Peonidin-3-O-Glucoside from Purple Corncob Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Mitochondrial and Lysosome Functions to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Extraction and Purification of Purple Corn Anthocyanins
2.3. HPLC-DAD-MS Assay
2.4. Establishment of NAFLD Cell Model
2.4.1. The Effect of Purple Corn Anthocyanin on Lipid Accumulation in Hepatocytes
2.4.2. Hepatocyte Viability
2.4.3. Hepatocyte Damage Detection
2.5. The Effect of P3G on the Antioxidant System of Hepatocytes
2.5.1. Analysis of Cellular Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Anion Radicals (O2−•), and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
2.5.2. SOD, GPx and CAT Activity Assay
2.6. The Effect of P3G on Hepatocyte Mitochondria
2.7. The Effect of P3G on Lysosome Function
2.8. Western Blot
2.9. The Effect of P3G on Hepatocyte Inflammation
2.10. Molecular Docking
2.11. Molecular Dynamics Study
2.12. qRT-PCR Analysis
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Extraction and Purification of Purple Corn Anthocyanins
3.2. Purple Corn Anthocyanin Improved NAFLD Cell Model
3.2.1. Purple Corn Anthocyanin Reduced the Accumulation of Lipids in NAFLD Cells
3.2.2. Purple Corn Anthocyanin Enhanced the Viability of NAFLD Cell Model
3.2.3. P3G Ameliorates Hepatocyte Injury Induced by FFA
3.3. P3G Reduces the Oxidative Stress Induced by FFA
3.3.1. P3G Reduces ROS Levels in NAFLD Cell Model
3.3.2. P3G Enhances the Activities of SOD, GPx and CAT
3.4. P3G Strengthened the Mitochondrial Function
3.5. P3G Enhances the Lysosomal Function
3.6. P3G Reduces the Level of Inflammation in NAFLD
3.7. Molecular Dynamics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LC-ESI-MS | MS/MS | DAD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Peaks | [M]+ (m/z) | Fragments [M + H]+ (m/z) | Vis-Max (nm) | Compounds |
1 | 463 | 301 | 516/246/234/279/212 | Peonidin-3-O-glucoside |
2 | 535 | 287 | 517/246/234/280 | Cyanidin-3-(6′-malonyl-glucoside) |
3 | 549 | 287 | 516/246/235/280 | Cyanidin-3-(6″-succinyl-glucoside) |
4 | 621 | 287 | 517/246/280/234/ | Cyanidin-3-O-3″,6″-O-dimalonyl-glucoside |
5 | 549 | 301 | 516/246/234/280 | Peonidin-3-(6″-malonyl-glucoside) |
6 | 605 | 271 | 501/245/235/267/432 | Pelargonidin-3-O-3″,6″-O-dimalonyl-glucoside |
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Hao, R.; Shan, S.; Yang, D.; Zhang, H.; Sun, Y.; Li, Z. Peonidin-3-O-Glucoside from Purple Corncob Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Mitochondrial and Lysosome Functions to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Nutrients 2023, 15, 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020372
Hao R, Shan S, Yang D, Zhang H, Sun Y, Li Z. Peonidin-3-O-Glucoside from Purple Corncob Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Mitochondrial and Lysosome Functions to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Nutrients. 2023; 15(2):372. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020372
Chicago/Turabian StyleHao, Ruilin, Shuhua Shan, Dandan Yang, Huimin Zhang, Yi Sun, and Zhuoyu Li. 2023. "Peonidin-3-O-Glucoside from Purple Corncob Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Mitochondrial and Lysosome Functions to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation" Nutrients 15, no. 2: 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020372
APA StyleHao, R., Shan, S., Yang, D., Zhang, H., Sun, Y., & Li, Z. (2023). Peonidin-3-O-Glucoside from Purple Corncob Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Mitochondrial and Lysosome Functions to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Nutrients, 15(2), 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020372