Search Results (1,426)

This study evaluates a hierarchical workflow for fault diagnosis in transmission systems by integrating established machine-learning techniques for fault-type classification and zonal fault location with a complementary double-ended traveling-wave procedure for point-location estimation. The contribution lies at the level of process integration and comparative evaluation rather than in the proposal of a new machine-learning or traveling-wave algorithm. The methodology was evaluated using the IEEE 9-bus test system. Symmetrical and asymmetrical short-circuit scenarios were automatically simulated at multiple positions along six transmission lines using DIgSILENT PowerFactory, and the resulting oscillographic records were exported in COMTRADE format, producing a database of 2952 fault events. Phase voltages and currents, together with positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence components, were used to evaluate Decision Trees, Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) for fault-type classification and zonal fault location. Under the simulated noise-free conditions and the adopted fixed hold-out partition, all four algorithms correctly classified the 591 fault-type testing observations, yielding 100% test-set accuracy. This result characterizes the specific evaluation subset considered in the study; repeated, cross-validated, or grouped partitions were not performed, and neighboring simulated fault positions may therefore be represented across the training and testing subsets. For zonal fault location, the ANN exhibited the strongest and most consistent observed performance in the retained 590-event evaluation set, with class-specific recall values between approximately 0.96 and 0.99 across the six fault zones, whereas the Decision Tree provided a favorable compromise between zonal discrimination and computational efficiency. Some model-specific hyperparameter values from the original executions are unavailable in the retained experimental record, which limits exact replication of those original configurations; the reported results correspond to the evaluated executions documented in this study. As a complementary third component of the workflow, the double-ended traveling-wave procedure based on discrete wavelet analysis was illustrated for one AG event simulated at 25% of the transmission-line length, producing a normalized point-location estimate of approximately 25.07% from the local terminal. This single-event analysis demonstrates the operation of the traveling-wave processing sequence, while broader multi-event validation is outside the present experimental scope. Overall, the results demonstrate the coordinated application of fault-type classification, zonal fault location, and traveling-wave-based point-location refinement within a common diagnostic workflow. The findings should be interpreted within the deterministic simulation conditions, fixed evaluation subsets, and experimental records considered in this study. Full article

Torrential flows, a broad category of rapid hydrogeomorphic processes that in the Colombian Andes includes debris flows, mudflows, and hyperconcentrated flows, pose a major hazard in tropical mountain regions. This study used two complementary binary classification models to examine geomorphometric conditioning and antecedent rainfall triggering of torrential flow occurrence. A 12.5 m ALOS PALSAR DEM and 42 years of daily rainfall data (1981–2023) from IDEAM rain gauges and CHIRPS v2 were analyzed in a GIS-based regional framework. Antecedent rainfall variables were aggregated at watershed scale using zonal statistics. The conditioning dataset comprised 642 watersheds (321 with documented events and 321 controls). Gradient boosting ranked first in the preliminary grouped holdout comparison, whereas the uncalibrated random forest achieved the highest mean score under spatial leave-one-province-out validation and was selected as the final conditioning model (mean ROC-AUC = 0.747 ± 0.052). Basin scale and relief were the leading morphometric associations. In the rainfall trigger model, previous day IDEAM mean rainfall and previous day IDEAM maximum rainfall were the two leading permutation importance predictors, followed by monthly CHIRPS rainfall; the 90-day IDEAM maximum accumulation ranked fourth. This ordering indicates that immediate rainfall dominated the fitted model, while longer antecedent wetness retained a secondary contribution. The results support watershed prioritization and regional hazard assessment; because operational rainfall thresholds were not derived, they should not be treated as a ready-to-use early-warning model. Full article

