Search Results (313)

As part of contemporary urban culture, murals support place making and city identity. While much attention has been paid to their role in activating public space during daylight hours, their presence after dark remains largely unexamined. This paper analyzes how mural content interacts with night-time illumination. The research draws on case studies, photographs, luminance measurements, and lighting simulations. It evaluates how existing lighting systems support or undermine the legibility and impact of commercial murals in urban environments. It explores whether standardized architectural lighting guidelines suit murals, how color and surface affect visibility, and which practices improve night-time legibility. The study identifies a gap in existing lighting strategies, noting that uneven lighting distorts intent and reduces public engagement. In response, a new design tool—the Floodlighting Content Readability Map—is proposed to support artists and planners in creating night-visible murals. This paper situates mural illumination within broader debates on creative urbanism and argues that lighting is not just infrastructure, but a cultural and aesthetic tool that extends the reach and resonance of public art in the 24 h city. It further emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and a multi-contextual perspective—encompassing visual, social, environmental, and regulatory dimensions—when designing murals in cities. Full article

Carbon flow tracking and spatial pattern optimization at the scale of urban functional zones are key scientific challenges in achieving carbon neutrality. However, due to the complexity of carbon metabolism processes within urban functional zones, related studies remain limited. To address these scientific challenges, this study, based on the “source–sink–flow” ecosystem services framework, develops an integrated analytical approach at the scale of urban functional zones. The carbon balance is quantified using the CASA model in combination with multi-source data. A network model is employed to trace carbon flow pathways, identify critical nodes and interruption points, and optimize the urban spatial pattern through a low-carbon land use structure model. The research results indicate that the overall carbon balance in Hangzhou exhibits a spatial pattern of “deficit in the center and surplus in the periphery.” The main urban area shows a significant carbon deficit and relatively poor connectivity in the carbon flow network. Carbon sequestration services primarily flow from peripheral areas (such as Fuyang and Yuhang) with green spaces and agricultural functional zones toward high-emission residential–commercial and commercial–public functional zones in the central area. However, due to the interruption of multiple carbon flow paths, the overall carbon flow transmission capacity is significantly constrained. Through spatial optimization, some carbon deficit nodes were successfully converted into carbon surplus nodes, and disrupted carbon flow edges were repaired, particularly in the main urban area, where 369 carbon flow edges were restored, resulting in a significant improvement in the overall transmission efficiency of the carbon flow network. The carbon flow visualization and spatial optimization methods proposed in this paper provide a new perspective for urban carbon metabolism analysis and offer theoretical support for low-carbon city planning practices. Full article

Resource-exhausted cities have long played a key role in national energy development. Urban renewal projects, such as the renovation of old underground commercial spaces, can improve urban vitality and promote sustainable development. However, in resource-based cities, traditional industries dominate, while new industries such as modern commerce develop slowly. This results in low economic dynamism and weak motivation for urban development. To address this issue, we propose a systematic method for analyzing construction risks during the decision-making stage of renovation projects. The method includes three steps: risk value assessment, risk factor identification, and risk weight calculation. First, unlike previous studies that only used SWOT for risk factor analysis, we also applied it for project value assessment. Then, using the Work Breakdown Structure–Risk Breakdown Structure framework method (WBS-RBS), we identified specific risk sources by analyzing key construction technologies throughout the entire lifecycle of the renovation project. Finally, to enhance expert consensus, we proposed an improved Delphi–Analytic Hierarchy Process method (Delphi–AHP) to calculate risk indicator weights for different construction phases. The risk analysis covered all lifecycle stages of the renovation and upgrading project. The results show that in the Fushun city renovation case study, the established framework—consisting of five first-level indicators and twenty s-level indicators—enables analysis of renovation projects. Among these, management factors and human factors were identified as the most critical, with weights of 0.3608 and 0.2017, respectively. The proposed method provides a structured approach to evaluating renovation risks, taking into account the specific characteristics of construction work. This can serve as a useful reference for ensuring safe and efficient implementation of underground commercial space renovation projects in resource-exhausted cities. Full article

