Selection Criteria for Drought-Tolerant Bread Wheat Genotypes at Seedling Stage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mean Variability
3.2. Correlation Analysis
3.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genotype(G) | Conditions(C) | G×C | Error | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SoV/df | 104 | 1 | 104 | 420 | 629 |
RL (cm) | 61.15** | 1749.07 ** | 6.86 ** | 3.13 | |
SL (cm) | 39.51 ** | 3792.76 ** | 8.55 ** | 2.1 | |
R/S | 0.12351 ** | 0.29618 ** | 0.01561 ** | 0.00841 | |
FWT (g) | 0.0185 ** | 18.6482 ** | 0.0010 * | 0.0008 | |
DWT (g) | 0.01035 ** | 2.07891 ** | 0.00253 ** | 0.00057 | |
RWC | 97.9 ** | 14377.6 ** | 1.9 ns | 5.6 | |
CMT | 85.2 ** | 17463.7 ** | 0.4 ns | 3.4 | |
CTD (mg/g Fw) | 0.00669 ** | 0.77175** | 0.00010 ns | 0.00062 | |
Chl.a(mg/g Fw) | 0.02483 ** | 0.01939 ** | 0.00074 ns | 0.00151 | |
Chl.b(mg/g Fw) | 0.00701 ** | 0.76442 | 0.00007 ** | 0.0005 |
Traits | Conditions | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RL (cm) | Normal | 7.22 | 23.00 | 11.66 | 4.005 |
Drought | 5.31 | 17.65 | 8.32 | 2.542 | |
SL(cm) | Normal | 13.16 | 29.17 | 22.69 | 2.965 |
Drought | 11.00 | 25.19 | 17.79 | 2.755 | |
R/S | Normal | 0.27 | 0.94 | 0.51 | 0.170 |
Drought | 0.29 | 0.92 | 0.47 | 0.132 | |
FWT (g) | Normal | 0.75 | 1.11 | 0.94 | 0.048 |
Drought | 0.48 | 0.91 | 0.59 | 0.065 | |
DWT(g) | Normal | 0.18 | 0.49 | 0.26 | 0.059 |
Drought | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.028 | |
RWC (%) | Normal | 61.00 | 82.33 | 71.22 | 4.099 |
Drought | 51.45 | 72.78 | 61.67 | 4.099 | |
CMT (%) | Normal | 55.00 | 74.00 | 64.13 | 3.789 |
Drought | 44.47 | 63.47 | 53.60 | 3.789 | |
CTD (mg/g Fw) | Normal | 0.32 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.034 |
Drought | 0.24 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.034 | |
Chl.a (mg/g Fw) | Normal | 1.36 | 1.65 | 1.48 | 0.066 |
Drought | 1.34 | 1.61 | 1.47 | 0.065 | |
Chl.b (mg/g Fw) | Normal | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 0.034 |
Drought | 0.39 | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.034 |
Traits | Best-Performing Genotypes: Names and Mean Values (Drought-Tolerant) | Worst-Performing Genotypes: Names and Mean Values (Drought-Susceptible) |
---|---|---|
SL (cm) | 9508 (25.19) followed by Sunstar (23.86) | BARS-2009 (11) followed by MOOMAL-2002 (12) |
RL (cm) | CHAKWAL-86 (17.65) followed by 10117 (15.65) and DPW-621-50 (14) | MOOMAL-2002 (4.98) followed by BARS-2009 (5.31) and MILLAT-2011(5.33) |
R/S | CHAKWAL-86 (0.92) followed by 10117 (0.90) and BWL-812 (0.71) | 9508(0.29) followed by UFAQ-2002(0.30) and G40 (0.31) |
FWT (g) | 9797 (0.91) followed by 9493(0.83) and 9930 (0.78) | MOOMAL-2002 (0.48) followed by UFAQ-2002(0.48) and BARS-2009 (0.49) |
DWT (g) | 9493(0.27) followed by9797 (0.21) and 10115(0.20) | BARS-2009 (0.10) followed by UFAQ-2002(0.11) and MILLAT-2011(0.11) |
RWC (%) | 9618 (72.78) followed by 10111 (70.45) and 10117 (69.78) | BARS-2009 (51.45) followed by UFAQ-2002(54.12) and MOOMAL-2002 (54.43) |
CMT (%) | 9493(63.47) followed by G11 (62.47) and CHAKWAL-86 (59.47) | 9508(44.47) followed by MILLAT-2011(49.14) and MILLAT-2011(49.14) |
CTD (mg/g Fw) | 9618 (0.41) followed by BWL-812 (0.40) and 9930 (0.39) | MILLAT-2011(0.24) followed by MOOMAL-2002 (0.25) and UFAQ-2002(0.27) |
Chl.a (mg/g Fw) | CHAKWAL-86 (1.61) followed by 10115(1.60) and 9493(1.59) | BARS-2009 (1.34) followed by MILLAT-2011(1.37) and UFAQ-2002(1.38) |
Chl.b (mg/g Fw) | CHAKWAL-86 (0.57) followed by BWL-812 (0.55) and 9618 (0.54) | MOOMAL-2002 (0.39) followed by BARS-2009 (0.40) and 9508(0.42) |
Traits | RL | SL | RS | FWT | DWT | RWC | CMT | CTD | Chl a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SL | N | 0.04 ns | ||||||||
D | −0.19 ns | |||||||||
RS | N | −0.01 ns | −0.17 ns | |||||||
