Microbial Community Response to Various Types of Exogenous Organic Matter Applied to Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Properties of EOM
2.2. EOM Effects on Microbiological Soil Parameters
2.2.1. Enzymatic Activity
2.2.2. Microbial Functional Diversity
2.2.3. Diversity of Bacteria
2.3. Effect of EOMs on Soil Chemical Properties and Plant Biomass
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Experimental Scheme
3.2. Chemical Analysis of EOM
3.3. Microbiological Soil Analysis
3.3.1. Enzymatic Activity
3.3.2. Microbial Functional Diversity
3.3.3. NGS—Next Generation Sequencing
3.4. Chemical Soil Analysis
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EOM | Carbon | The Content of Nutrients | Trace Metal Content | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrogen | Phosphorus | Potassium | Zinc | Lead | Cadmium | Chromium | ||
[%] | [mg kg−1] | |||||||
Cattle manure | 41.8 | 2.06 | 0.62 | 5.37 | 147 | 1.6 | 0.35 | 4.7 |
Pig manure | 30.1 | 2.26 | 1.62 | 7.18 | 195 | 5.6 | 0.37 | 21.4 |
Goat manure | 38.5 | 2.35 | 0.99 | 5.75 | 93 | 2.1 | 0.25 | 9.9 |
Poultry manure | 17.6 | 1.75 | 0.74 | 1.04 | 342 | 86.6 | 0.63 | 63.1 |
Rabbit manure | 37.1 | 3.25 | 1.36 | 7.62 | 206 | 2.4 | 0.45 | 10.3 |
Horse manure | 35.9 | 2.43 | 1.29 | 4.18 | 121 | 2.3 | 0.32 | 10.2 |
Rural bottom sediment | 1.2 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 7 | 4.8 | 0.07 | 5.7 |
Urban bottom sediment | 1.9 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 65 | 17.7 | 0.22 | 21.2 |
Sewage sludge I | 27.3 | 3.55 | 2.74 | 0.36 | 344 | 11.1 | 0.53 | 96.4 |
Sewage sludge II | 32.7 | 5.24 | 1.28 | 0.23 | 1309 | 16.8 | 1.06 | 65.4 |
Variables | Acid Phosphatase Activity | Alkaline Phosphatase Activity | Dehydrogenases Activity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | F | p | ||
Main effects | EOM | 60.097 | <0.001 | 20.679 | <0.001 | 23.451 | <0.001 |
rate | 15.836 | <0.001 | 28.777 | <0.001 | 31.653 | <0.001 | |
plant | 82.240 | <0.001 | 97.576 | <0.001 | 168.125 | <0.001 | |
Interaction effects | EOM × rate | 6.317 | <0.001 | 2.051 | 0.044 | 3.903 | <0.001 |
EOM × plant | 12.153 | <0.001 | 1.614 | 0.125 | 8.248 | <0.001 | |
rate × plant | 16.352 | <0.001 | 4.683 | 0.033 | 8.329 | 0.005 | |
EOM × rate × plant | 5.746 | <0.001 | 1.071 | 0.393 | 0.995 | 0.450 |
Soil Additive | Rate [t ha−1] | Acid Phosphatase Activity | Alkaline Phosphatase Activity | Dehydrogenase Activity |
---|---|---|---|---|
[µg PNP g d.m.−1 h−1] | [µg PNP g d.m.−1 h−1] | [TTC g d.m.−1 h−1] | ||
Control | 43.8 b B * ± 2.1 | 53.5 ac B ± 5.5 | 9.5 b C ± 1.1 | |
Control (ammonium nitrate) | 44.7 b B ± 3.2 | 56.0 ac B ± 8.9 | 9.8 b C ± 2.3 | |
Cattle manure | 20 | 49.9 b ± 4.6 | 80.6 abc ± 25.8 | 28.3 bc ± 9.3 |
40 | 47.9 B ± 3.0 | 91.3 AB ± 28.8 | 36.7 ABC ± 6.7 | |
Pig manure | 20 | 43.9 b ± 0.9 | 60.4 abc ± 5.3 | 23.9 bc ± 10.3 |
40 | 35.2 B ± 4.9 | 73.6 AB ± 5.5 | 30.9 BC ± 5.4 | |
