Search Results (18,820)

Rare-earth elements (REEs), which include the entire lanthanide series together with scandium and yttrium, have unique electronic configurations and coordination chemical properties that provide them with special magnetic, optical, and redox abilities. Generally used for diagnostic imaging and theranostic applications, increasing evidence emphasizes their potential as direct anticancer agents. This review aims to present a thorough investigation of the studies published in the last ten years that focus on the intrinsic anticancer properties of REE-based molecular complexes and nanostructures, without discussing their recognized imaging functions. Rare-earth compounds exhibit selective cytotoxicity against malignant cells via mechanisms that mainly include modulations in the generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunctions, interaction with DNA molecules, apoptosis, and ferroptosis induction, as well as radiosensitization. Molecular complexes that are based on the trivalent coordination chemistry of REEs enable them to target biomolecules like DNA and serum albumin. Nanostructured systems, on the other hand, render tumors more responsive to treatment by improving the cellular uptake, enabling surface functionalization, and controlling ROS generation. Terbium, thulium, yttrium, scandium, ytterbium, cerium, erbium, dysprosium, and europium show different levels of anticancer activity in both in vitro and in vivo cancer models. They often exert more toxicity in tumor cells than in normal tissues, thus exhibiting selective anticancer effects. The findings collectively underscore the therapeutic potential of REE-based compounds as novel metal-based anticancer agents and advocate for additional mechanistic and translational research to enhance their clinical applicability. Full article

The textile industry wastewater contaminated by azo dyes usually contains a certain amount of salinity. Therefore, screening for microorganisms capable of degrading azo dyes in saline environments is of great significance. In this study, the decolorizing activity of azo dye methyl red (MR) by Klebsiella aerogenes WH2 (WH2), newly isolated from soil, was evaluated. WH2 was able to decolorize 92.4% and 86.0% of MR at concentrations of 200 mg/L and 300 mg/L within 24 h, respectively. Given that WH2 exhibited enhanced growth and superior degradation capacity in the presence of 2.5% NaCl compared to salt-free conditions, it can be classified as a slight halophile. Approximately 87.7% of MR was removed by WH2 in the presence of 10.0% NaCl within 24 h. Azoreductase activity assays indicated that WH2 retained higher enzyme activity in the presence of NaCl concentrations not exceeding 7.5%. The degradation products and putative metabolic pathways for MR degradation by WH2 were analyzed using FTIR and LC-MS. Phytotoxicity analysis based on seed germination of Vigna radiata indicated that the degradation products of MR exhibited less toxicity than the parent compound. The high degradation efficiency of MR under high salt concentrations makes WH2 a promising candidate for the treatment of saline textile wastewater. Full article

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used endocrine-disrupting chemical that has been linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. This study investigated whether carvacrol (CAR), a natural monoterpene with antioxidant potential, mitigates BPA-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Forty-two male Wistar albino rats were allocated into six groups (n = 7/group): control, vehicle (corn oil), BPA (25 mg/kg/day), and BPA co-administered with CAR (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 30 days. Oxidative status was assessed in liver and kidney homogenates by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In addition, histopathological evaluations were performed, and pro-inflammatory gene expression (NF-κB, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) was quantified by RT-qPCR. BPA induced a consistent pro-oxidant pattern, including increased hepatic MDA with depleted antioxidant defenses, and upregulated inflammatory transcripts. Carvacrol attenuated these alterations in a dose-dependent manner, and the CAR50 group was associated with statistically supported improvements across the oxidative stress panel, pro-inflammatory transcript expression, and histopathology scores. Overall, these findings identify carvacrol as a candidate for further preclinical evaluation against BPA-triggered oxidative and inflammatory disturbances in vivo; however, human-relevant extrapolation will require careful attention to dose scaling, bioavailability, and metabolism. Full article

Botanical insecticides containing a mixture of plant essential oils (EOs) are considered suitable for the management of houseflies (M. domestica). The adulticidal efficacies of single EOs and mixtures of EOs, including lemongrass (C. citratus), star anise (I. verum), nutmeg (M. fragrans), and their components (geranial, trans-anethole, and α-pinene), against houseflies were determined in comparison to 2% (w/v) α-cypermethrin as the positive control and distilled water as the negative control. The mixture of star anise EO (1%) + geranial (1%) was the most effective adulticide, superseding single EOs, other combinations of EOs, and its active component, α-cypermethrin, and distilled water. This mixture was highly synergistic and was found to be over 74% more toxic than all single EOs and almost 2.6 times more toxic than α-cypermethrin. Furthermore, the tested EOs did not cause mortality in guppies (P. reticulata) or earthworms (E. fetida), and caused a maximum of 48% mortality in honeybees (A. mellifera) at 24 h; by contrast, α-cypermethrin led to 100% mortality in honeybees within 0.5 h and in guppies and earthworms within 24 h, although it had low toxicity toward houseflies. Thus, a mixture of star anise EO + geranial is a promising source of EO-derived insecticides for housefly control that is also safe for important non-target species. Full article

