288.0 | 61 | n/d | n/d | [82] |
Kim et al. (2019) | n = 36 Adolescent distance runners | 3-day food diary | 16.9 ± 4.4 | 2 | 582.2 ± 182.7 | 31 | 6.2 ± 3.3 | n/d | [83] |
Gomez-Hixson et al. (2022) | n = 75 NCAA Division III soccer players | 3-day food diary | 18.6 ± 6.9 | n/d | 1000.1 ± 402.8 | n/d | 4.1 ± 3.6 | n/d | [84] |
Masoga et al. (2019) | n = 51 Amateur bodybuilding athletes | 24 h dietary food recall | 173.3 ± 4.1 ^ 9.9 ± 2.6 ^ | 9.8 | 580.1 ± 355.3 ^ 477.6 ± 146.1 ^ | 86.3 | n/d | n/d | [85] |
6. Protein and Amino Acids
7. Fatty Acids
8. Caffeine in Organic Products
9. Pesticide Content in Food and the Diet of Athletes
10. Limitations
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Study Material | Similar Location and Growing Conditions between Organic and Conventional Farms | Tested Compounds | Higher Content in Conventional | Higher Content in Organic | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rachtan-Janicka et al. (2021) | Black currant | Yes | Polyphenols, vitamin C, anthocyanins | - | Vitamin C, total polyphenols, total phenolic acids, total flavonoids, anthocyanins | [22] |
Hallmann et al. (2019) | Pickled bell pepper | Yes | Dry matter, carotenoids, polyphenols | Phenolic acids | Flavonoids, carotenoids | [19] |
Crecente-Campo et al. (2012) | Strawberries | Yes | anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content | - | Anthocyanins, ascorbic acid | [29] |
Król et al. (2020) | Coffee beans | Yes/n/d | Dry matter, polyphenols, caffeine, flavonoids | Kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and flavonoids in stored coffee and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside in freshly roasted coffee | Total phenolic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids in freshly roasted coffee | [21] |
Ponder and Hallmann (2019) | Raspberries | Yes | Dry matter, phenolic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanins | - | Total polyphenols * | [20] |
Armesto et al. (2020) | Butternut squash | n/d | Physical and chemical properties, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, antioxidant components | Folic acid, β-carotene | Tocopherol | [23] |
Średnicka-Tober et al. (2020) | Apples | Yes | Dry matter, phenolic acids, flavonols, vitamin C | - | Phenolic acids, flavonols | [24] |
Dutra et al. (2018) | Grape juices and wines | n/d | Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, minerals | Anthocyanins | - | [27] |
Skupień et al. (2011) | Raspberries | Partly/No | Dry matter, soluble solids, titratable acidity, sugars, vitamin C, total polyphenol content | - | - | [28] |
Kopczyńska et al. (2020) | Courgettes | Yes | Dry matter, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, chlorophylls, vitamin C | - | Polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, chlorophylls | [30] |
Hallmann and Rembiałkowska (2011) | Sweet bell pepper | Yes | Dry matter, vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols | - | Vitamin C, carotenoids, phenolic acids | [31] |
Kazimierczak et al. (2013) | Beetroot and beetroot juices in LNF ^ and HNF ^ level | Yes (for both juices and beetroots) | Dry matter, sugars, acidity, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, betacyanins, | Phenolic acids (LNF for beetroots), phenolic acids (HNF for juices), flavonoids (LNF for beetroots) | Vitamin C (for both beetroot and juices) | [32] |
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Dobrowolski, H.; Kopczyńska, K.; Kazimierczak, R.; Rembiałkowska, E.; Włodarek, D. Organic Food in Athletes Diet—Narrative Review of Alternative Products in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2347. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142347
Dobrowolski H, Kopczyńska K, Kazimierczak R, Rembiałkowska E, Włodarek D. Organic Food in Athletes Diet—Narrative Review of Alternative Products in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients. 2024; 16(14):2347. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142347
Chicago/Turabian StyleDobrowolski, Hubert, Klaudia Kopczyńska, Renata Kazimierczak, Ewa Rembiałkowska, and Dariusz Włodarek. 2024. "Organic Food in Athletes Diet—Narrative Review of Alternative Products in Sports Nutrition" Nutrients 16, no. 14: 2347. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142347