While the explosive growth in e-commerce stresses urban logistics systems, city planners lack of fine-grained data in order to anticipate and manage the resulting freight flows. Using a three-stage analytical approach combining descriptive zonal statistics, hotspot analysis and different regression modeling from univariate to geographically weighted regression, this study integrates one year of parcel deliveries from a leading courier with open spatial layers of land-use zoning, census population, mobile-signal activity and household income to model last-mile demand across different land use types. A baseline linear regression shows that residential population alone accounts for roughly 30% of the variance in annual parcel volumes (2.5–3.0 deliveries per resident) while adding daytime workforce and income increases the prediction accuracy to 39%. In a similar approach where coefficients vary geographically with Geographically Weighted Regression to capture the local heterogeneity achieves a significant raise of the overall R² to 0.54 and surpassing 0.70 in residential and institutional districts. Hot-spot analysis reveals a highly fragmented pattern where fewer than 5% of blocks generate more than 8.5% of all deliveries with no apparent correlation to the broaden land-use classes. Commercial and administrative areas exhibit the greatest intensity (1149 deliveries per ha) yet remain the hardest to explain (global R² = 0.21) underscoring the importance of additional variables such as retail mix, street-network design and tourism flows. Through this approach, the calibrated models can be used to predict city-wide last-mile demand using only public inputs and offers a transferable, privacy-preserving template for evidence-based freight planning. By pinpointing the location and the land uses where demand concentrates, it supports targeted interventions such as micro-depots, locker allocation and dynamic curb-space management towards more sustainable and resilient urban-logistics networks. Full article

Activity space offers a valuable perspective for analyzing urban travel behavior and evaluating the performance of transportation systems in increasingly complex urban environments. However, the research on measuring activity spaces in multimodal transportation contexts remains limited. This study investigates multimodal transportation activity spaces in Hangzhou using 2023 smart card data. Multimodal travel chains are extracted, and residents’ activity spaces are quantified using 95% confidence ellipses. By applying the XGBoost and GeoShapley models, this study reveals the nonlinear effects and geospatial heterogeneity in how built environment and socioeconomic factors influence activity spaces. The key findings show that the distance to the nearest metro station, commercial POIs, and GDP significantly shape activity spaces through nonlinear relationships. Moreover, the interaction between the distance to the nearest metro station and geographical location generates pronounced geospatial effects. The results highlight the importance of multimodal integration in urban transport planning and provide empirical insights for enhancing system efficiency and sustainability. Full article

The agglomeration characteristics of innovation spaces reflect the intrinsic mechanisms of regional resource integration and collaborative innovation. Investigating the contributions of influencing factors to innovation space agglomeration and their spatial differentiation has significant implications for improving urban innovation quality. Taking the Nanjing central urban area as a case study, this research applied gradient boosting regression trees (GBRT) and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) models to explore the contributions of influencing factors to innovation space agglomeration and its spatial differentiation. Findings demonstrated that (1) Innovation platforms and patents emerged as the most significant driving factors, collectively accounting for 54.8% of the relative contributions; (2) The contributions of influencing factors to innovation space agglomeration exhibited marked nonlinear characteristics, specifically categorized into five distinct patterns: Sustained Growth Pattern, Growth-Stabilization Pattern, Growth-Decline Pattern, Global Stabilization Pattern, and Global Decline Pattern. The inflection thresholds of marginal effects across factors ranged from approximately 12% to 55% (e.g., 40% for metro stations, 13% for integrated commercial hubs); (3) Each influence factor’s contribution mechanism showed pronounced spatial heterogeneity across different regions. Based on these discoveries, governments should optimize innovation resource allocation according to regional characteristics and enhance spatial quality to promote efficient resource integration and transformation. This research provides a novel perspective for understanding innovation space agglomeration mechanisms and offers actionable references for urban policymakers to implement context-specific innovation economic development strategies. Full article