Currently, the resource wastage and safety hazards caused by fruit and vegetable spoilage are becoming increasingly prominent. Developing green, efficient, and non-toxic novel preservation materials has emerged as a hot spot in fruit and vegetable research. Based on this, this study utilized pomegranate peel as a raw material to prepare spherical multifunctional carbon dots (P-CDs) with an average particle size of 1.98 ± 0.58 nm through a one-step hydrothermal reaction. Subsequently, P-CDs were co-incorporated with L-cysteine (L-Cys) into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) matrix to construct a novel composite coating material with combined antibacterial, antioxidant, and preservation functions. Experimental results demonstrate that P-CDs exhibit outstanding antioxidant activity and antibacterial performance. Compared to PVA/CS film, the P-CDs/L-Cys/PVA/CS film exhibited a 6.55 MPa increase in tensile strength and significantly enhanced thermal stability. Furthermore, the incorporation of P-CDs and L-Cys markedly boosted the PVA/CS film’s antioxidant activity (97% for ABTS; 85.69% for DPPH), antibacterial performance, and ultraviolet (UV) shielding capability. Coating cherry tomatoes with the P-CDs/L-cysteine/PVA/CS composite extended their shelf life by 6 days. This composite coating material exhibits preliminary biocompatibility and eco-friendly properties, aligning with green sustainable development needs and offering a novel potential solution for food preservation technology, while its practical applicability to food safety requires further comprehensive verification. Full article

Marine-derived natural products are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential in cancer and other chronic diseases. Despite significant advances, current cancer treatments remain challenged by toxicity, drug resistance, and limited survival benefits. Natural compounds offer promising alternatives due to their multi-target mechanisms and favorable safety profiles. Among them, Spirulina, a filamentous cyanobacterium, stands out for its rich composition and diverse biological activities. Its anticancer effects involve apoptosis induction via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, cell cycle arrest at G1/S or G2/M phases, inhibition of angiogenesis through the VEGF/VEGFR2 axis, and suppression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. These activities are mainly attributed to C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, phenolic compounds, and immunomodulatory polysaccharides. Spirulina also exhibits potent immunomodulatory effects by enhancing natural killer cell activity, promoting M1 macrophage polarization, and regulating Th1 and Th17 cytokine responses, highlighting its potential as both an immunotherapeutic and chemoprotective agent. Moreover, preclinical findings suggest it may reduce chemotherapy-associated side effects. However, translation into clinical therapy remains limited by low bioavailability, lack of standardized extracts, and scarce clinical evidence. This review summarizes current mechanistic and immunological insights and highlights the need for optimized formulations, defined dosing strategies, and well-designed clinical trials to validate Spirulina’s potential in cancer treatment. Full article

(1) Background: Aristolochia spp. are plants spread around the world and are cautiously used for medicinal purposes due to their toxic compounds. Because of their content of aristolochic acid I (AAI), a major carcinogenic compound, these plant preparations can cause acute and chronic kidney disease, which is associated with cancer. These compounds also contaminate the environment where Aristolochia plants grow, leading to indirect exposure of the population. (2) Methods: The study provides a practical solution for minimizing the toxic effects of AAI using activated charcoal (AC). An ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a diode array detector (DAD) was used for the AAI qualitative and quantitative evaluation at different time points. Also, the greenness of the chromatographic analysis was evaluated with the AGREE method. (3) Results: A medical pill of 250 mg AC removed 125 µg/mL AAI from a methanolic solution in 30 min with 97.65% efficiency. The greenness for the analytical evaluation was 58%. (4) Conclusions: This study offers, for the first time, a low-cost medical and environmental solution for AAI contamination. The UHPLC–DAD method seems to be an environmentally responsible platform for the AAI routine analysis. AC shows efficient removal, which could be used both for Aristolochia sp. pharmaceutical preparations as well as in environmental decontamination. Full article