Although large-scale wind and solar power provide green electricity, their intermittency and reverse-peak characteristics pose severe challenges to the secure operation of power systems. Pumped storage hydropower (PSH), as the most mature and economically attractive large-scale energy storage technology, enables temporal energy shifting and serves as a core flexible resource for smoothing renewable fluctuations and peak load shaving. In a new power system dominated by renewables, the reverse distribution between resources and loads gives rise to a typical “three-zone coexistence” pattern, i.e., renewable-rich zones, load centers, and hub zones coexist. However, existing research lacks in-depth modeling of zonal functional differences and fails to reveal the coupling mechanism between inter-zonal section constraints and the temporal energy behavior of pumped storage plants (PSPs). To address these gaps, this paper proposes a zonal-differentiated optimal dispatch model for multiple PSPs considering inter-zonal section constraints. The model establishes a “zonal role–PSP behavior” matching mechanism, assigning differentiated objectives and operational constraints to PSPs located in different zones, and thereby automatically generating charging/discharging strategies that match each zone’s functional positioning. It integrates section power flow constraints with the energy balance equations of PSPs in each zone into a unified framework, quantifying how section congestion restricts the “cross-zone energy shifting” efficiency of PSPs. Furthermore, a congestion-driven adaptive rule is derived from the above coupling framework. Case studies on a three-zone test system demonstrate that the proposed model effectively reduces wind and solar curtailment, alleviates section overloading, and lowers total operating costs, while the adaptive rule provides real-time decision support for dispatchers. The proposed model is applicable to power grids at various levels exhibiting the “three-zone coexistence” characteristic, offering theoretical support and a practical tool for the joint dispatch of multiple PSPs under high-penetration renewable energy integration. Full article

River-connected lakes are characterized by complex hydrological regimes, where hydrodynamic conditions serve as key physical drivers of aquatic ecosystem evolution and eutrophication. However, traditional water-balance methods struggle to accurately quantify water exchange under strong seasonal water-level fluctuations and the backwater effect of the Yangtze River, resulting in significant gaps in understanding lake hydrodynamic features and their seasonal eutrophication response patterns. Taking Dongting Lake as an example, this study employed a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model coupled with the advection–dispersion equation of a conservative tracer to simulate the spatiotemporal patterns of flow velocity and water turnover time during the dry season, rising-water season, wet season, and receding-water season using observed hydrological data from 2017 to 2025. Field sampling data and structural equation modeling were further used to identify the pathways through which hydrodynamic conditions affect lake trophic status. Flow velocity and water turnover time exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity: water turnover time was generally within 10 d in main flood channels but exceeded 60 d in stagnant floodplain areas and local topographic depressions. Seasonally, it was shortest in the wet season due to enhanced hydrological connectivity, yet longest in the dry season because of weakened hydraulic connection. The effects of hydrodynamics on trophic status were strongly season-dependent: during the rising-water season, hydrodynamics inhibited nutrient accumulation through dilution and flushing; during the wet season, strong runoff promoted external nutrient input; and during the dry season, hydrodynamics mainly affected trophic status by modifying physical habitat conditions for algal growth. These findings reveal the hydrological and hydrodynamic mechanisms regulating eutrophication in typical river-connected lakes, providing direct scientific support for hydrological regulation optimization, zonal eutrophication prevention and control, and water environmental carrying capacity assessment in Dongting Lake and similar systems, enabling lake managers to formulate differentiated pollution control strategies based on the hydrodynamic–trophic status response relationships across different hydrological seasons. Full article

Most existing studies on anthropogenic N and P inputs in the Yangtze River Basin focus on the middle-lower main stem and large lake regions, while long-term fine-scale assessments of small and medium plateau tributaries in the upper reaches remain limited. This study was based on the Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Input (NANI) & (NAPI) models to systematically quantify total anthropogenic N/P inputs and their sources, and to characterize spatiotemporal dynamics. The random forest model was employed to disentangle and quantify key driving factors; additionally, the multiple linear regression (MLR) model was employed to construct prediction equations, and key-factor scenarios were set to predict N and P input evolution trends under reduced fertilizer application and population change. Results indicate that: (1) from 2009 to 2023, the mean annual NANI and NAPI in the study area were (8741.97 ± 1715.37) kg·km⁻²·yr⁻¹ and (2016.01 ± 610.68) kg·km⁻²·yr⁻¹, respectively, exhibiting an overall “first increase, then decrease” trend. Their spatial distribution patterns were highly coupled. The spatial distribution was highly heterogeneous, with high values concentrated in the central dam regions and low values in mountainous areas. (2) Across all sub-basins, food and feed N input and fertilizer application were the primary sources of NANI, accounting for 50.87% and 43.94% of the total on average, respectively, while food and feed P input and fertilizer application dominated NAPI with average shares of 31.31% and 68.69%. (3) Population size, fertilizer application intensity, and livestock/poultry breeding volume were the primary drivers of regional NANI and NAPI. (4) Scenario prediction results show that fertilizer reduction significantly reduces N and P inputs, whereas population growth does not directly elevate N and P loads. Overall, N and P inputs in the Longchuan River Basin are dominated by human activities, with spatiotemporal variations closely linked to agricultural activity intensity and population distribution. These findings provide scientific support for targeted precise zonal N/P control in the Longchuan River Basin, and also offer a reference for non-point source pollution control research and management policy-making in similar plateau basins of the upper Yangtze River. Full article

