Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Inventions inventions	2.1	4.8	2016	18.5 Days	CHF 1800
Laws laws	1.3	2.0	2012	42.9 Days	CHF 1400
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	19.7 Days	CHF 2400
Technologies technologies	4.2	6.7	2013	21.1 Days	CHF 1600

4 pages, 143 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

by Esther Salmerón-Manzano

Laws 2025, 14(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14020028 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 333

Emerging technologies and the so-called information and communication technologies (ICT or IT) are transforming society, interpersonal relationships, and our way of understanding the world and, by extension, also law and the legal profession. Emerging technologies will have a significant impact on society in [...] Read more.

Emerging technologies and the so-called information and communication technologies (ICT or IT) are transforming society, interpersonal relationships, and our way of understanding the world and, by extension, also law and the legal profession. Emerging technologies will have a significant impact on society in the coming years and will pose new challenges and legal issues in the legal sector that will surely affect the development, evolution, and way of understanding the legal practice. The future of the legal industry will be comprise occupations that do not yet exist, or areas and subjects that are little or not yet known or even explored. The key for law firms will therefore be to specialize in these sectors. This Topic has become a window into the new challenges of law and policies in relation to emerging technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

28 pages, 1922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive Conceptualisation of Artificial Intelligence and the Law, Regulation and Ethics

by Ikpenmosa Uhumuavbi

Laws 2025, 14(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14020019 - 19 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 998

Abstract

The description of a combination of technologies as ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) is misleading. To ascribe intelligence to a statistical model without human attribution points towards an attempt at shifting legal, social, and ethical responsibilities to machines. This paper exposes the deeply flawed characterisation [...] Read more.

The description of a combination of technologies as ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) is misleading. To ascribe intelligence to a statistical model without human attribution points towards an attempt at shifting legal, social, and ethical responsibilities to machines. This paper exposes the deeply flawed characterisation of AI and the unearned assumptions that are central to its current definition, characterisation, and efforts at controlling it. The contradictions in the framing of AI have been the bane of the incapacity to regulate it. A revival of applied definitional framing of AI across disciplines have produced a plethora of conceptions and inconclusiveness. Therefore, the research advances this position with two fundamental and interrelated arguments. First, the difficulty in regulating AI is tied to it characterisation as artificial intelligence. This has triggered existing and new conflicting notions of the meaning of ‘artificial’ and ‘intelligence’, which are broad and largely unsettled. Second, difficulties in developing a global consensus on responsible AI stem from this inconclusiveness. To advance these arguments, this paper utilises functional contextualism to analyse the fundamental nature and architecture of artificial intelligence and human intelligence. There is a need to establish a test for ‘artificial intelligence’ in order ensure appropriate allocation of rights, duties, and responsibilities. Therefore, this research proposes, develops, and recommends an adaptive three-elements, three-step threshold for achieving responsible artificial intelligence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

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31 pages, 6319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Survey of Efficient Lightweight Cryptography for Power-Constrained Microcontrollers

by Jesús Soto-Cruz, Erica Ruiz-Ibarra, Javier Vázquez-Castillo, Adolfo Espinoza-Ruiz, Alejandro Castillo-Atoche and Joaquin Mass-Sanchez

Technologies 2025, 13(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13010003 - 24 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2730

Abstract

Protecting sensitive data, such as data collected from sensors, is crucial for ensuring the accurate assessment of sensing devices and preventing unauthorized access. In this regard, Internet of Things (IoT) devices offer a promising alternative for in situ monitoring. However, IoT sensing devices [...] Read more.

Protecting sensitive data, such as data collected from sensors, is crucial for ensuring the accurate assessment of sensing devices and preventing unauthorized access. In this regard, Internet of Things (IoT) devices offer a promising alternative for in situ monitoring. However, IoT sensing devices are often constrained by limited processing power and memory. Therefore, lightweight and efficient security algorithms are essential. This review paper assesses the implementation of lightweight cryptographic algorithms for power-constrained microcontrollers in IoT systems using symmetric cryptography. The implemented algorithms analyze the resource constraints of the IoT devices and compare their performance for the efficient implementation of secure monitoring systems. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of various lightweight encryption algorithms on low-power microcontrollers. The analysis reveals the comparative performance of these algorithms in terms of average power and energy consumption, memory usage, latency, and throughput. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

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20 pages, 1918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformative Impact of the EU AI Act on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

by Young-Gyu Lee, Chang-Hee Lee, Young-Hun Jeon and Jae-Hwan Bae

Laws 2024, 13(5), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13050061 - 16 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3649

Abstract

The International Maritime Organization collaborates with member states to develop the Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) Code to establish an international agreement framework. In December 2023, an agreement was reached on the European Union (EU) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act within the MASS Code. [...] Read more.