Goat manure | 20 | 40.6 b ± 6.5 | 78.3 abc ± 11.2 | 30.6 abc ± 11.4 |
40 | 48.9 B ± 6.6 | 91.8 AB ± 17.8 | 53.3 ABC ± 13.3 | |
Poultry manure | 20 | 50.6 b ± 8.3 | 94.8 b ± 9.7 | 22.4 bc ± 1.7 |
40 | 46.5 B ± 4.3 | 127.1 A ± 13.4 | 24.3 BC ± 2.8 | |
Rabbit manure | 20 | 41.1 b ± 0.8 | 88.0 ab ± 11.4 | 30.9 abc ± 5.4 |
40 | 42.2 B ± 10.8 | 87.3 AB ± 36.4 | 44.7 ABC ± 17.4 | |
Horse manure | 20 | 50.7 b ± 6.8 | 62.9 abc ± 12.8 | 37.3 ac ± 14.4 |
40 | 52.8 B ± 8.5 | 73.4 AB ± 15.1 | 76.5 A ± 17.3 | |
Rural bottom sediment | 20 | 48.1 b ± 8.5 | 45.5 c ± 2.4 | 18.8 bc ± 1.4 |
40 | 50.3 B ± 3.4 | 47.6 B ± 11.7 | 15.4 BC ± 4.2 | |
Urban bottom sediment | 20 | 49.3 b ± 0.2 | 43.9 c ± 10.4 | 17.5 bc ± 2.1 |
40 | 51.2 B ± 2.3 | 54.2 B ± 6.3 | 16.3 BC ± 3.6 | |
Sewage sludge I | 20 | 48.6 b ± 1.2 | 96.2 b ± 22.5 | 36.4 ac ± 2.6 |
40 | 44.2 B ± 6.6 | 86.7 AB ± 33.2 | 28.9 BC ± 2.0 | |
Sewage sludge II | 20 | 74.8 a ± 11.9 | 58.8 abc ± 5.9 | 50.9 a ± 3.4 |
40 | 77.5 B ± 11.5 | 66.7 B ± 11.8 | 34.0 BC ± 14.9 |
Treatment | H’ | E | R |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 3.295 ab * ± 0.035 | 0.982 ab ± 0.005 | 28.667 ab ± 0.577 |
Control (ammonium nitrate) | 3.338 abc ± 0.027 | 0.985 ab ± 0.007 | 29.667 ab ± 1.155 |
Cattle manure, I Rate | 3.392 c ± 0.015 | 0.991 ab ± 0.006 | 30.667 b ± 0.577 |
Cattle manure, II Rate | 3.385 c ± 0.011 | 0.989 ab ± 0.002 | 30.667 b ± 0.577 |
Pig manure, I rate | 3.374 bc ± 0.008 | 0.986 ab ± 0.006 | 30.667 b ± 0.557 |
Goat manure, I rate | 3.387 c ± 0.018 | 0.989 ab ± 0.007 | 30.667 b ± 0.557 |
Poultry manure, I rate | 3.378 bc ± 0.015 | 0.993 ab ± 0.004 | 30.000 ab ± 0.000 |
Rabbit manure, I rate | 3.379 bc ± 0.013 | 0.987 ab ± 0.002 | 30.667 b ± 0.057 |
Horse manure, I rate | 3.312 abc ± 0.021 | 0.984 ab ± 0.005 | 29.000 ab ± 1.000 |
Urban bottom sediment, I rate | 3.258 a ± 0.051 | 0.978 a ± 0.005 | 28.000 ab ± 1.732 |
Rural bottom sediment, I rate | 3.322 abc ± 0.036 | 0.980 ab ± 0.003 | 29.667 ab ± 1.155 |
Sewage sludge I, I rate | 3.339 abc ± 0.026 | 0.979 a ± 0.003 | 30.333 ab ± 0.577 |
Sewage sludge II, I rate | 3.292 ab ± 0.056 | 0.992 ab ± 0.007 | 27.667 a ± 1.528 |
Treatment | Ammonia-N | Nitrite-N | Nitrate-N | Available P (P2O5) | Available K (K2O) | Soil pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | ||||||
Control | 0.33 abc * ± 0,05 | 0.06 a ± 0.02 | 18.9 a ± 5.33 | 196 a ± 70.9 | 113 b ± 14.49 | 7.23 b ± 0.06 |
Control—AN | 0.08 a ± 0.02 | 0.04 a ± 0.01 | 60.4 ab ± 19.71 | 212 a ± 4.28 | 168 a ± 9.87 | 6.83 a ± 0.15 |
Cattle manure | 0.30 abc ± 0.06 | 0.05 a ± 0.01 | 37.7 ab ± 2.03 | 199 a ± 4.62 | 237 a ± 3.21 | 7.17 b ± 0.06 |
Pig manure | 0.42 bc ± 0.31 | 0.09 a ± 0.02 | 29.4 a ± 1.96 | 268 abc ± 16.38 | 516 d ± 39.36 | 7.37 b ± 0.06 |
Goat manure | 0.84 d ± 0.13 | 0.07 a ± 0.01 | 28.2 a ± 0.91 | 198 a ± 41.61 | 478 cd ± 24.29 | 7.30 b ± 0.00 |
Poultry manure | 0.59 cd ± 0.04 | 0.12 a ± 0.03 | 111.5 c ± 4.37 | 281 abc ± 6.43 | 234 a ± 5.19 | 6.70 a ± 0.00 |
