Search Results (54)

Background/Objective: Neuroimmune and metabolic dysregulation have been increasingly implicated in the cognitive heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether anti-inflammatory diets engage distinct biological and cognitive pathways in autistic and neurotypical children. This study examined whether a 12-week anti-inflammatory dietary protocol produces group-specific neuroimmune–metabolic signatures and cognitive responses in autistic children, neurotypical children receiving the same diet, and untreated neurotypical controls. Methods: Twenty-two children (11 with ASD, six a on neurotypical diet [NT-diet], and five neurotypical controls [NT-control]) completed pre–post assessments of plasma IFN-γ, CXCL1, RANTES (CCL5), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and an extensive ENI-2/WISC-IV neuropsychological battery. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test the Time × Group effects on biomarkers and cognitive domains, adjusting for age, sex, and baseline TMAO. Bayesian estimation quantified individual changes (posterior means, 95% credible intervals, and posterior probabilities). Immune–cognitive coupling was explored using Δ–Δ correlation matrices, network metrics (node strength, degree centrality), exploratory mediation models, and responder (≥0.5 SD domain improvement) versus non-responder analyses. Results: In ASD, the diet induced robust reductions in IFN-γ, RANTES, CXCL1, and TMAO, with decisive Bayesian evidence for IFN-γ and RANTES suppression (posterior P(δ < 0) > 0.99). These shifts were selectively associated with gains in verbal learning, semantic fluency, verbal reasoning, attention, and visuoconstructive abilities, whereas working memory and executive flexibility changes were heterogeneous, revealing executive vulnerability in individuals with smaller TMAO reductions. NT-diet children showed modest but consistent improvements in visuospatial processing, attention, and processing speed, with minimal biomarker changes; NT controls remained biologically and cognitively stable. Network analyses in ASD revealed a dense chemokine-anchored architecture with CXCL1 and RANTES as central hubs linking biomarker reductions to improvements in fluency, memory, attention, and executive flexibility. ΔTMAO predicted changes in executive flexibility only in ASD (explaining >50% of the variance), functioning as a metabolic node of executive susceptibility. Responders displayed larger coordinated decreases in all biomarkers and broader cognitive gains compared to non-responders. Conclusions: A structured anti-inflammatory diet elicits an ASD-specific, coordinated neuroimmune–metabolic response in which suppression of CXCL1 and RANTES and modulation of TMAO are tightly coupled with selective improvements in verbal, attentional, and executive domains. Neurotypical children exhibit modest metabolism-linked cognitive benefits and minimal immune modulation. These findings support a precision-nutrition framework in ASD, emphasizing baseline immunometabolic profiling and network-level biomarkers (CXCL1, RANTES, TMAO) to stratify responders and design combinatorial interventions targeting neuroimmune–metabolic pathways. Full article

Background: Clinical practice suggests that objective assessment tools are needed to assess adults with inattention or hyperactivity, informed by the underlying pathophysiology of attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This systematic review comprehensively evaluates the current objective assessment methods as an adjunct diagnostic tool for these adults. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating various objective diagnostic methods to assess adults with ADHD and healthy controls. The database search occurred from its inception to 23 December 2024. Results: Our search yielded 46 studies that reported on various objective methods to assess adults with ADHD. The MOXO-distracted Continuous Performance Test (MOXO-d-CPT), eye-tracker with MOXO-d CPT, Conners’ Continuous Performance Test—3rd edition (CCPT-3), and oculomotricity can differentiate between true and feigned ADHD or other diagnostic possibilities. The Quantified Behavior Test (Qb Test+) can detect hyperactivity and differentiate it from other psychiatric disorders. Mono-d, CCPT-3, Qb Test+, Test of Variables and Attention (TOVA), Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA-CPT), and oculomotricity can monitor pharmacotherapy response. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) offers more promise than structural imaging and demonstrates a moderate level of sensitivity and specificity to differentiate adults with and without ADHD by performing the verbal fluency test. Notwithstanding, electroencephalography (EEG)/event-related potential (ERP) shows potential in diagnosis and treatment monitoring (e.g., neurofeedback training). In addition, transcriptome-based biomarkers have also been explored as diagnostic tools. Conclusion: The diagnosis and monitoring of ADHD in adults come with a unique set of challenges due to psychiatric comorbidity, including depression and anxiety; fluctuation of symptoms over time; and lack of consensus among clinicians and professional organizations to adopt objective tests in the diagnostic process. Our findings support the notion that a combination of clinical assessment and objective biomarkers targeting distinct pathophysiological aspects may enhance the accuracy of ADHD diagnosis. Full article

