Application of Specific Energy in Evaluation of Geological Conditions Ahead of Tunnel Face
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the New Nagasaki Tunnel (East)
2.2. Evaluation Method
2.3. The Specific Energy
2.4. RQS
2.5. The Deformation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Interval 1
3.2. Interval 2
3.3. Interval 3
3.4. Interval 4
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Although the geological conditions of the four intervals of the new Nagasaki tunnel (east) are different, the difference between the average values of specific energy of these intervals is very small, within 100 J/cm3. According to the distributions of specific energy, RQS and buried depth with the mileage of this tunnel, it can be observed that certain correlations exist between these items.
- (2)
- A high correlation exists between specific energy and RQS but the feasibility of employing this correlation to evaluate the geological conditions ahead of the tunnel face is very limited.
- (3)
- Although the correlation coefficient values obtained are small and widely dispersed, the geological conditions can be evaluated by comparing the correlation coefficient values in different regions and the distribution trend of each variable. Compared with the distribution of buried depth, a high probability of large tunnel deformation occurs in the region with extensive low specific energy values. The reason behind this view is explained as follows: The specific energy can reflect the strength of rock and the strength state of rock mass; in theory, the strength of the rock mass with larger buried depth is higher and the corresponding specific energy value is larger. If the buried depth of a certain area is larger but the specific energy value measured is smaller, it is an abnormal phenomenon with greater probability. Therefore, the objective criterion for evaluating geological conditions can be obtained: If the distribution of the specific energy in some areas deviates from the distribution of buried depth, it is considered that abnormal geological conditions exist in this area with a higher probability.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Interval | Mileage | Geological Conditions | Buried Depth | Water Inflow |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 58K424.4–58K724.3 m | Good | Common | Small |
2 | 59K178.4–59K611.0 m | Poor | Common | Large |
3 | 59K847.3–60K652.1 m | Good | Large | Small |
4 | 61K192.3–61K714.1 m | Fair | Common | Large |
Interval | Item | Specific Energy (J/cm3) | Buried Depth (m) | RQS (Point) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Maximum | 945.06 | 82.70 | 27 |
Minimum | 96.42 | 44.30 | 21 | |
Average | 273.81 | 69.64 | 23.54 | |
2 | Maximum | 1211.42 | 74.10 | 28 |
Minimum | 26.50 | 42.00 | 23 | |
Average | 280.90 | 53.92 | 25.71 | |
3 | Maximum | 940.65 | 306.80 | 25 |
Minimum | 84.99 | 166.60 | 16 | |
Average | 289.72 | 228.42 | 21.13 | |
4 | Maximum | 389.22 | 124.20 | 26 |
Minimum | 88.49 | 74.50 | 22 | |
Average | 177.61 | 102.61 | 24.75 |
Item | Description | Evaluation Score | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
1 | Total state | Stable | Rock fall | Pressed | Collapse or outflow |
2 | Self-stability | Able | Gradual instability | Unable, primary support | Unable, pre-support |
3 | Intact rock strength, MPa | >100 | 20–100 | 5–20 | <5 |
4 | Weathering | Unweathered | Slightly weathered | Moderately weathered | Highly weathered |
5 | Joints proportion | <5% | 5%–20% | 20%–50% | >5% |
6 | Spacing of joints | >1 m | 0.2–1 m | 50–200 mm | <50 mm |
7 | Joint aperture | Highly closed | Moderately closed | Slightly closed | Unclosed |
8 | Morphology of joints | Random square | Columnar | Layered | Psammitic |
9 | Ground water inflow | None | Slight | Moderate | Heavy |
10 | Ground Water corrosion | Uncorroded | Slightly corroded | Moderately corroded | Heavily corroded |
Rock Grade | L 1 < 50 m | 50 m < L < 200 m | 200 m < L | Buried Depth < 2D 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
C I, C II | 10 m | 20 m | 30 m | 10 m |
D I, D II | 10 m | 20 m | 20 m | 10 m |
Monitoring Frequency | T 1 | Convergence Speed |
---|---|---|
Twice a day | 0–0.5 day | >10 mm/day |
Once a day | 0.5–2.0 day | 5–10 mm/day |
Once every two days | 2.0–5.0 day | 1–5 mm/day |
Once a week | >5.0 day | <1 mm/day |
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Liu, J.; Sakaguchi, O.; Ishizu, S.; Luan, H.; Han, W.; Jiang, Y. Application of Specific Energy in Evaluation of Geological Conditions Ahead of Tunnel Face. Energies 2020, 13, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040909
Liu J, Sakaguchi O, Ishizu S, Luan H, Han W, Jiang Y. Application of Specific Energy in Evaluation of Geological Conditions Ahead of Tunnel Face. Energies. 2020; 13(4):909. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040909
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jiankang, Osamu Sakaguchi, Sodai Ishizu, Hengjie Luan, Wei Han, and Yujing Jiang. 2020. "Application of Specific Energy in Evaluation of Geological Conditions Ahead of Tunnel Face" Energies 13, no. 4: 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040909