Bibliometric Analysis of Functional Crops and Nutritional Quality: Identification of Gene Resources to Improve Crop Nutritional Quality through Gene Editing Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Bibliometric Analysis
2.2. Literature Review
3. Results
3.1. Publication Volume and Distribution within Crop Varieties and Functional Components
3.2. Map of Cooperation and Competition among Countries
3.3. Research Hotspots and Trends
3.3.1. Research Hotspots
3.3.2. Research Trends
4. Gene Resources and Strategies for Crop Nutrient and Quality Improvement
4.1. Genetic Resource Mining of Starch in Four Main Crops
4.1.1. Starch Types and Contents and Their Nutrimental Values in Crops
4.1.2. Gene Resources for Starch Improvement in Rice, Corn, Wheat, and Soybean
4.2. Identification of Functional Lipid-Related Gene Resources in Crops
4.2.1. Main Factors Affecting Crop Oil Quality
4.2.2. Gene Resources and Improvement of the Oil Quality in Rice and Soybean
4.3. Identification of Functional Protein–Gene Resources in Crops
4.3.1. Factors Affecting Protein Quality in Crops
4.3.2. Gene Resources for Protein Improvement in Rice, Wheat, Corn, and Soybean
4.4. Identification of Genetic Resources for Other Health Functional Components in Crops
4.4.1. Flavonoids in Crops
4.4.2. Minerals, Vitamins, and Other Active Substances in Crops
4.4.3. Identification of Gene Resources for Improving Health Functional Components in Crops
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Names | Gene ID | Encoding Proteins | Phenotype | Functions of Products | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | TaSBEIIa | TraesCS2A02G293400 TraesCS2D02G290800 TraesCS2B02G309500 | starch branching enzyme | Increased amylose content | Foods with high amylose content and RS are helpful to improve human health | [52] |
TaWaxy | TraesCS7A02G070100 TraesCS4A02G418200 TraesCS7D01G064300 | Granule-bound starch synthase | Lower amylose content | Waxy wheat is formed to improve edible taste | [56] | |
Corn | Waxy | Zm00001eb378140 | Granule-bound starch synthase I | Amylopectin content and grain yield of hybrid were significantly increased | Waxy maize produces mainly amylopectin starch with special food or industrial values | [57,58] |
SHRUNKEN2 (SH2) | Zm00001d044129 | ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase | The amylopectin content with the WX gene (SH2SH2wxwx) exceeds 96% | Fresh corn with super-sweet and waxy compound flavor | [60] | |
Rice | NF-YB1 | LOC_Os02g49410 | NF-Ys TFs | Higher chalkiness in crnf-yb1 mutants | Regulates rice grain quality (lower starch, higher crude protein contents) | [53] |
Waxy | LOC_Os06g04200 | granule-bound starch synthase I | Significant decrease in AC in the endosperm; amylose content decreased from 14.6% to 2.6% in the mutants | Improves the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice | [7,59] | |
OsSSIIb | LOC_Os02g51070 | soluble starch synthase II | Decreases the amylose content, gelatinization temperature | Improving the ECQ of rice | [48] | |
SBEIIb | LOC_Os02g32660 | starch branching enzyme IIb | Amylose content is increased, and the RS content is also increased | Beneficial for diabetes and kidney disease patients | [46,47,50,55] | |
MADS78; MADS79 | LOC_Os09g02830; LOC_Os01g74440 | MADS box TFs | Loosely packed spherical starch granules | Impact both seed size and quality in rice | [61] | |
OsAAP6; OsAAP10 | LOC_Os01g65670; LOC_Os02g49060 | amino acid transporter | Amylose content was down-regulated significantly | Improving ECQ of rice | [62] | |
NF-YC12 | LOC_Os05g23910 | NF-Ys TFs | Total starch and amylose contents were significantly lower than those in WT | Increase the grain size and weight in rice | [63] | |
GS9 | LOC_Os09g27590 | an unknown protein | Significant decrease in chalkiness | Increase the grain size and weight | [64] | |
ISA1 | LOC_Os08g40930 | isoamylase 1 | Total starch, amylose, and amylopectin in mutant endosperm were reduced | Beneficial for rice quality breeding | [65] | |
AH2 | LOC_Os09g23200 | MYB-domain protein | Enhanced grain quality, including decreased amylose content, and increased protein content | Required for hull epidermis development, palea identity, and grain size | [66] |
Gene Names | Gene ID | Encoding Proteins | Strategies of Gene Editing | Phenotype | Functions of Products | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soybean | GmFATB1a GmFATB1b | Glyma. 05G012300 Glyma.17G012400 | acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases | CRISPR/Cas9 | Decreased palmitoleic acid and stearic acid contents | Palmitic acid promotes cancer cell metastasis | [82] |