Background/Objectives: Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), the most prevalent clinical subtype within the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum disorders, is characterized by early and prominent changes that significantly disrupt everyday functioning. This study aims to identify the key correlates of functional status in bvFTD by investigating the relative contributions of cognitive deficits, behavioral disturbances, personality changes, and brain perfusion abnormalities. Additionally, it seeks to develop a theoretical framework to elucidate how these factors may interconnect and shape unique functional profiles. Methods: A total of 26 individuals diagnosed with bvFTD were recruited from the 2nd Neurology Clinic of “AHEPA” University Hospital in Thessaloniki, Greece, and underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment to evaluate their cognitive functions. Behavioral disturbances, personality traits, and functional status were rated using informant-based measures. Regional cerebral blood flow was assessed using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging to evaluate brain perfusion patterns. Penalized Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression analysis was performed to identify the most robust correlates of functional impairment, followed by path analyses using structural equation modeling to explore how these factors may interrelate and contribute to functional disability. Results: The severity of negative behavioral symptoms (e.g., apathy), conscientiousness levels, and performance on neuropsychological measures of semantic verbal fluency, visual attention, visuomotor speed, and global cognition were identified as the strongest correlates of performance in activities of daily living. Neuroimaging analysis revealed hypoperfusion in the right prefrontal (Brodmann area 8) and inferior parietal (Brodmann area 40) cortices as statistically significant neural correlates of functional impairment in bvFTD. Path analyses indicated that reduced brain perfusion was associated with attentional and processing speed deficits, which were further linked to more severe negative behavioral symptoms. These behavioral disturbances were subsequently correlated with declines in global cognition and conscientiousness, which were ultimately associated with poorer daily functioning. Conclusions: Hypoperfusion in key prefrontal and parietal regions, along with the subsequent cognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations, appears to be associated with the pronounced functional limitations observed in individuals with bvFTD, even in early stages. Understanding the key determinants of the disease can inform the development of more targeted, personalized treatment strategies aimed at mitigating functional deterioration and enhancing the quality of life for affected individuals. Full article

Glaucoma is traditionally defined as an ocular disease characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell degeneration, in some cases with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and optic nerve damage. However, growing evidence indicates that glaucoma shares critical features with neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. This study aimed to explore the systemic nature of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by integrating visual function, cognitive performance, and transcriptomic profiling. We conducted a multidimensional assessment of POAG patients and age-matched controls, accounting for demographic factors. Structural parameters included retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT), and visual field indices mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD). Cognitive function was evaluated across multiple domains, encompassing visual memory, executive function, processing speed, and verbal fluency. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis was performed from conjunctival samples to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched pathways. POAG patients exhibited significant RNFL thinning, which correlated with both visual field loss and cognitive impairments, particularly in terms of visual memory and executive function. Transcriptomic profiling revealed a distinct gene expression signature in POAG, including upregulation of TTBK1 and CCN2 (CTGF), genes associated with tau phosphorylation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Functional enrichment analysis indicated the involvement of neurodegenerative pathways, such as glutamate signaling, calcium signaling, and cell adhesion. Our findings support the reclassification of glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease with both ocular and cognitive manifestations. Furthermore, biomarkers such as TTBK1 and CCN2 may serve as potential targets for early detection and neuroprotective therapy. Full article