Jujube is an important economic fruit tree in China, with Xinjiang being the largest production region, where flowering-stage heat stress threatens yield stability. Assessing heat risk in jujube orchards requires consideration of crop-specific phenological sensitivity and heat injury thresholds. Therefore, this study developed a Heat Injury Accumulating Index for jujube (HIS_j) to assess flowering-stage heat injury by integrating temperature–humidity stress and phenological sensitivity. A Hazard–Vulnerability–Exposure framework combined with Landsat image was applied for spatial heat risk assessment, atmospheric circulation analysis and interpretable machine learning were integrated to identify the drivers of hazard and vulnerability. Results show that HIS_j exhibited pronounced spatial heterogeneity and a distinct spatial dipole-like pattern, with higher values mainly concentrated in the oasis regions of eastern and southern Xinjiang, and an approximately six-year oscillation across most regions. High risk areas were mainly concentrated in Turpan, Yizhou District, and southern Bazhou, whereas Aksu, Kashgar, and most of Hotan were predominantly characterized by moderate-risk conditions. Climatic heat hazard and integrated orchard-scale risk were not spatially equivalent, with some intensively managed orchard areas exhibiting comparatively lower risk despite relatively strong meteorological heat stress. Variations in HIS_j were associated with the Western Pacific Subtropical High, Eurasian zonal circulation, and the India–Burma trough. NDVI was used as an observational proxy for orchard vegetation condition to characterize vegetation-based vulnerability. NDVI showed nonlinear associations with hydrothermal conditions and elevation, with threshold-like responses around 0.10–0.15 cm³/cm³ for soil moisture and around 800 m for elevation. The relatively weak and non-monotonic SHAP contribution of HIS_j to NDVI suggests that the association between meteorological heat stress and orchard vegetation conditions may vary with local environmental conditions. These findings provide a spatially explicit basis for understanding flowering-stage heat risk and supporting targeted adaptation in arid oasis jujube orchards. Full article