GmLox1 GmLox2 GmLox3 | Glyma.13G347600 Glyma.13G347500 Glyma.15G026300 | lipoxygenase isozymes LOX1 | CRISPR/Cas9 | Lipoxygenase-free soybean | Decreases soybean production and processing cost | [83,84] | |
GmFAD2 | GmFAD2-1A: Glyma.10G278000GmFAD2-2A: Glyma.19G147300 | Δ12-fatty acid desaturase II (FAD2) | CRISPR/Cas9 | Oleic acid content is increased and linoleic acid content is decreased significantly | Reduces chemical hydrogenation and reduces processing costs | [79] | |
FAD2-1A FAD2-1B | Glyma10g42470 Glyma20g24530 | fatty acid desaturase 2 | TALENs | Oleic acid is increased from 20% to 80% and linoleic acid is decreased from 50% to less than 4% | Healthier oils with high monounsaturated fats and a longer shelf-life | [80] | |
FAD3A FAD3B FAD3C | Glyma14g37350 Glyma02g39230 Glyma18g06950 | fatty acid desaturase 3 | TALENs | Significantly altered fatty acid levels. Linoleic and linolenic acids are decreased to levels below 3%, and oleic acid is increased to levels over 80% | High levels of polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acid | [85] | |
Gm15G117700 | / | a regulator of soybean oleic acid synthesis | CRISPR/Cas9 | Reduced linoleic acid and increased stearic acid | Improves the quality of soybean fatty acids | [86] | |
FAD2-2 | GLYMA_03G144500 | microsomal-6 desaturase | CRISPR/Cas9 | Higher oleic acid and decreased palmitic acid | Decreases the risk of type diabetes | [81] | |
Rice | OsFAD2-1 | LOC_Os02g48560 | enzyme fatty acid desaturase 2 | CRISPR/Cas9 | Increased oleic acid and decreased linoleic acid | Suppresses lifestyle diseases | [77] |
OsMGD2 | LOC_Os02g55910 | Monogalactosyldiacylglycero synthase | CRISPR/Cas9 | Decreased linoleic acid content (26.6%) | Improves plant growth and grain quality | [87] |
Gene Names | Gene ID | Encoding Proteins | Strategies of Gene Editing | Phenotype | Functions of Products | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soybean | / | Glyma.20g14840 Glyma.03g163500 Glyma.19g164900 | conglycinins (7S) and glycinins (11S) | CRISPR/Cas9 | Adjusting the ratio of 7S and 11S globulin components | Increases the sulfur amino acid content in the protein | [9] |
Corn | ZmbZIP22 | Zm00001eb318740 | bZIP-transcription factor 22 | CRISPR/Cas9 | 27 kD γ-zein transcript levels are reduced to ~70% in the mutants | Improves kernel protein quality by reducing zein contents | [102] |
ZmMADS | Zm00001eb006480 | MADS-transcription factor 68 | CRISPR/Cas9 | Zeins are significantly decreased (12.5%) in MADS/CAS9-21 kernels | / | [103] | |
Wheat | Gli-2 | TraesCS6B02G065800 | alpha-gliadin | CRISPR/Cas9 | Decreases alpha-gliadins and promotes a compensatory effect on glutenin | Associated with the development of celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity | [97] |
TaASN2 | TraesCS3A02G077100 | asparagine synthetase | CRISPR/Cas9 | Reduces free asparagine in the grain | Free asparagine is the precursor for acrylamide formation | [104] | |
TaATI | LOC543286 LOC543281 | alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor | CRISPR/Cas9 | Decreases alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor content | Involved in the onset of wheat allergies and non-celiac wheat sensitivity | [105] | |
Gli-2 Gli-1 | TraesCS6A02G049100 TraesCS1A02G007400 | alpha-gliadin gamma-gliadin | CRISPR/Cas9 | Decreases alpha-gliadin Decreases gamma-gliadin | Provides bread and durum wheat lines with reduced immunoreactivity for gluten nutrition consumers | [98] | |
TaNAC019-A TaNAC019-B TaNAC019-D | TraesCS3A02G077900 TraesCS3B02G092800 TraesCS3D02G078500 | endosperm-specific NAC transcription factor | CRISPR/Cas9 | Leads to lower gluten and starch contents | Improves grain yield and quality, changing the dough strength and quality | [106] | |
TaPDI | LOC100037546 LOC542857 LOC542858 | wheat protein disulfide isomerase | CRISPR/Cas9 | Glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content is decreased significantly | Low-gluten dough is good for celiac disease patients | [107] | |
Rice | qSP3 | LOC_Os03g57960 | a cupin domain protein for the synthesis of 52 kDa globulin | CRISPR/Cas9 | Lack of accumulation of 52 kDa globulin | Improves seed vigor in rice, and significantly lower amino acid contents were observed in the mature grains | [108] |