Background/Objective: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique with growing relevance in psychiatry. Its ability to measure cortical hemodynamics positions it as a potential tool for monitoring neurofunctional changes related to treatment. However, the specific features and level of consistency of its use in clinical psychiatric settings remain unclear. A scoping review was conducted under PRISMA-ScR guidelines to systematically map how fNIRS has been used in monitoring treatment response among individuals with psychiatric disorders. Methods: Forty-seven studies published between 2009 and 2025 were included based on predefined eligibility criteria. Data was extracted on publication trends, research design, sample characteristics, fNIRS paradigms, signal acquisition, preprocessing methods, and integration of clinical outcomes. Reported limitations and conflicts of interest were also analyzed. Results: The number of publications increased sharply after 2020, predominantly from Asia. Most studies used experimental designs, with 31.9% employing randomized controlled trials. Adults were the primary focus (93.6%), with verbal fluency tasks and DLPFC-targeted paradigms most common. Over half of the studies used high-density (>32-channel) systems. However, only 44.7% reported motion correction procedures, and 53.2% did not report activation direction. Clinical outcome linkage was explicitly stated in only 12.8% of studies. Conclusions: Despite growing clinical interest, with fNIRS showing promise as a non-invasive neuroimaging tool for monitoring psychiatric treatment response, the current evidence base is limited by methodological variability and inconsistent outcome integration. There is a rising need for the adoption of standardized protocols for both design and reporting. Future research should also include longitudinal studies and multimodal approaches to enhance validity and clinical relevance. Full article

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive impairment (NCI) remains a concern despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), with cognitive problems often persisting even after viral suppression. The mechanisms underlying neurocognitive deterioration in people living with HIV (PLWH) and the role of plasma biomarkers remain unclear. This study aims to evaluate neurocognitive trajectories and biomarker changes in a real-world cohort of newly diagnosed PLWH initiating cART in Greece. Methods: This prospective, single-center study assessed neuropsychological performance and plasma biomarkers in treatment-naïve PLWH at baseline and 18 months after cART initiation. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) was classified using the Frascati criteria, and plasma biomarkers of inflammation and monocyte activation were measured. Correlations between biomarkers and cognitive performance were analyzed. Results: A total of 39 treatment-naïve PLWH were enrolled in this study. At baseline, 45.7% of participants met criteria for HAND, predominantly, asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI). Over 18 months, neurocognitive function improved, particularly in speed of information processing, executive function, and visuospatial ability, while verbal fluency, fine motor dexterity, and attention/working memory remained unchanged. Biomarkers of inflammation and monocyte activation decreased following cART, except for neopterin, which increased (10.6 vs. 13 ng/mL, p = 0.002), and plasma NFL (7.5 vs. 7.2 pg/mL, p = 0.54), which remained stable. A negative correlation between monocyte activation markers and cognitive performance was observed only at follow-up, suggesting that systemic inflammation may mask these associations in untreated PLWH. Conclusions: Early cART initiation supports neurocognitive recovery and reduces immune activation in PLWH. The observed correlation between cognitive performance and monocyte activation markers after viral suppression highlights the potential utility of plasma biomarkers in predicting cognitive impairment. Full article

Background/Objectives: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a widely used intervention for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). While motor and OCD symptom benefits are established, increasing evidence highlights psychiatric side effects. The underlying mechanisms involve stimulation parameters, electrode positioning, and medication adjustments. This systematic review aims to evaluate the short-term and long-term psychiatric effects of STN-DBS and identify influencing factors. Methods: A systematic literature search (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase; 2015–2024) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Studies examining psychiatric effects of STN-DBS in PD or OCD, reporting quantitative/qualitative psychiatric measures, and specifying stimulation parameters were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results: A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria, with sample sizes from 10 to 149 patients and short- to long-term follow-ups (up to 17 years). Short-term effects included transient hypomania, euphoria, increased impulsivity (especially with medial STN stimulation), and sometimes anxiety reduction. Long-term effects showed a tendency towards apathy and depression (apathy increased significantly in one large cohort), particularly linked to ventromedial STN stimulation or dopaminergic medication reduction. Impulse control disorders (ICDs) improved long-term in one study following medication reduction, while impulsivity slightly worsened in another. Verbal fluency decline was commonly reported, though global cognition often remained stable. Psychiatric outcomes (mood/apathy, attention/memory) depended on stimulation location within STN subregions. Higher total electrical energy delivered (TEED) correlated with depressive trait shifts in one study. Conclusions: STN-DBS has complex psychiatric consequences. Electrode positioning, stimulation parameters (including location within STN subregions and possibly TEED), and medication adjustments significantly influence outcomes. Careful patient selection, preoperative psychiatric screening, optimized programming targeting specific STN subregions, and cautious medication management are essential to minimize psychiatric risks while maximizing therapeutic benefits for motor and OCD symptoms. Full article

