A Review on the Respiratory System Toxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Are CNT and CNF Structurally Different?
3. CNTs and CNFs as Bio-Scaffold and Bio-Sensor Materials
4. CNT Toxicological Pathways
4.1. Oxidative Stress
4.2. Extracellular Matrix Remodeling/Tissue Remodeling
4.3. Genotoxicity
4.4. MicroRNA Regulation
5. CNT-Induced Toxicological and Pathological Responses
5.1. Airway Hypersensitivity
5.2. Inflammatory Responses
5.3. Fibrogenic Responses
5.4. Tumorigenic Responses
6. Human Exposure to CNTs/CNFs
7. Conclusions and Perspectives on CNTs
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Types of CNTs/Sources | CNTs Length | Assay Type | Mode of Administration | Dose | Exposure Time | Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MWCNTs negative results | ||||||||
2009 | MWCNT +/− defects | <1 μm | Wistar rats | I.P. | 2, 20 mg/animal | 24 months | No mesothelioma | [88] |
2010 | MWCNT (MWNT-7, Lot # T050831-01, Mitsui & Co. Ltd. 9, Tokyo, Japan) | 1.5 μm | SD rats | I.T. | 0.04, 0.2, 1 mg/kg | 3, 7 days; 1, 3, 6 months | Negative interstitial tissue, absence of fibrosis, MWCNT + Macrophages in alveoli. Lower case for macrophages. | [107] |
MWCNTs positive results | ||||||||
2004 | CNT (Raw and Purified HiPco NTs, Rice University, Huston, TX, USA); CNT (CaboLex Inc., Lexington, KY, USA) | <1 μm | mice | I.T. | 0.1, 0.5 mg/animal | 7, 90 days | Epitheloid granulomas, interstitial inflammation, lung necrosis; high dose induced 60% death | [89] |
2009 | MWCNT (Bussan Nanotech Research, Ibaraki, Japan); SES Research (TX, USA) | 3–30 μm, several μm | ICR mice | I.T. | 25, 50 μg | 6 weeks | Exacerbation of allergic murine airway inflammation | [79] |
2012 | MWCNT (Mitsui MWCNT-7, No. 060125-01k, Tokyo, Japan) | <5 μm | p53 +/− mice | I.P. | 0.3 mg/animal | 1 year | Mesothelioma | [94] |
2013 | MWCNT (MWCNT-7, lot # 06122031, Hodogaya, Japan) | C57BL6J | Inhal. | 5 mg/m3, 5 h/d, 4 d/wk, 12 d | 1, 14, 84, 168, 336 days | Pulmonary inflammation, progressive collagen in alveolar regions after 336 days | [49] | |
2013 | CNF (Statoil and Elkem Carbon AS, Kristiansand, Norway) SWCNT (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, Cat. # 636797); MWCNT (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, Cat. # 636487) | 5–10 0.5–100 0.5–200 μm | BALB/cAnNCrl Mice | Intra-nasal | 400 μg/mouse | 26 days | Modulation of airway responses to allergens; CNT more potent than CNF | [83] |
2014 | MWCNT (Mitsui-7, MWNT-7, lot #061220-31, Hodogaya, Japan) MCA, MWCNT, MCA + MWCNT | 0.5–5 μm | B6C3F1 | Inhal. | 5 mg/m3, 5 h/d, 5 d/wk, 15 d | 17 months | MCA potentiated MWCNT adenocarcinoma MWCNT alone did not induce adenocarcinoma | [58] |
2015 | MWCNT | 5.53–6.19 μm | F344 rats | Inhal. | 0.2, 1, 5 mg/m3 | 13 weeks | granulomatousa in females at 1 and 5 mg/m3; in males at 0.2 mg/m3 fibrosis | [108] |
2015 | MWCNT CNTsmall (NC700, Nanocyl, Sambreville, Belgium; 13% impurities); CNTlarge (NM-401, European Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy; 3% impurities) | 0.85, 4.05 μm | C57BL/6 mice, female | I.T. | 18, 54, 162 μg/animal | 1, 3, 28 days | Similar inflammatory and acute responses to both types; stronger fibrotic response to CNTlarge than CNTsmall | [46] |
SWCNTs positive results | ||||||||
2010 | SWCNT: CNI, (USA); SES Res. (USA) | 1–15 μm | ICR mice | T. | 50 μg | 6 weeks | Exacerbation of allergic murine airway inflammation | [82] |
2014 | SWCNT (HiPco, Unidym, Sunnyvale, CA, USA); CNF (Pyrograf Prod., USA) Asbestos (UICC, USA) | 1–3 μm, 5–30 μm, 2–30 μm | C57BL/6 mice | Pharyngeal aspiration, inhalation | 40 μg/animal 40, 120 μg/animal 120 μg/animal 5 mg/m3, 5 h/4 d | 1 year | All particles induced chronic bronchopneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis. CNF > asbestos > SWCNT inflammation, SWCNT were the most fibrogenic, CNF, SWCNT induced K-ras mutations, No tumors | [56] |
2015 | SWCNTs (Tech. Res. Assoc. for SWCNT, Japan) | CNT-1 (0.51 μm, short); CNT-2 (1.67 μm, long/thick) | Wistar rats | I.T. | 0.18, 1.8 mg/kg | 1, 3, 7, 30, 90 days | Lung focal inflammation, neutrophil in alveoli, lung macrophages and cell derby in alveoli, higher CNT burden in CNT-1 than CNT-2 at 90 days | [109] |
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Pacurari, M.; Lowe, K.; Tchounwou, P.B.; Kafoury, R. A Review on the Respiratory System Toxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030325
Pacurari M, Lowe K, Tchounwou PB, Kafoury R. A Review on the Respiratory System Toxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(3):325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030325
Chicago/Turabian StylePacurari, Maricica, Kristine Lowe, Paul B. Tchounwou, and Ramzi Kafoury. 2016. "A Review on the Respiratory System Toxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3: 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030325