Opinion on the Hurdles and Potential Health Benefits in Value-Added Use of Plant Food Processing By-Products as Sources of Phenolic Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Genetics on the Distribution and Biosynthesis of Plant Phenolics
3. Microbiological Safety and Decontamination
4. Characterization of Phenolic Compounds
4.1. Sample Preparation and Phenolic Extraction
4.2. Estimation of Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
4.3. Identification and Quantification of Polyphenols
5. Potential Health Benefits
5.1. Antioxidant Potential
5.2. Neutralization of Metal Ions
5.3. Bioavailability of Phenolics
5.4. Cardiovascular Diseases
5.5. Phenolics as Adjuvants in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
5.6. Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
5.7. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Function | References |
---|---|---|
Monomerics | ||
Phenolic acids | Protection against infection of microbes, improvement of nutrient uptake, protection against insect depredation, signaling molecules in plant-microbes symbioses, involvement in plant allelopathy. | [46,47,48,49,50,51,52] |
Flavonoids | Attract pollinators and seed dispersers, protection against oxidative stresses derived from UV, high light, and low temperatures, preventing photoinhibition and photobleaching, regulation of auxin transport, modulation of flower color, protection from high intensity light and UV, protection against DNA damage, involvement in plant allelopathy, antimicrobial activity, regulation of Rhizobium nodulation genes, protection against depredation by herbivores. | [53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63] |
Dimerics, oligomerics, and polymerics | ||
Proanthocyanidins | Protection against depredation by invertebrates and vertebrates, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, protection against microbes infection. | [64,65,66] |
Hydrosable tannins | Protection against wounds and depredation by microbes and herbivores. | [67,68,69,70] |
Cell wall materials | ||
Lignins | Lodging resistance, involvement in plant fertility, mechanical barrier in seeds, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, involvement in plant growth and development. | [71,72,73,74,75] |
Lignans | Scavenging of reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial activity, protection against insect depredation, involvement in plant allelopathy, phytohormone-like property. | [76,77,78,79] |
Feedstock | Product Fraction | Phenolic Compounds | Method * | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Almond | Skin | Proanthocyanidins | HPLC-MS | [203] |
Apple | Peel | Phenolic acids and monomeric flavonoids | UPLC-MS | [151] |
Avocado | Peel and seed | Phenolic acids and flavonoids | HPLC-MS | [11] |
Barley | Outermost milling fraction | Phenolic acids | HPLC | [204] |
Blackberry | Seed meal | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins | HPLC-MS | [24] |
Black raspberry | Seed meal | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins | HPLC-MS | [24] |
Black raspberry | Seed | Ellagitannins and proanthocyanidins | HPLC-MS | [205] |
Blueberry | Wine pomace | Anthocyanins | HPLC-MS | [26] |
Blueberry | Seed meal | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins | HPLC-MS | [24] |
Brazil nut | Skin | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins | HPLC-MS | [80] |
Camelina | Seed meal | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins | HPLC-MS | [206] |
Chia | Seed meal | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids and proanthocyanidins | HPLC-MS | [207] |
Citrus reticulata | Chempi (aged peel) | 5-demethylated polymethoxyflavones | HPLC | [208] |
Grape | Pomace | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins | HPLC-MS | [209,210] |
Grape | Pomace and rachi | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins | HPLC | [8] |
Grape | Winemaking and grape juice by-products | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins | HPLC-MS | [16] |
Mango | Residual pulp | Phenolic acids and monomeric flavonoids | HPLC | [38] |
Millet | Hull | Phenolic acids | HPLC-MS | [171] |
Onion | Skin | Monomeric flavonoids | HPLC-MS | [211] |
Orange | Peel | Flavonoids | HPLC-MS | [22] |
Orange | Peel | Polymethoxyflavones | HPLC-MS | [212] |
Passion fruit | Peel, albedo and seed | Phenolic acids and monomeric flavonoids | HPLC | [38] |
Peanuts | Skin and meal | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins | HPLC-MS | [12,31] |
Peanuts | Skin | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins | HPLC-MS | [17,144] |
Peanuts | Skin | Proanthocyanidins | HPLC | [18,213] |
Pineapple | Peel, and residual pulp | Phenolic acids and monomeric flavonoids | HPLC | [38] |
Pomegranate | Peel and seed | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and ellagitannins | HPLC-MS | [19,21] |
Pomegranate | Peel | Punicalagin and ellagic acid | HPLC | [214] |
Soybean | Okara | Isoflavones | UPLC | [215] |
Soybean | Seed coat | Phenolic acids and flavonoids | HPLC-MS | [40] |
Sophia | Seed meal | Phenolic acids, monomeric flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins | HPLC-MS | [206] |
Wheat | Bran | Phenolic acids | HPLC | [28,41] |
Feedstock | Product Fraction | Evaluation Purpose and/or Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Almond | Skin | Effects towards antioxidant enzymes using cell and animal models. | [203] |
Apple | Peel | Scavenging activity against DPPH radical, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Inhibition of fish oil oxidation. | [151] |