Background: Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative disorder that worsens over time without appropriate treatment. Although referral to a speech and language pathologist is essential for diagnosing language deficits and developing effective treatment plans, there is no scientific consensus regarding the most effective treatment. Thus, our study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of various therapeutic interventions for PPA. Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched to identify articles assessing different therapeutic interventions for PPA. To ensure comprehensive coverage, the search strategy employed specific medical subject headings. The primary outcome measure was language gain; the secondary outcome assessed overall therapeutic effects. Data on study characteristics, patient demographics, PPA subtypes, therapeutic modalities, and treatment patterns were collected. Results: Fifty-seven studies with 655 patients were included. For naming and word finding, errorless learning therapy, lexical retrieval cascade (LRC), semantic feature training, smartphone-based cognitive therapy, picture-naming therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) maintained effects for up to six months. Repetitive rTMS, video-implemented script training for aphasia (VISTA), and structured oral reading therapy improved speech fluency. Sole transcranial treatments enhanced auditory verbal comprehension, whereas transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with language or cognitive therapy improved repetition abilities. Phonological and orthographic treatments improved reading accuracy across PPA subtypes. tDCS combined with speech therapy enhanced mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores and cognitive function. Several therapies, including smartphone-based cognitive therapy and VISTA therapy, demonstrated sustained language improvements over six months. Conclusions: Various therapeutic interventions offer potential benefits for individuals with PPA. However, due to the heterogeneity in study designs, administration methods, small sample sizes, and lack of standardized measurement methods, drawing a firm conclusion is difficult. Further studies are warranted to establish evidence-based treatment protocols. Full article

Introduction: Achieving long-term impacts from cognitive remediation (CR) interventions is a key goal in rehabilitative care. Integrating virtual reality (VR) with psychoeducational approaches within CR programs has shown promise in enhancing user engagement and addressing the complex needs of individuals with bipolar disorder (BD). A previous randomized controlled crossover feasibility trial demonstrated the viability of a fully immersive VR-CR intervention for BD, reporting low dropout rates, high acceptability, and significant cognitive improvements. This secondary analysis aimed to evaluate the stability of these outcomes over time. Methods: This paper presents a 6- to 12-month follow-up of the initial trial. Secondary cognitive outcomes were assessed, including visuospatial abilities, memory, attention, verbal fluency, and executive function, using validated assessment tools. Statistical analyses were conducted using Friedman’s test. Results: A total of 36 participants completed the 6- to 12-month follow-up. Overall, cognitive functions showed a trend toward stability or improvement over time, except for visuospatial and executive functions, which demonstrated inconsistent trajectories. Significant improvements were observed in language (p = 0.02). Conclusion: This study highlights the overall stability of cognitive functions 12 months after a fully immersive VR-CR program for individuals with BD. To sustain long-term clinical benefits, an integrated approach, such as incorporating psychoeducational strategies within cognitive remediation interventions, may be essential. Further follow-up studies with control groups and larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings. Full article