The International Maritime Organization collaborates with member states to develop the Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) Code to establish an international agreement framework. In December 2023, an agreement was reached on the European Union (EU) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act within the MASS Code. It was officially finalized and implemented on 1 August 2024. While the Act’s full application is set for two years later, certain provisions regarding safety against AI risks will take effect sooner. This study utilized a multiple-streams analysis method to examine how the EU AI Act impacted shipyards and shipping companies, focusing on ethical AI use and user safety. The findings indicate that technical completeness, safety enhancement, and AI system regulation through risk classification influence autonomous ship innovation. The challenges of reviewing the commercialization of new technologies for autonomous ships may result in market failures or decreased industry competitiveness. The study emphasizes the need to balance AI safety and ethical responsibility with autonomous ship development innovations. To ensure the sustainable application of AI technology, innovators must adapt to the EU AI Directive. Hence, this study confirms that the ethical and legal regulation of AI technology is crucial in technological innovation and development related to autonomous ships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

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21 pages, 2762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Environmental Courts on Green Total Factor Productivity in Chinese Cities

by Shuai Shao and Hongwu Qiao

Sustainability 2024, 16(16), 7007; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167007 - 15 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1159

Abstract

As a judicial environmental regulation strategy designed to promote environmental protection, environmental courts have drawn substantial interest. However, whether they can effectively balance the economy and the environment requires further exploration. In this study, we utilized data from 282 Chinese cities from 2004 [...] Read more.

As a judicial environmental regulation strategy designed to promote environmental protection, environmental courts have drawn substantial interest. However, whether they can effectively balance the economy and the environment requires further exploration. In this study, we utilized data from 282 Chinese cities from 2004 to 2019 to examine the relationship between environmental courts and green total factor productivity using a multi-period difference-in-differences model. The findings were as follows: (1) Environmental courts led to a notable increase in green total factor productivity. (2) The reduction in carbon intensity and the enhancement of administrative environmental regulation mediated the increase driven by environmental courts. (3) The financial institutions’ support and green technology innovation positively moderated the impact of environmental courts. (4) The role of environmental courts was more pronounced in the western region and in non-low-carbon pilot cities. We explored environmental courts’ effects on green economy development and the internal mechanisms of this, providing policy recommendations to achieve more effective judicial impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

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23 pages, 469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Redefining Boundaries in the Metaverse: Navigating the Challenges of Virtual Harm and User Safety

by Mohamed Chawki, Subhajit Basu and Kyung-Shick Choi

Laws 2024, 13(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13030033 - 24 May 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4867

Abstract

This paper analyses sexual crimes within the Metaverse to develop an effective legal framework. The aim is to enhance safety in virtual realities, ensuring the Metaverse remains a secure, respectful, and liberating environment for all users. As the Metaverse continues to evolve, merging [...] Read more.

This paper analyses sexual crimes within the Metaverse to develop an effective legal framework. The aim is to enhance safety in virtual realities, ensuring the Metaverse remains a secure, respectful, and liberating environment for all users. As the Metaverse continues to evolve, merging augmented physical reality with digital existence, it introduces new opportunities for socialisation, commerce, education, and entertainment. However, this digital realm also faces significant challenges, particularly the increase in sexual violence. This article evaluates the development of the Metaverse and its impact on sexual offences. It provides an overview of the Metaverse, followed by an in-depth exploration of the nature of sexual violence in this virtual space, its effects on victims, and the resulting legal and ethical issues. Additionally, this article examines the complexities of combating sexual violence within the Metaverse, reviewing the legal frameworks in various jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and South Korea. These examinations reveal a range of legal viewpoints and possible solutions. This article outlines a proposed legal framework, highlighting key strategic areas for mitigating sexual violence in the Metaverse. The primary objective is to enrich the discourse on the Metaverse, pushing for strong, flexible, and holistic legal measures. Through this research, we aim to contribute to the creation of protective mechanisms against sexual violence in these emerging virtual landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

10 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithmic Exploitation in Social Media Human Trafficking and Strategies for Regulation

by Derek M. Moore

Laws 2024, 13(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13030031 - 20 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6574

Abstract

Human trafficking thrives in the shadows, and the rise of social media has provided traffickers with a powerful and unregulated tool. This paper delves into how these criminals exploit online platforms to target and manipulate vulnerable populations. A thematic analysis of existing research [...] Read more.