Avocado | Peel and seed | Reducing power (FRAP) and antioxidant potential against ABTS radical cation, DPPH radical, and reactive oxygen species (peroxyl and superoxide radical and hypochlorous acid). Anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition TNF-α and nitric oxide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. | [11] |
Barley | Outermost milling fraction | Antioxidant potential against ABTS radical cation, DPPH, peroxyl and superoxide radical. Antioxidant potential using a photoinduced chemiluminescence technique. | [204] |
Barley | Outermost milling fraction | Scavenging of peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals, metal chelation activity, inhibition of radical-induced supercoiled DNA breakage and antiproliferative activities using Caco-2 human adenocarcinoma cells. | [45] |
Blackberry | Seed meal | Antioxidant activity (towards hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals), reducing power, chelation capacity, prevention of DNA damage, and LDL-cholesterol oxidation. | [24] |
Black raspberry | Seed | Reducing power (FRAP) and antioxidant potential towards DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation. Anti-inflammatory activity by reduction of nitric oxide using RAW 264.7 cells. | [205] |
Black raspberry | Seed meal | Antioxidant activity (towards hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals), reducing power, chelation capacity, prevention of DNA damage, and LDL-cholesterol oxidation. | [24] |
Blueberry | Seed meal | Antioxidant activity (towards hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals), reducing power, chelation capacity, prevention of DNA damage, and LDL-cholesterol oxidation. | [24] |
Brazil nut | Skin | Antioxidant potential towards ABTS radical cation, and DPPH, hydroxyl, and peroxyl radicals. | [80] |
Camelina | Seed meal | Potential biological activities of camelina and sophia seed meals through inhibition of LDL-cholesterol oxidation, DNA damage as well as pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase activities. | [223] |
Camelina | Seed meal | Antioxidant potential towards ABTS radical cation, reducing power and metal chelation. | [206] |
Canola | Hull | Antioxidant potential of crude tannins by β-carotene-linoleate model system, DPPH radical, and reducing power. | [195] |
Chia | Seed meal | Antioxidant potential towards ABTS radical cation, DPPH and hydroxyl radical. Reducing power, chelation capacity and antioxidant capacity in beta-carotene linoleate model system. Inhibition of activities against pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, human LDL-cholesterol oxidation in vitro, DNA damage induced by peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals. | [207] |
Citrus reticulata | Chempi (aged peel) | Prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes in mouse model. | [208] |
Grape | Pomace | Anti-inflammatory activity in mice (inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β). | [209] |
Grape | Pomace | Antioxidant capacity using yeast cells. | [210] |
Grape | Pomace | Isolation and identification of phenolics bearing inhibition capacity towards α-glucosidase. | [6] |
Grape | Pomace | Antioxidant potential towards DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation. | [224] |
Grape | Pomace and rachi | Antioxidant activity (towards DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation, peroxyl radical, superoxide anion, hypochlorous acid) and anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing TNF-α liberation in vitro. | [8] |
Grape | Seed | Anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition of cytokines and suppression of MAPK and NF-κB) in RAW264.7 macrophages. | [225] |
Grape | Seed | Reduction of bone loss in the experimental arthritis. | [226] |
Grape | Seed | Reduction of kidney injury in experimental type 2 diabetes. | [227] |
Grape | Winemaking by-products | Antioxidant potential towards ABTS radical cation, DPPH and hydroxyl radical. Reducing power and inhibition of α-glucosidase and lipase activities. | [30] |
Grape | Winemaking and grape juice by-products | Antioxidant activity (towards DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation, and hydrogen peroxide), reducing power, prevention of DNA damage, and LDL-cholesterol oxidation. | [16] |
Grape | Winemaking by-products | Bioactivity using cardiometabolic biomarkers in Wistar rats. | [15] |
Guava | Pomace | Anti-inflammatory activity through reduction of edema and neutrophil migration in mice models. | [228] |
Mango | Residual pulp | Microbiological safety and antioxidant activity (towards DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation) | [38] |
Millet | Hull | Hydroxyl and peroxyl radical inhibition, inhibition of DNA strand scission induced by both ROS, inhibition of liposome oxidation, and human colon adenocarcinoma cell proliferation inhibition. | [171] |
Onion | Skin | Inhibition of peroxyl and hydroxyl radical induced supercoiled DNA strand scission, cupric ion induced human low-density lipoprotein peroxidation inhibition in vitro, inhibition of lipopolysaccharide stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in mouse macrophage cell model. | [229] |
Onion | Skin | Antioxidant potential (ABTS radical cation, DPPH radical, and reducing power). | [211] |
Passion fruit | Peel, albedo and seed | Microbiological safety and antioxidant activity (towards DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation) | [38] |