Objectives: The effects of brain tumors located in the supplementary motor area (SMA) have so far been described mainly in the context of motor and speech disorders. There are few studies that have considered other cognitive domains, so this study aimed to fill this gap by focusing on examining attention and working memory in a population of patients with gliomas in the SMA region. Methods: This study included 50 patients diagnosed with gliomas located in the SMA who have not yet had any treatment and 57 demographically matched healthy individuals. A set of neuropsychological tests was conducted to assess attention and working memory: Digit Span from WAIS-R, Visual Elevator from TEA, Verbal Fluency Test (switching condition), and Color Trails Test (CTT). Results: The analyses showed that patients scored lower in most of the evaluated tests and indicators, namely in Digit Span-forward (t = −2.05; p = 0.022), Digit Span-backward (t = −2.63; p = 0.005), CTT-2 (t = 4.24; p = 0.001), CTT-interference (t = 2.31; p = 0.012), Visual Elevator-time (t = 1.83; p = 0.035), Visual Elevator-accuracy (t = −2.42, p = 0.010), and Verbal Fluency-switching (t = −3.41; p = 0.001). A significant relationship was also demonstrated between the grade of tumor malignancy and the results achieved in some of the neuropsychological tests. The lateralization of the tumor, the size of the lesion, and the presence of epilepsy did not prove to be particularly significant. Conclusions: Due to the significant decline in cognitive performance in terms of attention and working memory, we believe that every patient with a tumor in the SMA should undergo a detailed neuropsychological examination, which will profile their functioning and help tailor the best possible psychological care. Full article

Background: In this narrative review, we have surveyed results obtained from a research program dealing with the role of semantic memory disorders as a predictor of progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objectives: In this research program, we have taken into account many different putative markers, provided of a different complexity in the study of the semantic network. These markers ranged from the number of words produced on a semantic fluency task to the following: (a) the discrepancy between scores obtained on semantic vs. phonemic word fluency tests; (b) the presence, at the single-word level, of features (such as a loss of low typical words on a category verbal fluency task) typical of a degraded semantic system; or (c) the presence of more complex phenomena (such as the semantic distance between consecutively produced word pairs) concerning the organization of the semantic network. In the present review, all these studies have been presented, providing separate subsections for (a) methods, (b) results, and (c) a short discussion. Some tentative general conclusions have been drawn at the end of the review. We found that at baseline all these markers are impaired in MCI patients who will later convert to AD, but also that they do not necessarily show a linear worsening during the progression to AD and allow one to make different predictions about the time of development of AD. Our conclusions were that, rather than searching for the best marker of conversion, we should use a range of different markers allowing us to obtain the information most appropriate to the goal of our investigation. Full article

Introduction: Cognitive impairment, marked by a decline in memory and attention, is frequently underdiagnosed, complicating effective management. Cardiovascular risk factors (CVR) and anticholinergic burden (ACB) are significant contributors to dementia risk, with ACB often stemming from medications prescribed for neuropsychiatric disorders. This study evaluates cognitive profiles through three brief cognitive tests, analyzing the impact of CVR and ACB presence. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed between 2019 and 2023 in community pharmacies and an outpatient clinic in Valencia, Spain. Eligible participants were patients with subjective memory complaints 50 years or older with clinical records of cardiovascular factors. Patients with conflicting information regarding diabetes diagnosis or not taking concomitant medications were excluded. Three brief cognitive tests (Memory Impairment Screening (MIS), Semantic Verbal Fluency Test, and SPMSQ) were assessed. CVR was calculated using the European SCORE2 table, and ACB was assessed using the CALS scale. Results: Among 172 patients with memory complaints and CVR factors, 60% failed at least one cognitive test. These patients were on significantly more medications and had higher blood pressure and HbA1c levels. An increase in CVR and ACB was associated with more failed tests. Additionally, elevated SCORE2 scores were associated with a greater failure rate on the MIS test, while patients with elevated ACB more frequently failed the SPMSQ test. Conclusions: Selecting an adequate brief cognitive test according to patients’ characteristics offers an opportunity to screen patients who are probably cognitively impaired. Whereas the MIS test may be helpful for patients with cardiovascular risk, SPMSQ stands out among patients with significant ACB. Full article