This study compares high-frequency mobile observation data collected in the same area of Kunming under two different meteorological conditions—15 January 2020, and 8 January 2023—to analyze changes in the micro-scale urban thermal environment. Vehicle-mounted temperature and humidity sensors, combined with GPS tracking, were used to conduct real-time, high-resolution data collection across various urban functional areas. The results show that in the two tests, the maximum temperature differences were 10.4 °C and 16.5 °C, respectively, and the maximum standard deviations were 0.34 °C and 2.43 °C, indicating a significant intensification in thermal fluctuations. Industrial and commercial zones experienced the most pronounced cooling, while green spaces and water bodies exhibited greater thermal stability. The study reveals the sensitivity of densely built-up areas to cold extremes and highlights the important role of green infrastructure in mitigating urban thermal instability. Furthermore, this research demonstrates the advantages of mobile observation over conventional remote sensing methods in capturing fine-scale, dynamic thermal distributions, offering valuable insights for climate-resilient urban planning. Full article

Urban commercial districts, with their unique characteristics, serve as a reflection of broader urban development patterns. However, only a handful of studies have harnessed point-of-interest (POI) data to model the intricate relationship between retail commercial space types and other factors. This paper endeavors to bridge this gap, focusing on the influence of urban development factors on retail commerce districts through the lens of POI data. Our exploration underscores how commercial zones impact the density of residential neighborhoods and the coherence of pedestrian pathways. To facilitate our investigation, we propose an ensemble clustering technique for identifying and outlining urban commercial areas, including Kernel Density Analysis (KDE), Density-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). Our research uses the city of Manchester as a case study, unearthing the relationship between commercial retail catchment areas and a range of factors (retail commercial space types, land use function, walking coverage). These include land use function, walking coverage, and green park within the specified areas. As we explore the multiple impacts of different urban development factors on retail commerce models, we hope this study acts as a springboard for further exploration of the untapped potential of POI data in urban business development and planning. Full article

Urban green spaces are increasingly recognized as important habitats for pollinators, and wildflower seed mixes marketed as pollinator-friendly are gaining popularity, though their actual conservation value remains poorly understood. This study provides the first systematic screening of commercially available seed mixes in Portugal, evaluating their taxonomic composition, origin, life cycle traits, and potential to support pollinator communities. A total of 229 seed mixes were identified. Although these have a predominance of native species (median 86%), the taxonomic diversity was limited, with 91% of mixes comprising species from only one or two families, predominantly Poaceae and Fabaceae, potentially restricting the range of floral resources available to pollinators. Only 21 seed mixes met the criteria for being pollinator-friendly, based on a three-step decision tree prioritizing native species, extended flowering periods, and visual diversity. These showed the highest percentage of native species (median 87%) and a greater representation of flowering plants. However, 76% of all mixes still included at least one non-native species, although none is considered invasive. Perennial species dominated all seed mix types, indicating the potential for the long-term persistence of wildflower meadows in urban spaces. Despite their promise, the ecological quality and transparency of the seed mix composition remain inconsistent, with limited certification or information on species origin. This highlights the need for clearer labeling, regulatory guidance, and ecologically informed formulations. Seed mixes, if properly designed and implemented, represent a largely untapped yet cost-effective tool for enhancing the pollinator habitats and biodiversity within urban landscapes. Full article