D | 0.93 ** | −0.20 * | ||||||||
FWT | N | 0.19 * | −0.14 ns | 0.15m ns | ||||||
D | 0.48 ** | −0.18 ns | 0.41 ** | |||||||
DWT | N | 0.33 ** | −0.16 ns | 0.03 ns | 0.88 ** | |||||
D | 0.62 ** | −0.05 ns | 0.53 ** | 0.52 ** | ||||||
RWC | N | 0.30 ** | −0.19 ns | −0.01 ns | 0.86 ** | 0.92 ** | ||||
D | −0.33 ** | 0.39 ** | −0.30 * | −0.70 ** | −0.33 ** | |||||
CMT | N | 0.26 ** | −0.17 ns | −0.02 ns | 0.86 ** | 0.87 ** | 0.92 ** | |||
D | 0.49 ** | −0.18 ns | 0.48 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.68 ** | 0.50 ** | ||||
CTD | N | −0.48 ** | 0.16 ns | 0.32 ** | 0.00 ns | −0.15 ns | −0.24 ns | −0.22 * | ||
D | 0.47 ** | −0.04 ns | 0.41 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.71 ** | −0.18 ns | 0.55 ** | |||
Chl.a | N | 0.14 ns | 0.02 ns | −0.07 ns | 0.49 ** | 0.65 ** | 0.63 ** | 0.68 ** | −0.20 * | |
D | 0.29 ** | 0.007 ns | 0.27 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.69 ** | −0.14 ns | 0.62 ** | 0.58 ** | ||
Chl.b | N | 0.07 ns | 0.03 ns | 0.002 ns | 0.49 ** | 0.63 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.58 ** | −0.03 ns | 0.82 ** |
D | 0.08 ns | −0.24 * | 0.135 ns | 0.16 ns | 0.43 ** | −0.28 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.48 * |
Environments | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC5 | PC6 | PC7 | PC8 | PC9 | PC10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | Normal | 4.65 | 1.49 | 1.32 | 0.86 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.2 | 0.17 | 0.05 |
Drought | 4.81 | 1.55 | 1.24 | 0.91 | 0.74 | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.04 | |
Variability (%) | Normal | 46.5 | 14.9 | 13.2 | 8.6 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 2 | 1.7 | 0.5 |
Drought | 48.1 | 15.5 | 12.4 | 9.1 | 7.4 | 3.7 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 | |
Cumulative (%) | Normal | 46.5 | 61.4 | 74.6 | 83.3 | 88.1 | 92.5 | 95.9 | 97.8 | 99.5 | 100 |
Drought | 48.1 | 63.6 | 75.9 | 85.1 | 92.4 | 96.2 | 97.8 | 98.7 | 99.6 | 100 |
Variables | Environments | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Root length | Normal | 0.349 | −0.188 | −0.480 |
Drought | 0.155 | −0.486 | 0.247 | |
Shoot length | Normal | −0.118 | 0.432 | −0.410 |
Drought | −0.066 | −0.055 | −0.668 | |
Root/shoot | Normal | 0.334 | −0.211 | −0.440 |
Drought | 0.002 | 0.491 | 0.434 | |
Fresh weight | Normal | 0.316 | −0.329 | 0.060 |
Drought | 0.397 | 0.200 | 0.138 | |
Dry weight | Normal | 0.406 | 0.212 | −0.062 |
Drought | 0.435 | 0.050 | 0.071 | |
Relative water content | Normal | −0.272 | 0.463 | −0.323 |
Drought | 0.432 | −0.006 | 0.101 | |
Cell membrane thermo-stability | Normal | 0.381 | 0.067 | 0.102 |
Drought | 0.430 | 0.011 | 0.020 | |
Carotenoid | Normal | 0.339 | 0.318 | −0.050 |
Drought | −0.115 | 0.678 | −0.164 | |
Chlorophyll a | Normal | 0.317 | 0.450 | 0.138 |
Drought | 0.359 | 0.000 | −0.333 | |
Chlorophyll b | Normal | 0.231 | 0.240 | 0.514 |
Drought | 0.334 | 0.135 | −0.363 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Ahmed, H.G.M.-D.; Sajjad, M.; Li, M.; Azmat, M.A.; Rizwan, M.; Maqsood, R.H.; Khan, S.H. Selection Criteria for Drought-Tolerant Bread Wheat Genotypes at Seedling Stage. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092584
Ahmed HGM-D, Sajjad M, Li M, Azmat MA, Rizwan M, Maqsood RH, Khan SH. Selection Criteria for Drought-Tolerant Bread Wheat Genotypes at Seedling Stage. Sustainability. 2019; 11(9):2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092584
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Hafiz Ghulam Muhu-Din, Muhammad Sajjad, Mingju Li, Muhammad Abubakkar Azmat, Muhammad Rizwan, Rana Haroon Maqsood, and Sultan Habibullah Khan. 2019. "Selection Criteria for Drought-Tolerant Bread Wheat Genotypes at Seedling Stage" Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092584