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of vortioxetine for improving depressive symptoms, cognitive performance, daily and global functioning in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in real-world clinical practice. We retrospectively identified 46 AD patients who had received treatment for 12 months with vortioxetine. Drug effects were evaluated at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 months. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and in the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) to month 12. Cognitive and daily and global functioning changes were also evaluated. Significant baseline-to-endpoint improvement in depressive symptom severity was observed (p < 0.0001). At month 12, the least-square mean (standard error) change score from baseline was −10.48 (±0.42) on the HDRS and −9.04 (±0.62) on the CSDD. Significant improvements in cognitive performance were observed for the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Letter Fluency Test, the Category Fluency Test, and the Trail Making Test-A. Patients also experienced significant improvements in daily and global functioning. Vortioxetine was safe and well tolerated. Patients with AD and MDD receiving vortioxetine showed meaningful improvements in depressive symptoms, cognitive performance, and daily and global functioning over the 12-month treatment period. Full article

The utilization of non-invasive neurostimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is increasingly prevalent in psychiatry due to their efficacy and safety. Although the precise therapeutic mechanisms remain partially unclear, repetitive TMS, particularly high-frequency stimulation, may enhance cognitive functions, contributing to therapeutic benefits. This within-subjects study examined the impact of TMS on cognitive and symptomatic outcomes in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), substance use disorder (SUD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). A total of 44 patients underwent cognitive tests and symptom assessments before and after an intensive four-week TMS treatment phase, followed by a four-week maintenance phase. Cognitive assessments included Raven’s matrices, verbal fluency, and digit span tests, while symptom severity was measured using the Italian version of the SCL-90-R. Decision-making performance was also evaluated by administering a delay discounting (DD) test. Principal component analysis was used to generate a dimensional characterization of subjects along cognitive and symptom-related axes before and after treatment. The results indicated that TMS significantly improved symptom scores, but no significant cognitive enhancement was observed. Statistical analysis based on linear mixed-effects models confirmed these findings, showing a significant fixed effect of TMS treatment on symptoms but not on cognitive performance. DD metrics remained unchanged. These findings suggest that while TMS effectively alleviates clinical symptoms, it does not produce consistent or appreciable enhancement of cognitive functions in these protocols. This study highlights the need for more personalized and combined therapeutic approaches to maximize the benefits of TMS, potentially incorporating cognitive enhancement strategies. Future studies will be useful to explore whether the results we obtained are valid for other pathologies, cognitive tests, and stimulation protocols. Full article

(1) Background: Approximately 1% of the global population is affected by schizophrenia, a disorder marked by cognitive deficits, delusions, hallucinations, and language issues. It is associated with genetic, neurological, and environmental factors, and linked to dopaminergic hyperactivity and neurotransmitter imbalances. Recent research reveals that patients exhibit significant language impairments, such as reduced verbal output and fluency. Advances in machine learning and natural language processing show potential for early diagnosis and personalized treatments, but additional research is required for the practical application and interpretation of such technology. The objective of this study is to explore the applications of natural language processing in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. (2) Methods: A scoping review was conducted across multiple electronic databases, including Medline, PubMed, Embase, and PsycInfo. The search strategy utilized a combination of text words and subject headings, focusing on schizophrenia and natural language processing. Systematically extracted information included authors, population, primary uses of the natural language processing algorithms, main outcomes, and limitations. The quality of the identified studies was assessed. (3) Results: A total of 516 eligible articles were identified, from which 478 studies were excluded based on the first analysis of titles and abstracts. Of the remaining 38 studies, 18 were selected as part of this scoping review. The following six main uses of natural language processing were identified: diagnostic and predictive modeling, followed by specific linguistic phenomena, speech and communication analysis, social media and online content analysis, clinical and cognitive assessment, and linguistic feature analysis. (4) Conclusions: This review highlights the main uses of natural language processing in the field of schizophrenia and the need for more studies to validate the effectiveness of natural language processing in diagnosing and treating schizophrenia. Full article