Dissimilar friction stir welding (FSW) of titanium alloys offers a route to spatially optimized aerospace structures, but the asymmetric thermomechanical environment produces heterogeneous microstructures and textures whose interaction with mechanical performance is not well characterized. A near-α/α+β combination of titanium alloys, Ti–6242 SG (advancing side, ADV) and Ti–54M (retreating side, RET), was welded across a matrix of rotation speeds (225–325 rpm) and traverse speeds (100–150 mm·min⁻¹), spanning rotation-to-traverse-speed ratios N/v of 1.80–2.75, which was used throughout as an empirical processing index that orders the conditions of this matrix rather than as a measure of specific heat input. Microstructure, phase identification, relative diffracted-intensity trends, and crystallographic textures were characterized by 2D-XRD at three cross-section locations (ADV, weld nugget center [CEN], RET) and correlated with transverse tensile properties and fracture locations. Partial pole figures were plotted in the simple-shear reference frame with ideal-orientation overlays, intensities in multiples of a random distribution (m.r.d.). The CEN develops the strongest textures, dominated by a basal {002}_α component (20–31 m.r.d.) with poles near the normal direction; this concentration lies away from the ideal shear fiber loci and is more readily explained by orientation inheritance during the β→α transformation on cooling than by direct shear, although unambiguous identification of variant selection would require orientation-resolved measurements. The RET develops {101}_α and {100}_α pole concentrations clustering near the ideal P-fiber loci, consistent with deformation-related texture development, intensifying with both rotation and traverse speed. The ADV shows mixed textures varying non-monotonically with parameters. Two conditions of nearly identical N/v obtained from different parameter combinations (225 rpm/125 mm·min⁻¹ and 275 rpm/150 mm·min⁻¹) nevertheless develop measurably different streak morphologies, microstructures, textures, and tensile responses, showing directly that N/v orders but does not determine the thermomechanical state. Yield strength is uniform (≈900–940 MPa) across the full matrix, consistent with a Schmid-factor estimate in which the basal-near-ND CEN texture gives a very low resolved shear stress on basal systems under transverse loading; joint efficiencies reach ≈90–96%. Ductility, in contrast, tracks consolidation quality rather than texture severity: fracture strain rises almost monotonically with N/v, from ≈0.6–1.4% at N/v ≈ 1.8 (defect-driven, erratic failure) to ≈5.4–6.0% at N/v = 2.60, despite the latter condition carrying the strongest RET pyramidal texture. Full-field strain measurement shows the weld nugget to carry the lowest strain and the highest apparent stiffness of any zone in every condition for which the load record is reliable, with strain accumulating on the advancing side. Consolidated conditions fracture on the advancing side where deformation concentrates, whereas the lowest N/v and longest-exposure conditions fracture in the nugget center; all fracture surfaces are ductile, with the crack path following continuous α layers at prior-β grain boundaries. A favorable processing range within the investigated parameter matrix is N/v ≈ 2.2–2.6, with the best overall combination at 325 rpm and 125 mm·min⁻¹ (N/v = 2.60: UTS ≈ 1010 MPa, ≈5.4–6.0% elongation). Within the parameter range examined here, consolidation quality is the first-order design variable for this dissimilar system, with the zonal texture architecture setting the yield strength level. Full article

Urbanization is a pervasive driver of ecological change, yet its consequences for mutualistic interaction networks remain poorly resolved in lowland tropical regions. We described and compared the structure of plant–hummingbird interaction networks across a continuous urban–peri-urban–rural gradient in Huejutla de Reyes, a humid tropical city in northern Hidalgo, Mexico, for which no plant–hummingbird interactions had previously been documented. From twice-monthly transect surveys conducted over a full annual cycle (March 2023–April 2024), we recorded 335 interactions between four hummingbird species and 29 flowering plant species, and built quantitative bipartite networks for the whole landscape and for each of three urbanization zones. Network specialization (H2′) decreased from the rural (0.35) through the peri-urban (0.26) to the urban zone (0.21), whereas connectance was highest in the urban zone (0.52), intermediate in the rural zone (0.46), and lowest in the peri-urban zone (0.41). Tested against null models, specialization departed significantly from chance expectation in the rural and peri-urban networks and at the landscape scale; nestedness did so in the peri-urban network, and marginally in the rural network; and modularity reached significance only in the rural network and at the landscape scale. The urban network showed no such departure in any of the five indices, indicating that the urban network exhibited weaker departures from random expectations. The dissimilarity of interactions between zonal networks was driven mainly by rewiring among shared species rather than by species turnover, the latter gaining weight only between the urban and rural extremes. Community composition of visits differed significantly among zones (PERMANOVA, R² = 0.18, p = 0.001), with zone explaining 18% of the variation in visitation composition and no significant differences in multivariate dispersion. Visitation to native versus exotic plants did not differ significantly (χ² = 5.95, df = 2, p = 0.051). The Buff-bellied Hummingbird (Amazilia yucatanensis) acted as a central, generalist node across the gradient, and the native firebush together with the exotic paperflower emerged as dominant floral resources sustaining network cohesion. Our results suggests that urbanization is associated with a shift toward more generalized plant–hummingbird networks, driven mainly by rewiring among persistent species rather than by species turnover, and underline the value of native keystone flora for pollinator-friendly urban green space. Full article

