Visual Strategies for Guiding Gaze Sequences and Attention in Yi Symbols: Eye-Tracking Insights
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participant and Tasks
2.2. Stimulus
2.3. Apparatus
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Gaze Sequence Analysis
3.2. AOI Metrics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AOI | Area of Interest. Specific region in a visual stimulus analyzed for gaze behavior. |
d | Cohen’s d. Effect size for paired-samples, measuring the magnitude of the difference. |
p | p-value. Probability indicating statistical significance of a result. |
SD | Standard Deviation. Measure of variability or dispersion in the data. |
TTFF | Time to First Fixation. Time elapsed from stimulus onset until the first fixation on an AOI. |
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Comparison | Visual Feature | Condition | M | SD | t (33) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Color-Distance | Color | Bright | 1.32 | 0.94 | −2.86 | 0.007 * |
Dull | 1.85 | 0.66 | ||||
Color-Similarity | Color | Bright | 56.71 | 30.69 | 2.50 | 0.017 * |
Dull | 42.24 | 20.58 | ||||
Layer-Distance | Layer | Layered | 0.65 | 0.85 | −2.81 | 0.008 * |
No Layered | 1.21 | 0.91 | ||||
Layer-Similarity | Layer | Layered | 64.71 | 43.57 | 2.57 | 0.015 * |
No Layered | 39.71 | 45.69 | ||||
Line-Distance | Line | Connected | 4.65 | 1.32 | 2.56 | 0.015 * |
Non-connected | 3.91 | 1.75 | ||||
Line-Similarity | Line | Connected | 44.15 | 24.94 | −2.56 | 0.015 * |
Non-connected | 33.82 | 19.05 | ||||
Size-Distance | Size | Large-to-Small | 2.24 | 1.46 | −1.38 | 0.178 |
Equal Size | 2.59 | 1.33 | ||||
Size-Similarity | Size | Large to Small | 56.09 | 28.19 | 1.40 | 0.170 |
Equal Size | 48.94 | 25.90 |
AOI | Condition | TTFF M (SD) | t (33), p, d | Dwell Times M (SD) | t (33), p, d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green (C) | Bright | 241.64 (159) | −0.64, 0.524,−0.28 | 1085.29 (726) | 0.14, 0.892, 0.05 |
Dull | 261.51 (203) | 1070 (738) | |||
Yellow (A) | Bright | 253.91 (176) | 0.03, 0.973, 0.006 | 729.56 (465) | −0.36, 0.724, −0.12 |
Dull | 252.64 (140) | 767.46 (498) | |||
Red (B) | Bright | 187.21 (151) | −2.71, 0.011 *, −0.46 | 789.56 (672) | −1.16, 0.253, −0.20 |
Dull | 308.31 (363) | 929.04 (749) |
AOI | Condition | TTFF M (SD) | t (33), p, d | Dwell Times M (SD) | t (33), p, d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Top (B) | Layered | 232.85 (196) | −1.61, 0.117, −0.28 | 1019.73 (1041) | −0.28, 0.785, 0.005 |
Non layered | 314.17, 311 | 1050.15 (875) | |||
Bottom (A) | Layered | 377.36 (547) | −0.02, 0.987, −0.003 | 2027.74 (1095) | −0.11, 0.916, −0.02 |
Non layered | 363.59 (259) | 2041.8 (1039) |
Visual Strategy | Gaze Sequence | Capture Attention (TTFF) | Sustain Attention (Dwell Time) | Core Insight |
---|---|---|---|---|
Color Brightness | Excellent for guiding gaze, but only bright red significantly captured initial attention. Brightness primarily influences initial capture, not sustained engagement. | |||
Layering | Helps guide overall flow and directional movement, but doesn’t capture or hold attention on its own. Works best when combined with other cues. | |||
Line guidance | Powerful for anchoring attention at the start and making navigation more efficient. It captured attention faster and then prompted quicker disengagement from the first symbol. | |||
Size variation | Not effective for guiding gaze sequence, but larger symbols at the start tended to hold attention longer. The complexity of the unfamiliar Yi symbols likely overshadowed size cues. |
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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Yuan, B.; Teeravarunyou, S. Visual Strategies for Guiding Gaze Sequences and Attention in Yi Symbols: Eye-Tracking Insights. J. Eye Mov. Res. 2025, 18, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18050057
Yuan B, Teeravarunyou S. Visual Strategies for Guiding Gaze Sequences and Attention in Yi Symbols: Eye-Tracking Insights. Journal of Eye Movement Research. 2025; 18(5):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18050057
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Bo, and Sakol Teeravarunyou. 2025. "Visual Strategies for Guiding Gaze Sequences and Attention in Yi Symbols: Eye-Tracking Insights" Journal of Eye Movement Research 18, no. 5: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18050057
APA StyleYuan, B., & Teeravarunyou, S. (2025). Visual Strategies for Guiding Gaze Sequences and Attention in Yi Symbols: Eye-Tracking Insights. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 18(5), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/jemr18050057