Rabbit manure | 0.34 abc ± 0.14 | 0.15 a ± 0.02 | 94.4 c ± 14.37 | 344 c ± 47.16 | 811 e ± 51.62 | 7.13 b ± 0.12 |
Horse manure | 0.12 ab ± 0.03 | 0.14 a ± 0.10 | 46.8 ab ± 16.81 | 291 abc ± 34.85 | 390 c ± 100.10 | 7.17 b ± 0.06 |
Urban bottom sediment | 0.10 ab ± 0.07 | 0.19 a ± 0.16 | 32.7 ab ± 6.96 | 226 ab ± 4.15 | 173 ab ± 36.7 | 7.17 b ± 0.06 |
Rural bottom sediment | 0.08 a ± 0.05 | 0.06 a ± 0.02 | 38.6 ab ± 6.64 | 234 ab ± 0.07 | 179 ab ± 2.06 | 7.13 b ± 0.06 |
Sewage sludge I | 0.35 abc ± 0.08 | 0.06 a ± 0.00 | 112.8 c ± 4.19 | 301 bc ± 61.64 | 182 ab ± 5.12 | 7.60 b ± 0.00 |
Sewage sludge II | 0.35 abc ± 0.08 | 0.09 a ± 0.03 | 233.1 d ± 12.45 | 518 d ± 60.90 | 199 ab ± 28.2 | 6.10 a ± 0.10 |
Treatment | Ammonia-N | Nitrite-N | Nitrate-N | Available P (P2O5) | Available K (K2O) | Soil pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | ||||||
Control | 0.33 abc * ± 0.05 | 0.06 a ± 0.02 | 18.9 a ± 5.33 | 196 a ± 70.9 | 113 b ± 14.49 | 7.23 b ± 0.06 |
Control—AN | 0.08 a ± 0.02 | 0.04 a ± 0.01 | 60.4 ab ± 19.71 | 212 a ± 4.28 | 168 a ± 9.87 | 6.83 a ± 0.15 |
Cattle manure | 0.30 a ± 0,09 | 0.08 a ± 0.01 | 66.1 ab ± 11.57 | 229 ab ± 19.95 | 574 b ± 81.43 | 7.17 b ± 0.06 |
Pig manure | 0.92 a ± 0.16 | 0.09 a ± 0.00 | 38.5 a ± 6.20 | 403 cd ± 18.99 | 798 d ± 75.13 | 7.50 b ± 0.10 |
Goat manure | 0.64 a ± 0.11 | 0.10 a ± 0.01 | 47.9 ab ± 12.04 | 303 abc ± 36.90 | 719 cd ± 84.87 | 7.40 b ± 0.10 |
Poultry manure | 0.65 a ± 0.34 | 0.20 a ± 0.03 | 159.7 cd ± 8.67 | 355 bcd ± 10.28 | 395 e ± 62.16 | 6.43 a ± 0.06 |
Rabbit manure | 0.36 a ± 0.14 | 0.15 a ± 0.02 | 103.9 bc ± 9.54 | 581 ef ± 79.94 | 1653 f ± 58.94 | 7.57 b ± 0.21 |
Horse manure | 0.10 a ± 0.00 | 0.09 a ± 0.01 | 73.3 ab ± 11.66 | 388 d ± 19.86 | 602 bc ± 29.54 | 7.07 b ± 0.06 |
Urban bottom sediment | 0.11 a ± 0.03 | 0.07 a ± 0.02 | 33.0 a ± 6.53 | 236 ab ± 04.78 | 172 a ± 03.97 | 7.23 b ± 0.06 |
Rural bottom sediment | 0.11 a ± 0.02 | 0.04 a ± 0.00 | 34.5 a ± 1.91 | 300 abc ± 96.76 | 188 a ± 13.30 | 7.13 b ± 0.06 |
Sewage sludge I | 0.74 a ± 0.18 | 0.09 a ± 0.10 | 170.9 d ± 21.7 | 480 de ± 33.22 | 209 a ± 51.16 | 7.63 b ± 0.06 |
Sewage sludge II | 11.72 b ± 8.20 | 1.58 a ± 0.71 | 295.2 e ± 58.04 | 706 f ± 58.54 | 202 a ± 10.50 | 5.87 a ± 0.21 |
Roots | Shoots | Total Biomass | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.82 a * ± 0.3 | 4.68 a ± 1.7 | 5.50 a ± 3.0 |
Control—AN | 0.89 a ± 0.4 | 5.09 a ± 2.6 | 5.98 a ± 3.1 |
Cattle manure | 0.82 a ± 0.1 | 4.79 a ± 1.1 | 5.61 a ± 1.2 |
Pig manure | 0.99 a ± 0.1 | 6.15 a ± 1.1 | 7.14 ab ± 1.2 |
Goat manure | 0.73 a ± 0.3 | 4.64 a ± 1.7 | 5.37 a ± 2.0 |
Poultry manure | 3.55 c ± 0.6 | 25.12 b ± 0.8 | 28.67 c ± 1.2 |
Rabbit manure | 1.67 ab ± 0.4 | 13.52 c ± 3.9 | 15.19 b ± 4.3 |
Horse manure | 1.20 a ± 0.2 | 6.12 a ± 0.9 | 7.32 a ± 1.1 |
Urban bottom sediment | 0.96 a ± 0.1 | 4.64 a ± 1.0 | 5.59 a ± 1.1 |
Rural bottom sediment | 1.07 a ± 0.0 | 5.56 a ± 0.9 | 6.64 a ± 0.9 |