Mutual interactions exist between tropical cyclones and the East Asian mid-latitude trough (EAMT). This study mainly used statistical analysis and numerical experiments to investigate the influence of TCs on the zonal movement of EAMT. Composite results indicate that TCs can induce an average of 11.82 degrees in the EAMT meridional displacement, and the anomalous remote geopotential height (HGT) triggered by TCs serves as an important factor driving the zonal movement of the EAMT. The EAMT tends to move towards the region of negative HGT difference and away from the region of positive HGT difference. The temperature anomalies induced by TCs are a critical factor leading to the HGT anomalies. For the TC Maria case, it induces a maximum meridional displacement of 0.76 degrees of the EAMT at 450 hPa. TC Maria first triggers anomalous cold advection in the mid-latitude regions of the East Asia–Northwest Pacific area, which then leads to an anomalous decrease in HGT within the EAMT trough region under the constraint of hydrostatic equilibrium. Consequently, the anomalous negative HGT caused by the TC results in the zonal movement of the EAMT line. The results of this study provide evidence that remote disturbances induced by TCs in the tropical WNP can affect weather circulation in the mid-latitudes of East Asia. Full article

In laser phase-transformation hardening and laser cladding processes, the inherent thermodynamic limitations of conventional intensity distributions severely restrict the uniformity of metallurgical reaction. Although programmable beam shaping devices offer flexibility in profile reconstruction, their transmissive structure results in a low laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT), making them unsuitable for long-term stable operation at kilowatt-level power. This study proposes a reflective freeform mirror design method based on the principle of zonal energy mapping. The method constructs energy mapping relations that correlate the irradiance distribution in every sub-region of the incident Gaussian beam with the desired M-shaped irradiance profile. Relying on such mappings, the local surface generatrices of all sub-regions are solved separately; these generatrices are subsequently assembled to yield an integrated mirror surface. Optical performance was verified through Zemax non-sequential ray tracing simulations. The mirror was precisely machined using single-point diamond turning (SPDT). The experimental results show that the measured intensity distribution on the observation screen exhibits a typical M-shaped profile, with a peak-to-valley ratio of 1.28, which is in good agreement with the design target. This method provides a technically feasible and engineering-robust solution for complex thermal flux control requirements in high-power laser material processing. Full article

Mitochondria and peroxisomes are critical for hepatic energy metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. In chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, continuous injury leads to cirrhosis; however, the spatial arrangement and reversibility of organelle dysfunction remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the zonal distribution of mitochondrial and peroxisomal injury in liver biopsies and elucidate the role of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccfDNA) in patients with chronic HCV and cirrhosis following antiviral therapy. We employed advanced microscopy imaging and transcriptomic analysis of liver biopsies and quantified ccf-mtDNA as a noninvasive marker of mitochondrial injury in the peripheral blood of these patients. Transcriptomic data revealed alterations in mitochondrial and peroxisomal pathway alterations in HCV-infected patients. The imaging data displayed distinct zone-specific patterns of organelle damage. Following viral removal, significant improvement in mitochondrial and peroxisomal protein expression were noted, indicating partial recovery of organelle integrity following viral clearance; whether this reflects true subcellular regeneration or an early stage of a longer recovery process remains to be determined. Additionally, we showed that ccf-mtDNA quantitatively reflects intrahepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating its potential as a diagnostic biomarker in therapeutic approaches. These findings indicate that organelle injury in chronic HCV is spatially patterned, disease severity-dependent, and partially reversible following antiviral therapy. Full article

Coal-resource-exhausted cities face severe spatial conflicts between mining land redevelopment, urban sprawl, agricultural expansion, and ecological restoration, necessitating optimized spatial planning of forest-dominated ecological landscapes. This study constructs an ecology-prioritized identification and multi-scenario optimization framework for forest landscapes in resource-depleted urban fringes, taking Xinqiu District, Fuxin City, China, as a representative case. Coupling the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy Weight Method, a mining-adapted Ecological Protection Importance (EPI) evaluation system was established. Results indicated that geological hazard sensitivity exerted the highest weighting dominance ($w_6=0.2322$) in EPI, establishing an Ecological Priority Control Zone covering 47.86% (6782.04 ha) of the district. Spatial dual-conflict mapping revealed a conflict footprint of 1493.82 ha, heavily dominated by Ecological-Urban/Mining Conflicts (1156.95 ha). Multi-scenario simulation via Fragstats 4.2 demonstrated that Option A (ecology priority-agriculture secondary) achieved the highest landscape score (0.8870), effectively maximizing network cohesion (COHESION = 99.3911) and restoring natural fractal boundary geometry (PAFRAC = 1.4760). The “southern conservation, central remediation, and river corridor connectivity” zonal strategy provides a science-based decision tool for forest network reconstruction in resource-exhausted cities. Full article