Candida parapsilosis is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections due to its persistence on abiotic surfaces and efficient transmission via healthcare workers’ hands. This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy and safety of clinically relevant antiseptics against 60 C. parapsilosis clinical isolates using a surface carrier test designed to simulate contamination and disinfection events on hospital surfaces. Antifungal activity was assessed by logarithmic reduction (log₁₀) assays on surface carriers and by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing. Potential synergistic interactions between antiseptics and selected phytochemicals were investigated using checkerboard assays, and toxicity was evaluated in vivo using Caenorhabditis elegans. Surface carrier assays showed that 70% ethanol and 0.5% alcoholic chlorhexidine (CHG) achieved the highest fungicidal activity, with reductions of up to 5 log₁₀ after 1 min exposure at 25 °C. Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) displayed consistently low MIC values (0.4–0.9 ppm) and intermediate surface activity. CHG combined with eugenol or menthol produced strong synergistic interactions, reducing CHG MICs from up to 6250 ppm to as low as 20 ppm (>300-fold). Toxicity assays revealed a narrow safety margin for CHG, whereas PHMGH showed a more gradual concentration-dependent toxicity profile. These findings highlight clinically relevant differences in antiseptic performance and identify combination strategies that may reduce CHG exposure while maintaining antifungal efficacy. Full article

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, a considerable proportion of patients do not achieve durable clinical benefits. This highlights the need for reliable predictive biomarkers, which are currently lacking. The accumulated evidence supports a relevant role of the gut–liver axis in modulating immunotherapy outcomes, and several studies have identified distinct microbial features associated with either responders or non-responders. Responders to immunotherapy frequently present with higher microbial diversity and enrichment of beneficial taxa, whereas the expansion of pro-inflammatory and pathogenic bacteria has been associated with primary resistance and increased treatment-related toxicity in non-responders. However, the available findings remain heterogeneous across cohorts, likely owing to differences in geography, diet, liver disease etiology, treatment regimens, and microbiome analytical methods. Machine-learning models integrating metagenomic and metabolomic data have shown encouraging results in defining microbial signatures associated with treatment outcomes, although variability among cohorts currently limits their clinical applicability and generalizability. Beyond microbial taxonomic composition, microbiota-derived metabolites—such as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, inosine, and tryptophan catabolites—appear to play a crucial role in shaping the tumor microenvironment and host immune responses, thus representing additional candidate biomarkers, also due to the relative ease of their measurement. Finally, microbiota-targeted interventions are emerging as potential strategies to enhance immunotherapy efficacy. Overall, the gut microbiome and its metabolic activity represent promising tools, albeit still under investigation, for patient stratification and personalized management in HCC treated with ICIs. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current evidence on gut microbiota-derived biomarkers of response and resistance to ICIs in HCC, with particular focus on microbial composition, microbiota-related metabolites, and emerging microbiome-based therapeutic strategies. This narrative review provides an updated overview of the role of gut microbiota as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Full article

Smoking is a major lifestyle factor associated with impaired male reproductive health, affecting both active smokers and individuals exposed to secondhand smoke. It also represents a significant source of cadmium (Cd) exposure, a toxic metal associated with altered sperm quality. This study aimed to evaluate the association between active and passive smoking and semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation, and chromatin decondensation, as well as cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) levels in seminal plasma. A total of 280 men from infertile couples were included and categorized into three groups: 104 non-smokers (control), 90 active smokers, and 86 passive smokers. Semen samples were analyzed according to the WHO 2021 guidelines. Cadmium and zinc concentrations in seminal plasma were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation were evaluated. The findings indicated that both active and passive smoking were associated with impaired semen parameters, increased sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin decondensation, decreased zinc levels, and elevated cadmium concentrations in seminal plasma. Full article

Phytochemicals have attracted considerable attention as therapeutically relevant bioactive compounds due to their diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and metabolic regulatory effects. However, their clinical translation is frequently hindered by unfavorable pharmaceutical properties such as poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability, rapid metabolism, and limited bioavailability. These challenges have constrained the reproducibility and therapeutic reliability of phytochemical-based interventions. In this context, nanotechnology-enabled delivery systems have emerged as effective strategies to overcome the intrinsic limitations of phytochemicals and enhance their biological performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nanotechnology-based delivery platforms for phytochemicals, with emphasis on lipid-based nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems, inorganic and hybrid nanocarriers, as well as hydrogel-based and transdermal delivery systems. We discuss how rational nanocarrier design improves solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics, cellular uptake, and tissue targeting, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy across multiple disease areas. In addition, critical safety, toxicity, manufacturing, and regulatory considerations that influence translational potential are addressed. By adopting a delivery-centered perspective, this review highlights current challenges and future opportunities in nano-phytomedicine and underscores the importance of integrating nanotechnology, biological insight, and regulatory-conscious development to advance phytochemicals toward clinically viable therapeutic applications. Full article