Sewage sludge I | 2.83 bc ± 0.7 | 24.82 b ± 2.7 | 25.72 c ± 4.3 |
Sewage sludge II | 2.94 bc ± 0.9 | 36.82 d ± 4.0 | 39.77 d ± 4.4 |
Roots | Shoots | Total Biomass | |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.82 a * ± 0.3 | 4.68 a ± 1.7 | 5.50 a ± 3.0 |
Control—AN | 0.89 a ± 0.4 | 5.09 a ± 2.6 | 5.98 a ± 3.1 |
Cattle manure | 0.95 a ± 0.2 | 6.01 a ± 1.9 | 6.97 a ± 2.1 |
Pig manure | 0.87 a ± 0.1 | 6.96 a ± 2.3 | 7.83 a ± 2.4 |
Goat manure | 0.82 a ± 0.3 | 5.60 a ± 1.3 | 6.42 a ± 1.6 |
Poultry manure | 2.91 b ± 0.1 | 31.01 b ± 3.0 | 33.92 b ± 3.0 |
Rabbit manure | 3.44 b ± 0.4 | 34.13 b ± 7.2 | 37.57 b ± 6.9 |
Horse manure | 1.12 a ± 0.1 | 6.67 a ± 1.3 | 7.79 a ± 1.4 |
Urban bottom sediment | 0.84 a ± 0.3 | 3.85 a ± 0.9 | 4.69 a ± 1.1 |
Rural bottom sediment | 1.16 a ± 0.1 | 6.70 a ± 1.1 | 7.86 a ± 1.2 |
Sewage sludge I | 2.87 b ± 0.6 | 27.28 b ± 1.2 | 30.15 b ± 1.7 |
Sewage sludge II | 3.95 b ± 1.3 | 50.89 c ± 3.7 | 54.83 c ± 4.7 |
EOM | Per Hectare Equivalent (t) | Per Pot (g pot−1) |
---|---|---|
Control without N fertilizer | 0 | 0 |
Control with ammonium nitrate | 0 | 0 |
Cattle manure | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 | |
Pig manure | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 | |
Goat manure | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 | |
Poultry manure | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 | |
Rabbit manure | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 | |
Horse manure | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 | |
Bottom sediment rural | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 | |
Bottom sediment urban | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 | |
Sewage sludge I | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 | |
Sewage sludge II | 20 | 13 |
40 | 26 |
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Siebielec, S.; Marzec-Grządziel, A.; Siebielec, G.; Ukalska-Jaruga, A.; Kozieł, M.; Gałązka, A.; Przybyś, M.; Sugier, P.; Urbaniak, M. Microbial Community Response to Various Types of Exogenous Organic Matter Applied to Soil. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914559
Siebielec S, Marzec-Grządziel A, Siebielec G, Ukalska-Jaruga A, Kozieł M, Gałązka A, Przybyś M, Sugier P, Urbaniak M. Microbial Community Response to Various Types of Exogenous Organic Matter Applied to Soil. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(19):14559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914559
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiebielec, Sylwia, Anna Marzec-Grządziel, Grzegorz Siebielec, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Monika Kozieł, Anna Gałązka, Marcin Przybyś, Piotr Sugier, and Magdalena Urbaniak. 2023. "Microbial Community Response to Various Types of Exogenous Organic Matter Applied to Soil" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19: 14559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914559