Ecklonia Cava Extract Attenuates Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Modulation of Inflammation and Brown Adipocyte Function in Perivascular Fat Tissue
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. DIO Animal Model
2.2. Preparation of E. cava Extract and Isolation of PPB
2.3. Immunohistochemistry (Immunofluorescence)
2.4. Immunohistochemistry (3,3-Diaminobenzidine; DAB)
2.5. Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
2.6. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
2.7. Histological Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) Staining
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. ECE and PPB Increased the Proportion of BAT and Reduced Adipocyte Size
3.2. ECE and PPB Both Attenated M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization in PVAT of DIO Model
3.3. ECE and PPB Attenated Inflammation in PVAT by DIO
3.4. ECE and PPB Attenuated ER Stress and Modulated the Browning Effect in the PVAT
3.5. ECE and PPB Attenuate Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Arg-1 | Arginase-1 |
CIDEA | Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A |
CHOP | C/EBP Homologous Protein |
DIO | Diet-induced obesity |
Ebf3 | EBF Transcription Factor 3 |
ECE | E. cava extract |
eIF1α | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 |
ET-1 | Endothelin-1 |
iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
IL-1ß | Interleukin-1 beta |
IL-10 | Interleukin-10 |
IRE-1α | Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α |
MCP-1 | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 |
pAMPK | Phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase |
peNOS | Phosphorylated Endothelial NOS |
PERK | Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase |
PI3K | Phosphoinositide 3-kinases |
PPB | Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol |
PVAT | Perivascular fat tissue |
UCP-1 | Uncoupling protein 1 |
Xbp-1 | X-box binding protein 1 |
Zinc1 | Zinc finger of the cerebellum 1 |
PPB | Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
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Son, M.; Oh, S.; Lee, H.S.; Chung, D.-M.; Jang, J.T.; Jeon, Y.-J.; Choi, C.H.; Park, K.Y.; Son, K.H.; Byun, K. Ecklonia Cava Extract Attenuates Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Modulation of Inflammation and Brown Adipocyte Function in Perivascular Fat Tissue. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112795
Son M, Oh S, Lee HS, Chung D-M, Jang JT, Jeon Y-J, Choi CH, Park KY, Son KH, Byun K. Ecklonia Cava Extract Attenuates Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Modulation of Inflammation and Brown Adipocyte Function in Perivascular Fat Tissue. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112795
Chicago/Turabian StyleSon, Myeongjoo, Seyeon Oh, Hye Sun Lee, Dong-Min Chung, Ji Tae Jang, You-Jin Jeon, Chang Hu Choi, Kook Yang Park, Kuk Hui Son, and Kyunghee Byun. 2019. "Ecklonia Cava Extract Attenuates Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Modulation of Inflammation and Brown Adipocyte Function in Perivascular Fat Tissue" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112795