Rapid urbanization has exacerbated the urban heat island effect, posing a significant threat to human health and urban ecosystems. While numerous studies have demonstrated that urban morphology significantly influences land surface temperatures (LSTs), few have systematically explored the impact and contribution of urban morphology on LST across different functional zones. Therefore, this study takes Xi’an as a case and employs an interpretable CatBoost-SHAP machine learning model to evaluate the nonlinear influence of building landscape features on LST in different functional zones during summer. The results indicate the following: (1) The highest LST in the study area reached 52.68 °C, while the lowest was 21.68 °C. High-temperature areas were predominantly concentrated in the urban center and industrial zones with dense buildings, whereas areas around water bodies and green spaces exhibited relatively lower temperatures. (2) SHAP analysis revealed that landscape indicators exerted the most substantial impact across all functional zones, with green space zones contributing up to 62%. Among these, fractional vegetation coverage (FVC), as a core landscape factor, served as the primary cooling factor in all six functional zones and consistently demonstrated a negative effect. (3) Population density (POP) exhibited a generally high SHAP contribution across all functional zones, showing a positive correlation. Its effect was most pronounced in commercial zones, accounting for 16%. When POP ranged between 0 and 250 people, the warming effect was particularly prominent. (4) The mean building height (MBH) constituted a major influencing factor in most functional zones, especially in residential zones, where the SHAP value reached 0.7643. Within the range of 10–20 m, the SHAP value increased sharply, indicating a significant warming effect. (5) This study proposes targeted cooling strategies tailored to six functional zones, providing a scientific basis for formulating targeted mitigation strategies for different functional zones to alleviate the urban heat island effect. Full article

Like other mega cities in China, Beijing is undergoing a large-scale urban renewal process. However, in the context of global warming and the goal of promoting human health and well-being, urban renewal should follow the principle of minimal intervention, draw inspiration from the condition of the climate and environment itself, and pursue the goal of common health and development between humans and non-human beings. This study takes the Panjiayuan Antique Market as the research object. Unlike previous studies that focused on the behavior patterns of vendors and buyers, this study focuses on the increase in users’ expectation on environmental thermal comfort when the Panjiayuan Antique Market transforms from a conventional commercial market into an urban public space. This study aimed to find a minimal intervention strategy suitable for urban public space renewal from the perspective of the microclimate, encouraging people to use outdoor public spaces more, thereby promoting physical and mental health, as well as social well-being. We used a mixed-methods approach comprising microclimate measurements, questionnaires (n = 254), and field measurements. Our results show that the mean radiant temperature (T_mrt) is the key factor that affects thermal comfort, and it is a comprehensive concept that is associated with other microclimate factors. Linking the quantitative sun-related factors, such as the solar position angle (SAA), the shadow area ratio (SAR), and direct sun hours (DSHs), we also found that the correlation between the T_mrt and physical spatial characteristics, such as the ratio of the visible sky (SVF), the aspect ratio (H/W), and orientation of the building layout, helped us to generate design strategies oriented by regulating microclimate, such as controlling thermal mass/radiant heating, solar radiation, and air convection. One of the significances of this study is its development of a design method that minimizes intervention in urban public spaces from the perspective of regulating the microclimate. In addition, this study proposes a new perspective of promoting people’s health and well-being by improving outdoor thermal comfort. Full article

Masonry industrial buildings, common in the 19th and 20th centuries, represent a significant architectural typology. These structures are crucial to the study of industrial archeology, which focuses on preserving and revitalizing historical industrial heritage. Often left neglected and deteriorating, they hold great potential for adaptive reuse, transforming into vibrant cultural, commercial, or residential spaces through well-planned restoration and consolidation efforts. This paper explores a case study of such industrial architecture: a decommissioned factory near Naples. The complex consists of multiple structures with vertical supports made of yellow tuff stone and roofs framed by wooden trusses. To improve the building’s seismic resilience, a comprehensive analysis was conducted, encompassing its historical, geometric, and structural characteristics. Using advanced computer software, the factory was modelled with a macro-element approach, allowing for a detailed assessment of its seismic vulnerability. This approach facilitated both a global analysis of the building’s overall behaviour and the identification of potential local collapse mechanisms. Non-linear analyses revealed a critical lack of seismic safety, particularly in the Y direction, with significant out-of-plane collapse risk due to weak connections among walls. Based on these findings, a restoration and consolidation plan was developed to enhance the structural integrity of the building and to ensure its long-term safety and functionality. This plan incorporated metal tie rods, masonry strengthening through injections, and roof reconstruction. The proposed interventions not only address immediate seismic risks but also contribute to the broader goal of preserving this industrial architectural heritage. This study introduces a novel multidisciplinary methodology—integrating seismic analysis, traditional retrofit techniques, and sustainable reuse—specifically tailored to the rarely addressed typology of masonry industrial structures. By transforming the factory into a functional urban space, the project presents a replicable model for preserving industrial heritage within contemporary cityscapes. Full article