Peanuts | Skin | Gamma-irradiation induced changes and microbiological safety. Antioxidant potential (towards DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide), reducing power, prevention of DNA damage, and LDL-cholesterol oxidation. | [17] |
Peanuts | Skin and meal | Antioxidant potential against ABTS radical cation, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and reducing power. Antioxidant capacity in gamma-irradiated fish model system. Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. | [12] |
Peanuts | Skin and meal | Antioxidant potential towards ABTS radical cation, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and reducing power. Inhibition of α-glucosidase and lipase activities. | [31] |
Peanuts | Skin | Isolation, structural characterization of proanthocyanidins, and evaluation of their antioxidant activity towards DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. | [18] |
Peanuts | Skin | Isolation and identification of proanthocyanidins. Inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 in cultured human monocytic THP-1 cells. | [213] |
Pineapple | Peel, and residual pulp | Microbiological safety and antioxidant activity (towards DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation) | [38] |
Pomegranate | Peel and seed | Scavenging of ABTS radical cation, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and metal chelation. Potential bioactivity towards inhibition of α-glucosidase and lipase activity, inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro and inhibition of peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA strand scission. | [19,21] |
Pomegranate | Peel and seed | Antioxidant activity in beta-carotene-linoleate model system and against DPPH radical. Prevention of lipid peroxidation in albino rat liver homogenate in vitro, scavenging activity towards hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro. | [230] |
Pomegranate | Peel | Anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and ICAM-1 and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. | [214] |
Rapeseed | Hull | Antioxidant potential of crude tannins by β-carotene-linoleate model system, DPPH radical, and reducing power. | [195] |
Sophia | Seed meal | Antioxidant potential towards ABTS radical cation, reducing power and metal chelation. | [206] |
Sophia | Seed meal | Potential biological activities of camelina and sophia seed meals through inhibition of LDL-cholesterol oxidation, DNA damage as well as pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase activities. | [223] |
Soybean | Seed coat | Antioxidant potential towards ABTS radical cation and DPPH as well as reducing power (FRAP assay). | [40] |
Wheat | Bran | Antioxidant potential against peroxyl radical and via photochemiluminescence method, antioxidant capacity in seal blubber oil (Rancimat test) and inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and DNA in vitro. | [41] |
Wheat | Bran | Antioxidant potential against ABTS radical cation. | [42] |
Wheat | Bran | Antioxidant potential against ABTS radical cation, DPPH and peroxyl radicals, reducing power, inhibition of photochemilumenescence, and iron (II) chelation activity. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and DNA in vitro. Oxidative stability using stripped corn oil in Rancimat test. | [43] |
Wheat | Bran | Antioxidant potential towards ABTS radical cation, DPPH, superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radical, and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide. Reducing power and ferrous chelating activity. | [44] |
Wheat | Bran fractions | Total antioxidant capacity towards ABTS radical cation as affected by debranning. | [28] |
Compound | IC50 (µg/mL) | Ref. |
---|---|---|
A-amylase | [280] | |
(−)-epicatechin | 140 | |
Epigallocatechin | >300 | |
(−)-4′-O-methylepigallocatechin | >300 | |
(−)-epicatechin-(4b→8)-(−)-4′-O-methylepigallocatechin | >300 | |
α-glucosidase | [280] | |
(−)-epicatechin | 140 | |
Epigallocatechin | >300 | |
(−)-4′-O-Methylepigallocatechin | >300 | |
(−)-epicatechin-(4b→8)-(−)-4′-O-methylepigallocatechin | >300 | |
Lipase | [281] | |
Rosmarinic acid | 125 | |
Chlorogenic acid | 96.5 | |
Caffeic acid | 32.6 | |
Gallic acid | 10.1 |
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De Camargo, A.C.; Schwember, A.R.; Parada, R.; Garcia, S.; Maróstica Júnior, M.R.; Franchin, M.; Regitano-d’Arce, M.A.B.; Shahidi, F. Opinion on the Hurdles and Potential Health Benefits in Value-Added Use of Plant Food Processing By-Products as Sources of Phenolic Compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113498
De Camargo AC, Schwember AR, Parada R, Garcia S, Maróstica Júnior MR, Franchin M, Regitano-d’Arce MAB, Shahidi F. Opinion on the Hurdles and Potential Health Benefits in Value-Added Use of Plant Food Processing By-Products as Sources of Phenolic Compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(11):3498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113498
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Camargo, Adriano Costa, Andrés R. Schwember, Roberto Parada, Sandra Garcia, Mário Roberto Maróstica Júnior, Marcelo Franchin, Marisa Aparecida Bismara Regitano-d’Arce, and Fereidoon Shahidi. 2018. "Opinion on the Hurdles and Potential Health Benefits in Value-Added Use of Plant Food Processing By-Products as Sources of Phenolic Compounds" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11: 3498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113498