Human trafficking thrives in the shadows, and the rise of social media has provided traffickers with a powerful and unregulated tool. This paper delves into how these criminals exploit online platforms to target and manipulate vulnerable populations. A thematic analysis of existing research explores the tactics used by traffickers on social media, revealing how algorithms can be manipulated to facilitate exploitation. Furthermore, the paper examines the limitations of current regulations in tackling this online threat. The research underscores the urgent need for collaboration between governments and researchers to combat algorithmic exploitation. By harnessing data analysis and machine learning, proactive strategies can be developed to disrupt trafficking networks and protect those most at risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

12 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trashing the Tables: The Critical Legal Studies Symposium of the Stanford Law Review, Then and Now

by Paul Baumgardner

Laws 2024, 13(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13020021 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2221

Abstract

When the critical legal studies (CLS) movement emerged in the United States, many in the legal community were shocked by the movement’s radical calls to remake legal education. But the movement also presented bold criticisms of quantitative legal scholarship and calculation in law [...] Read more.

When the critical legal studies (CLS) movement emerged in the United States, many in the legal community were shocked by the movement’s radical calls to remake legal education. But the movement also presented bold criticisms of quantitative legal scholarship and calculation in law that have proven remarkably prophetic. This article resuscitates the CLS movement’s concerns over “scientific law” in one of the movement’s most canonical works: the Critical Legal Studies Symposium issue of the Stanford Law Review in 1984. Along the way, this article explores the scope and limits of CLS admonitions regarding quantitative research and legal problem solving for the present day. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

20 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessReview

Narrative Review of Legal Aspects in the Integration of Simulation-Based Education into Medical and Healthcare Curricula

by Andreta Slavinska, Karina Palkova, Evita Grigoroviča, Edgars Edelmers and Aigars Pētersons

Laws 2024, 13(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13020015 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2875

Abstract

The quality of healthcare varies significantly from one country to another. This variation can be attributed to several factors, including the level of healthcare professionals’ professionalism, which is closely linked to the quality of their education. Medical and healthcare education is unique in [...] Read more.

The quality of healthcare varies significantly from one country to another. This variation can be attributed to several factors, including the level of healthcare professionals’ professionalism, which is closely linked to the quality of their education. Medical and healthcare education is unique in its need for students to learn and practice various clinical skills, algorithms, and behaviours for clinical situations. However, it is challenging to ensure these educational experiences do not compromise the quality of healthcare and patient safety. A simulation-based educational (SBE) approach offers a solution to these challenges. However, despite the widespread adoption of the SBE approach in medical and healthcare education curricula; its recognition for its high value among students, educators, and healthcare professionals; and evidence showing its positive impact on reducing risks to both patients and healthcare professionals, there is still an absence of a standardized approach and guidelines for integrating simulations, which includes determining when, how, and to what ex-tent they should be implemented. Currently, there is no regulation on the need for SBE integration in medical and healthcare curricula. However, the framework of this article, based on the results of the analysis of the legal framework, which includes a set of laws, regulations, principles, and standards set by various government, administrations, and authoritative institutions, will determine the fundamental aspects of the integration of the SBE approach that justify and argue the need to (1) incorporate simulation-based education across all levels of medical and healthcare education programs and (2) adhere to certain standards when integrating the SBE approach into medical and healthcare programs. This is an area that needs to be developed with the involvement of legal, health, and education experts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

14 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of the “Novel Foods” Regulation to Botanicals in the European Union

by Javier Morán and Alina Kilasoniya

Laws 2024, 13(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13010010 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3743

Abstract

The European Union classifies “novel foods” as those not widely consumed before 15 May 1997. This category includes recently created, innovative foods, as well as those made using new technologies and processes, and foods with a traditional consumption history outside the EU. Distinguishing [...] Read more.

The European Union classifies “novel foods” as those not widely consumed before 15 May 1997. This category includes recently created, innovative foods, as well as those made using new technologies and processes, and foods with a traditional consumption history outside the EU. Distinguishing between “novel” and “conventional” foods is legally significant, as the former require official authorization under the Novel Foods Regulation. The regulation prioritizes safety, accurate labeling, and nutritional parity with replaced foods. Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, effective from 1 January 2018, replaced prior regulations, facilitating access to the EU market for novel and innovative foods while maintaining high safety standards. Classifying botanical products as novel can be intricate. Safety assessments for plant products must consider diversity in species, varieties, ecotypes, and chemotypes, as cultivation practices influence chemical composition. The article reviews the legislation applicable to botanicals and proposes different ways to evaluate in advance whether a product is “novel” or not, emphasizing the evaluation of the origin and consumption history of foods of plant origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

21 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges for the Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Thailand: Potential Impacts, Barriers, and Public Policy Recommendations

by Kantapich Preedakorn, David Butler and Jörn Mehnen

Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129470 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 9762

Abstract

The impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) to the current transportation and logistics system are an emerging topic that has recently garnered public interest in many countries. Several developing countries that rely on the large amount of production in automobiles manufacturing are preparing to [...] Read more.

The impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) to the current transportation and logistics system are an emerging topic that has recently garnered public interest in many countries. Several developing countries that rely on the large amount of production in automobiles manufacturing are preparing to adopt national strategies to mitigate the negative impacts from the shift toward electric vehicles. In addition, the restructuring of the transportation system and traffic regulations to prepare for the integration of electric vehicles into the current transportation model is also an important concern for policy-makers. The study of potential impacts and barriers regarding the adoption of EVs would provide better insights that could aid the implementation of public policy. The topics that will be discussed here are both from technological standpoints such as differences in the general properties of EVs in comparison to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), and social and environmental standpoints which are predicted to be pivotal drivers for their adoption. These features are collectively analyzed to aid the relating implementation of industrial, transportation, and environmental public policies. Moreover, additional policy recommendations for the situation in Thailand are proposed based on this discussion. It is concluded that extensive public policy framework for the adoption of EVs and the development of EVs manufacturing industry is essential for developing countries with less technological readiness to effectively integrate this new type of vehicular technology into its industrial and transportation economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

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19 pages, 1964 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatial Inequalities in Access to Micromobility Services: An Analysis of Moped-Style Scooter Sharing Systems in Barcelona

by Xavier Bach, Carme Miralles-Guasch and Oriol Marquet

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2096; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032096 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3229

Abstract

Micromobility services hold substantial potential in terms of promoting shared and electric-powered mobility modes, however, little is known about their accessibility and what shapes their spatial coverage. These two issues are important to understand how socially equitable these modes can really be and [...] Read more.

Micromobility services hold substantial potential in terms of promoting shared and electric-powered mobility modes, however, little is known about their accessibility and what shapes their spatial coverage. These two issues are important to understand how socially equitable these modes can really be and how public policies should manage their implementation in urban areas. Hence, this study examines the determinants of the spatial coverage of four moped-style scooter sharing services (MSS) in Barcelona. The article examines the socio-territorial characteristics of the coverage areas of each MSS, as defined in 2019, together with the minimum area that operators had to provide service in 2020 according to the local regulation. For each MSS, a binomial generalized linear mixed model is employed to predict the odds of each cadastral parcel being covered by the service and analyzed the main spatial determinants associated with it. The results suggest that territorial coverage is defined by centrality, household disposable income, and topography, with low-accessibility areas consistently omitted from services. The conclusions underline the need for the public sector to participate in the design of spatial coverage areas of MSS to guarantee spatial equity and transportation justice and avoid private sector designs that systematically exclude less attractive areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

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17 pages, 329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pegasus Project: Re-Questioning the Legality of the Cyber-Surveillance Mechanism

by Atul Alexander and Tushar Krishna

Laws 2022, 11(6), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11060085 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5858

Abstract

States have recently indulged in purchasing surveillance spyware such as Pegasus from big corporations such as the NSO Group to track the activities of its people to curb dissidents. Unfortunately, such incidences are not new in the international domain. Thus, it is imperative [...] Read more.

States have recently indulged in purchasing surveillance spyware such as Pegasus from big corporations such as the NSO Group to track the activities of its people to curb dissidents. Unfortunately, such incidences are not new in the international domain. Thus, it is imperative to analyze the legality of such spyware used by the states with the assistance of foreign corporates under the international framework. In view of the same, the paper while majorly focusing on the significance of right to privacy, traces the standing limitations in the legal mechanism and tries to propose a shared responsibility regime for states and surveillance companies indulging in human rights violations by drawing parallels with the ICoCA mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

32 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Managing Security Threats through Touchless Security Technologies: An Overview of the Integration of Facial Recognition Technology in the UAE Oil and Gas Industry

by Saeed Hasan Al Zaabi and Ruzaidi Zamri

Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 14915; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214915 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5614

Abstract

Throughout the past few years, the oil and gas industry in the United Arab Emirates has grown significantly, and is currently one of the top ten oil producers in the world. As a result, it is at risk of physical security threats, including [...] Read more.

Throughout the past few years, the oil and gas industry in the United Arab Emirates has grown significantly, and is currently one of the top ten oil producers in the world. As a result, it is at risk of physical security threats, including theft, unauthorized access, vandalism, espionage, and other incidents which could disrupt its operation. Consequently, significant investments in the latest security technologies are necessary to protect this critical infrastructure and maintain its international standing. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine whether integrating facial recognition technology (FRT) with a physical security system in this sector would improve physical security performance and efficiently mitigate potential threats. A quantitative approach was applied to collect the essential information with a sample size of 371 selected through a simple random sampling method to ensure the validity and reliability of the research results. In addition, regression analysis was conducted using Smart-PLS version 3.3.9 based on (SEM) to define the significant relationships between the hypothesis applied in the conceptual model. Furthermore, the findings were significant as they provided the basis for future studies for the practical application of FRT to enhance the UAE oil and gas company’s resilience to physical security threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Technologies, Law and Policies)

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