Plating on Plastics (PoP) requires specific surface pre-treatment steps to enable metallization. The conventional PoP industry utilizes hexavalent chromium (toxic, carcinogenic) and palladium (critical raw material) for surface etching and activation, respectively, raising significant health, environmental, and economic concerns. This work is based on a new Cr⁶⁺-free and Pd-free PoP technology that uses piranha (H₂O₂-H₂SO₄) solutions for surface etching, nickel salts for activation, and NaBH₄ for reduction, ultimately forming metallic nucleation sites for downstream electroless plating and electroplating. A comprehensive modeling approach was developed to simulate and predict unit operation performance (reaction kinetics and yields) and material properties (contact angle and adhesion) across processing stages of the new technology. State-of-the-art and data-driven modeling revealed the combinatorial relationships among process performance, the achieved properties and the different settings of process operating conditions. The results also highlighted capabilities for tuning all processes over a range of conditions, reaching desired product specifications (adhesion and thickness). The models were constructed as a Decision Support Tool (DST) serving economic, environmental, safety and Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) objectives. The DST can be used through a user-friendly interface that enables the insertion of user-defined inputs and monitoring of optimization results. Full article

Organ preservation is a necessary and diverse process in morphological studies and is traditionally achieved through formalin fixation and plastination. A comparatively innovative method is organ embedding in epoxy resin, which provides durable and non-toxic models during manipulation. This study aimed to create 30 models: 12 from human specimens and 18 from animal specimens. Samples were incubated in 96.2% ethanol for 24 h to disinfect and remove formalin and excess fat, followed by 100% glycerol incubation for 2 h under vacuum to create a protective interface between the tissue and the activated epoxy resin. Afterward, the tissues were fixed in scaffolds and embedded in epoxy resin. Once hardened, the models were post-processed to enhance clarity and longevity. Each model was mounted on a wooden platform featuring a QR code linking to a presentation describing the visible anatomical structures. Some modifications were made to previously described protocols to optimize the method, improving quality and reducing preparation time. Among the 30 models, two anatomical and two clinical cases of organ preservation were especially interesting. Despite the numerous challenges and limitations, this method yields promising potential for morphological studies, allowing safe organ manipulation without protective equipment and anatomical documentation via QR code-linked presentations. Full article

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent chemicals associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, yet individual PFAS compounds may exert distinct toxicological mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the toxic effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in Drosophila melanogaster using survival assays and measurements of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity as indicators of systematic toxicity and neurotoxicity, respectively. Male flies were exposed to PFOA and PFNA under different feeding conditions, concentrations, and temperatures. Both compounds reduced fly viability and impaired neuronal function, but with markedly different toxicological profiles. PFNA caused a pronounced, concentration-dependent reduction in lifespan under all tested conditions, indicating a strong systemic toxicity. In contrast, PFOA exerted a comparatively weaker effect on survival but induced a more pronounced reduction in AChE activity, consistent with enhanced neurotoxicity. PFOA-induced neurotoxicity in Drosophila may represent early molecular events that predispose neurons to degeneration, contributing to conditions such as dementia. Together, these findings demonstrate that structurally similar PFAS compounds can induce distinct toxicological outcomes and highlight the importance of evaluating individual PFAS using complementary assays. Moreover, this study underscores the utility of Drosophila melanogaster as a sensitive and mechanistically informative model for dissecting compound-specific PFAS toxicity. Full article

Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially toxic element that impairs plant growth and threatens food safety and human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sulfur (S) supplementation on Cd uptake and tolerance in rice under hydroponic conditions. Rice seedlings were exposed to Cd stress and treated with S at different concentrations. Physiological traits, oxidative damage markers, thiol compounds, and ionomic profiles in rice plants were assessed. S supplementation reduced Cd-induced growth inhibition, restoring plant biomass. Although Cd accumulation increased with S treatment, it was accompanied by enhanced antioxidant responses, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde. S application increased the production of thiol-containing compounds, including γ-glutamylcysteine, glutathione, and phytochelatins, which helped chelate Cd and sequester it in vacuoles, particularly in roots. Additionally, S supplementation altered the essential nutrient composition in rice tissues, particularly the uptake of N, P, and K, while influencing levels of Ca, Mg, and other essential elements. S supplementation enhanced rice tolerance to Cd stress by reestablishing ROS balance, activating thiol-based detoxification pathways, and regulating mineral nutrient balance. Furthermore, sulfur (S) exhibited a dual effect in plants, enhancing cadmium (Cd) uptake while also promoting its detoxification, underscoring its role in improving crop resilience in contaminated soils. Full article