Assessing Sea-State Effects on Sea-Salt Aerosol Modeling in the Lower Atmosphere Using Lidar and In-Situ Measurements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Models and Instrumentations
2.1. Model Setup
2.1.1. Atmospheric Model Setup
2.1.2. Ocean Wave Model Setup
2.1.3. Atmospheric-Wave Model Exchange Setup
2.1.4. SSA Emission Modeling and Implementation of L18 Whitecap Fraction Parameterization
2.2. Lidar Observations and In-Situ Measurements Over Eastern Mediterranean
2.2.1. Lidar Observations and Concentrations
2.2.2. In-Situ Measurements
3. Results
3.1. Synoptic Analysis of the Three Case Studies
3.2. Identification of Observed Aerosols and Air Masses
3.3. Comparison of Simulated SSA Emissions and Concentrations
3.4. Evaluation of Simulated SSA Concentrations in the Lower Atmosphere
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model Setup | WRF-ARW v4.0 | WAM v4.5.4 |
---|---|---|
Horizontal grid spacing | 10 km × 10 km | 0.1° × 0.1° |
Time steps | 60 s | Source 600 s, Propagation 75 s |
Vertical Levels | 38 | |
Initial & Boundary Conditions | GFS-ANL (0.5° × 0.5°), RTG SST (0.083° × 0.083°) update & sea-state-dependent Charnock () | “Hot start” through 6-day pre-processing simulations |
Surface layer | Revised Monin-Obukhov [66] modified by Varlas et al. [45] | |
PBL | Yonsei University (YSU) [67] | |
Cloud microphysics | Thompson [70] | |
Cumulus | Grell-Freitas ensemble [71] | |
Land | Unified NOAH [68] | |
Radiation | RRTMG [69] | |
Topography/Bathymetry | GMTED 2010 [65] | ETOPO1 [72] |
Spectral resolution | 24 directions & 25 frequencies (0.042–0.411 Hz) | |
Exchanged fields | & (WRF to WAM), & (WAM to WRF) | |
Exchange frequency | 600 s |
Evaluation Type | Evaluation Period | Radius r (μm) Range | |
---|---|---|---|
Model (80% RH) | Measurements (Ambient RH) | ||
Against lidar | 4 July 2014 at 04:00–06:00 UTC | 0.2–10 | 0.439–10 |
15 July 2014 at 12:30–14:30 UTC | 0.2–10 | 0.439–10 | |
15 September 2014 at 05:00–06:00 UTC | 0.2–10 | 0.439–10 | |
Against in–situ | 4 July at 00:00 UTC–5 July at 00:00 UTC, 2014 | 0.2–5 | PM10 (r < 5 μm) |
15 July at 00:00 UTC–16 July at 00:00 UTC, 2014 | 0.2–5 | PM10 (r < 5 μm) | |
14 September at 16:00 UTC–15 September at 12:00 UTC, 2018 | 0.2–10 | TSP |
Evaluation Period | MBE | RMSE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
M80 | L18 | M80 | L18 | |
4 July 2014 at 04:00–06:00 UTC | −5.22 | −3.5 | 7.75 | 6.65 |
15 July 2014 at 12:30–14:30 UTC | −0.48 | 0.47 | 1.6 | 1.51 |
15 September 2018 at 05:00–06:00 UTC | −1.97 | 1.43 | 2.78 | 2.75 |
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Varlas, G.; Marinou, E.; Gialitaki, A.; Siomos, N.; Tsarpalis, K.; Kalivitis, N.; Solomos, S.; Tsekeri, A.; Spyrou, C.; Tsichla, M.; et al. Assessing Sea-State Effects on Sea-Salt Aerosol Modeling in the Lower Atmosphere Using Lidar and In-Situ Measurements. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040614
Varlas G, Marinou E, Gialitaki A, Siomos N, Tsarpalis K, Kalivitis N, Solomos S, Tsekeri A, Spyrou C, Tsichla M, et al. Assessing Sea-State Effects on Sea-Salt Aerosol Modeling in the Lower Atmosphere Using Lidar and In-Situ Measurements. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(4):614. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040614
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarlas, George, Eleni Marinou, Anna Gialitaki, Nikolaos Siomos, Konstantinos Tsarpalis, Nikolaos Kalivitis, Stavros Solomos, Alexandra Tsekeri, Christos Spyrou, Maria Tsichla, and et al. 2021. "Assessing Sea-State Effects on Sea-Salt Aerosol Modeling in the Lower Atmosphere Using Lidar and In-Situ Measurements" Remote Sensing 13, no. 4: 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040614