B Vitamins, Glucoronolactone and the Immune System: Bioavailability, Doses and Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Absorption of Selected B Vitamins (B2, B3, B5, B6, B12) and Glucuronolactone
3. The Riboflavin/Vitamin B2 (RF/VB2) Dose, Efficiency and Bioavailability
4. The Effects of Niacin/VB3 Bioavailability, Dose and Efficiency
5. Pantothenic Acid/VB5 Bioavailability, Dose and Efficiency
6. The Effects of Pyridoxine/VB6 Bioavailability, Dose and Efficiency
7. The Cobalamin/VB12 Bioavailability, Dose and Efficiency
8. The Glucuronolactone Bioavailability, Dose and Efficiency
9. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Recommended Daily Dose for Adult Women | Recommended Daily Dose for Adult Men | Recommended Daily Dose for Pregnant Women | Recommended Daily Dose for Teenagers Girls | Recommended Daily Dose for Teenagers Boys |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) [12] | 1.1 mg | 1.3 mg | 1.4 mg | 1.0 mg | 1.3 mg |
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) [13] | 14 mg | 16 mg | 18 mg | 14 mg | 16 mg |
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) [14] | 5 mg | 5 mg | 6 mg | 5 mg | 5 mg |
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) [15] | 1–1.7 mg | 1–1.7 mg | 1.9 mg | 1.2 mg | 1.3 mg |
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) [16,17] | 2.4 mcg | 2.4 mcg | 2.6 mcg | 2.4 mcg | 2.4 mcg |
Compounds | Efficiency in the Immune System | Negative Impacts of High Doses |
---|---|---|
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | ||
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) |
|
|
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) |
| |
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | ||
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | ||
Glucuronolactone |
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Munteanu, C.; Schwartz, B. B Vitamins, Glucoronolactone and the Immune System: Bioavailability, Doses and Efficiency. Nutrients 2024, 16, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010024
Munteanu C, Schwartz B. B Vitamins, Glucoronolactone and the Immune System: Bioavailability, Doses and Efficiency. Nutrients. 2024; 16(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010024
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunteanu, Camelia, and Betty Schwartz. 2024. "B Vitamins, Glucoronolactone and the Immune System: Bioavailability, Doses and Efficiency" Nutrients 16, no. 1: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010024