GW2 | LOC_Os02g14720 | RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase | CRISPR/Cas9 | Higher grain protein content and accumulation of essential dietary minerals in the endosperm | Improves grain architecture and grain nutritional quality and is an important modulator of plant morphology | [8] |
Ingredient | Gene Names | Gene ID | Encoding Proteins | Strategies | Phenotype | Functions of Products | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Mineral | TaIPK1 | TraesCS6A02G139400 | inositol pentakisphosphate kinase | CRISPR/Cas9 | Decreased phytic acid content and enhanced iron and zinc content in wheat grains | Contributes to the development of biologically fortified wheat and reduces malnutrition | [126] |
Rice | Mineral | OsPLDa1 | LOC_Os01g07760 | phospholipase D | CRISPR/Cas9 | Depletion of phosphatidic acid production and significantly reduced phytic acid content | Improves the cooking and eating quality and nourishment of brown rice | [128] |
Mineral | OsLCT1; | LOC_Os06g38120 | a rice homolog of wheat low-affinity cation transporter 1 | CRISPR/Cas9 | Low grain Cd accumulation | Rice can be safely produced in Cd-polluted soil | [130] | |
Mineral | OsNramp5 | LOC_Os07g15370 | natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 5 | CRISPR/Cas9 | Significantly reduced accumulation of Cd in the grains. However, the degree of OsNramp5 mutation will affect the yield | Rice can be safely produced in Cd-polluted soil | [130,131,132] | |
Anthocyanin | Rc | LOC_Os07g11020 | bHLH transcription factor | CRISPR/Cas9 | Increased proanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins in the mutants | Promotes health | [11] | |
Anthocyanin | OsTTG1 | LOC_Os02g45810 | WD40 repeat protein | CRISPR/Cas9 | Almost no anthocyanin accumulation in the leaf tip and ear | OsTTG1 is an important regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis | [133] | |
γ -aminobutyric acid | OsGAD3 | Os03g0236200 | glutamate decarboxylase 3 | CRISPR/Cas9 | Seven-fold higher GABA content and significantly higher grain weight and protein content | Improves life-style related diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia | [134] | |
Flavonoid | OsCOP1 | LOC_Os02g53140 | constitute photomorphosis 1 | CRISPR/Cas9 | Flavonoid accumulation in yel-hc mutant is reduced in the embryo and endosperm | Participates in embryo development and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice grains | [123] | |
Corn | Mineral | IPK1 | Zm00001eb067500 Zm00001eb432760 | inositol pentakisphosphate kinase | ZFNs | The level of phosphoric acid decreases, and inorganic phosphate increases | Provides a basis for the development of reduced phytic acid traits with ecological significance | [127] |
Anthocyanin | SWEET13a SWEET13b SWEET13c | Zm00001eb408920 Zm00001eb408900 Zm00001eb133100 | sucrose transporter | CRISPR/Cas9 | Triple knock-out mutants are stunted, showing severe chlorosis of all leaves | With extreme chlorosis, massive anthocyanin accumulation | [135] | |
Soybean | Isoflavone | GmF3H1, GmF3H2 GmFNSII-1 | Glyma.02G048400 Glyma.02G048600 Glyma.12G067000 | flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H) and flavone synthase II (FNS II) | CRISPR/Cas9 | Homozygous triple mutants have approximately twice the leaf isoflavone content | Isoflavones reduce the incidence of specific cancers and improve cardiovascular disease risk markers | [125] |
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Wei, X.; Long, Y.; Yi, C.; Pu, A.; Hou, Q.; Liu, C.; Jiang, Y.; Wu, S.; Wan, X. Bibliometric Analysis of Functional Crops and Nutritional Quality: Identification of Gene Resources to Improve Crop Nutritional Quality through Gene Editing Technology. Nutrients 2023, 15, 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020373
Wei X, Long Y, Yi C, Pu A, Hou Q, Liu C, Jiang Y, Wu S, Wan X. Bibliometric Analysis of Functional Crops and Nutritional Quality: Identification of Gene Resources to Improve Crop Nutritional Quality through Gene Editing Technology. Nutrients. 2023; 15(2):373. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020373
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Xun, Yan Long, Chenchen Yi, Aqing Pu, Quancan Hou, Chang Liu, Yilin Jiang, Suowei Wu, and Xiangyuan Wan. 2023. "Bibliometric Analysis of Functional Crops and Nutritional Quality: Identification of Gene Resources to Improve Crop Nutritional Quality through Gene Editing Technology" Nutrients 15, no. 2: 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020373