Aiming at the problems of strong model uncertainty, unmodeled perturbation disturbances and unknown maneuvering of space non-cooperative targets in orbital rendezvous missions, an orbit prediction and control method combining active disturbance rejection and model predictive control (ADRC-MPC) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the relative motion dynamic equations of chaser–target are established under a geocentric inertial coordinate system, and the lumped disturbance including space perturbation and unknown evasive maneuvers of the target is expanded into extended state variable. Secondly, an extended state observer (ESO) is designed to achieve real-time accurate estimation and feedforward compensation of time-varying lumped disturbances, which mitigates adverse influences induced by J2 zonal harmonics, atmospheric drag, solar radiation pressure, and target evasive maneuvers. Thirdly, a constrained MPC strategy incorporating thrust saturation, approach corridor, and collision safety zone constraints is developed. Sufficient conditions for closed-loop input-to-state stability (ISS) are theoretically derived via the small-gain theorem under the given assumptions, which ensures the uniform ultimate boundedness (UUB) of tracking errors. Finally, numerical simulations, comparative benchmarks against conventional MPC and proportional-derivative (PD) control, and Monte Carlo robustness tests are performed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed ADRC-MPC framework delivers superior rendezvous precision, stronger disturbance rejection, reduced propellant consumption, and improved robustness against initial state offsets and measurement noises, laying solid theoretical and technical foundations for autonomous orbital rendezvous with space non-cooperative targets. Full article

Urban passenger hubs, such as airports and railway stations, generate concentrated last-mile demand from arriving passengers to spatially dispersed urban destinations. Fluctuating passenger arrivals and changing vehicle availability can create a mismatch between accepted demand and available service capacity. This paper aims to coordinate zone-level pricing and vehicle dispatching, so that fare-responsive accepted demand can be better aligned with available vehicle resources, while balancing operator financial performance and service reliability. Under the zonal pricing scheme, the transit operator determines a quoted zone-level fare for each service zone at every decision epoch. Newly arriving service requests accept the service when the quoted fare does not exceed their maximum acceptable per-passenger fare, after which the fare is committed. A rolling-horizon optimization model jointly determines zone-level fares and dispatching plans as request states and vehicle states evolve over time. The fare discretization property reduces the continuous pricing decision to a finite candidate zone-level fare selection problem, and a customized Rolling-Horizon Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (RH-ALNS) algorithm is developed to solve the resulting problem efficiently. Case studies based on Nanjingnan Railway Station in Nanjing, China, demonstrate the operational value of coordinating pricing and dispatching decisions. In the baseline case, the proposed method achieves a passenger service rate of 76.75%, an accepted-passenger fulfillment rate of 96.07%, and an operating surplus of 1.145 CNY per passenger-kilometer. Holding the RH-ALNS dispatching method fixed, dynamic zonal pricing increases the objective value by 4.39%, the operating surplus per passenger-kilometer by 5.46%, and accepted-passenger fulfillment by 3.63 percentage points relative to fixed zonal fares. The findings indicate that coordinating dynamic zonal pricing with vehicle dispatching can better align accepted demand with available vehicle resources and provide practical guidance for designing reliable, resource-efficient, and financially balanced hub-based demand-responsive last-mile transit services. Full article

Gansu Province has abundant agricultural biomass resources, but the gap between the biological yield of biomass and available quantities, along with strong spatial heterogeneity, restricts efficient bioenergy utilization. This study quantifies four categories of agricultural biomass across 85 county-level units in Gansu, evaluates relative enrichment density via the Biomass Resource Location Quotient (BRLQ), and identifies spatial agglomeration patterns using global and local spatial autocorrelation. The results show a significant structural mismatch: total biological yield of biomass reaches 46.41 million tons, while available resources are only 12.13 million tons, with crop straw as the dominant available feedstock. The Longdong Loess Plateau has the highest enrichment density (BRLQ = 1.588). No significant global spatial agglomeration is observed, and significant clusters are confined to local small areas. This study provides quantitative support for zonal bioenergy planning in Gansu. Full article