Urban food markets are increasingly being recognized not only as centres of cultural identity and tourism but also as pivotal spaces for promoting urban sustainability. This study explores the role of urban markets in advancing sustainable cultural tourism, using Obor Market in Bucharest as a case study. As a historic marketplace and cultural landmark, Obor Market embodies Bucharest’s traditional commercial practices and community-oriented values. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping and systematic surveys, we evaluate the location of markets, cultural authenticity, and visitor satisfaction. The quantitative findings reveal meaningful correlations between demographic factors (particularly nationality and age) and visitor perceptions, highlighting the market’s appeal through its authentic culinary offerings and immersive sensory experience. However, this study also identifies shortcomings in current promotional strategies employed by local stakeholders. The results suggest that urban food markets can serve as sustainable urban assets, fostering cross-cultural integration, supporting local economies, and encouraging environmentally conscious tourism behaviours. We argue for data-informed urban cultural policies that enhance the visibility, accessibility, and sustainability of such spaces, reinforcing their dual role as economic drivers and cultural touchstones. Full article

Subway construction changes land use patterns, disrupting the balance between traffic supply and demand and influencing residents’ activity and travel behaviors along the route. Previous studies have often overlooked the multiple attributes of the subway and their varying impacts on daily activities. To understand how subway construction affects travel and activity patterns, this study analyzed travel data from two years before and after the opening of the Kunming Subway. Propensity score matching was used to control for socioeconomic changes unrelated to the subway. The findings show the following: (1) The subway’s introduction leads to the development of commercial and civic amenities around its stations, attracting wealthier and more educated residents, which contributes to gentrification. (2) Overall, subway construction extends urban residential and employment areas, increasing residents’ dependence on cars and promoting a more motor-centric lifestyle. As a result, the subway’s ability to reduce car usage is limited. (3) The subway alters the impact of the built environment on travel behavior, with residents closer to the subway experiencing shorter travel distances and reduced activity spaces, while those further away maintain longer travel distances and greater activity areas. Full article

Background: The integration of mining and urban spaces in coal-resource-based cities holds significant implications for urban transformation and sustainable development. However, existing research lacks an in-depth analysis of its characteristics and driving factors. Methods: This study takes the central urban area of Huaibei City as a case, utilizing historical documents, POI data, and spatial analysis methods to explore the evolution patterns and influencing factors of mining–urban spatial integration. Standard deviation ellipse analysis was employed to examine historical spatial changes, while a binary logistic regression model and principal component analysis were constructed based on 300 m × 300 m grid units to assess the roles of 11 factors, including location, transportation, commerce, and natural environment. Results: The results indicate that mining–urban spatial integration exhibits characteristics of lag, clustering, transportation dominance, and continuity. Commercial activity density, particularly leisure, dining, and shopping facilities, serves as a core driving factor. Road network density, along with the areas of educational and residential zones, positively promotes integration, whereas water surface areas (such as subsidence zones) significantly inhibit it. Among high-integration areas, Xiangshan District stands as the most economically prosperous city center; Lieshan–Yangzhuang mining area blends traditional and modern elements; and Zhuzhuang–Zhangzhuang mining area reflects the industrial landscape post-transformation. Conclusions: The study reveals diverse integration patterns under the synergistic effects of multiple factors, providing a scientific basis for optimizing spatial layouts and coordinating mining–urban development in coal-resource-based cities. Future research should continue to pay attention to the dynamic changes of spatial integration of mining cities, explore more effective integrated development models, and promote the rational and efficient use of urban space and the sustainable development of cities. Full article