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17 pages, 9471 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Fine Mapping of the Stay-Green-Related Spot Leaf Gene TaSpl1 with Enhanced Stripe Rust and Powdery Mildew Resistance in Wheat
by Xiaomin Xu, Xin Du, Yanlong Jin, Yanzhen Wang, Zhenyu Wang, Jixin Zhao, Changyou Wang, Xinlun Liu, Chunhuan Chen, Pingchuan Deng, Tingdong Li and Wanquan Ji
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4002; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094002 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 472
Abstract
Lesion mimic phenotypes, characterized by leaf spots formed in the absence of pathogens or pests, are often associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell necrosis. This study identified a novel and stable homozygous spotted phenotype (HSP) from the F8 population [...] Read more.
Lesion mimic phenotypes, characterized by leaf spots formed in the absence of pathogens or pests, are often associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell necrosis. This study identified a novel and stable homozygous spotted phenotype (HSP) from the F8 population of common wheat (XN509 × N07216). The yellow spots that appeared at the booting stage were light-sensitive, and accompanied by cell necrosis and H2O2 accumulation. Compared with homozygous normal plants (HNPs), HSPs exhibited enhanced resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew without compromising yield. RNA-Seq analysis at three stages revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HSPs and HNPs were significantly enriched in KEGG pathways related to photosynthesis and photosynthesis-antenna proteins. GO analysis highlighted chloroplast and light stimulus-related down-regulated DEGs. Fine mapping identified TaSpl1 within a 0.91 Mb interval on chromosome 3DS, flanked by the markers KASP188 and KASP229, using two segregating populations comprising 1117 individuals. The candidate region contained 42 annotated genes, including 14 DEGs based on previous BSR-Seq data. PCR amplification and qRT-PCR verification identified the expression of TraesCS3D02G022100 was consistent with RNA-Seq data. Gene homology analysis and silencing experiments confirmed that TraesCS3D02G022100 was associated with stay-green traits. These findings provide new insights into the genetic regulation of lesion mimics, photosynthesis, and disease resistance in wheat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat Genetics and Genomics: 3rd Edition)
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15 pages, 7767 KiB  
Article
Effect of Mo Addition on the Susceptibility of Advanced High Strength Steels to Liquid Metal Embrittlement
by Fateme Abdiyan, Joseph R. McDermid, Fernando Okigami, Bita Pourbahari, Andrew Macwan, Mirnaly Saenz de Miera, Brian Langelier, Gabriel A. Arcuri and Hatem S. Zurob
Materials 2025, 18(6), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061291 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 659
Abstract
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) in Zn-coated advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) is an increasing concern, particularly in automotive assembly, where it can cause early failure and reduce ductility during resistance spot welding (RSW). This study explores the impact of adding 0.2 wt% Mo on [...] Read more.
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) in Zn-coated advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) is an increasing concern, particularly in automotive assembly, where it can cause early failure and reduce ductility during resistance spot welding (RSW). This study explores the impact of adding 0.2 wt% Mo on the LME susceptibility of 0.2C-2Mn-1.5Si AHSS through hot tensile testing, RSW, and advanced microstructural analyses, including atom probe tomography (APT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results suggest that Mo enhances resistance to LME, as evidenced by the increased tensile stroke from 2 mm in the case of the 0 Mo alloy and to 2.75 mm in the case of the 0.2 Mo sample. Also, the average crack length in the shoulder of the welded samples decreased from 109 ± 7 μm to 28 ± 3 μm by adding 0.2 wt% Mo to the base alloy. APT analysis revealed that, in the presence of Mo, there is increased boron (B) segregation at austenite grain boundaries, improving cohesion, while TEM suggested more diffusion of Zn into the substrate, facilitating the formation of Zn-ferrite. These findings highlight Mo’s potential to reduce LME susceptibility of AHSS for automotive applications. Full article
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16 pages, 21816 KiB  
Article
The High-Cycle Tensile–Shear Fatigue Properties and Failure Mechanism of Resistance Spot-Welded Advanced High-Strength Steel with a Zn Coating
by Yu Sun, Jiayi Zhou, Rongxun Hu, Hua Pan, Kai Ding, Ming Lei and Yulai Gao
Materials 2024, 17(18), 4463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184463 - 11 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1491
Abstract
Advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) with Zn coatings are commonly joined by the resistance spot welding (RSW) technique. However, Zn coatings could possibly cause the formation of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracks during the RSW process. The role of a Zn coating in the [...] Read more.
Advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) with Zn coatings are commonly joined by the resistance spot welding (RSW) technique. However, Zn coatings could possibly cause the formation of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracks during the RSW process. The role of a Zn coating in the tensile–shear fatigue properties of a welding joint has not been systematically explored. In this study, the fatigue properties of tensile–shear RSW joints for bare and Zn-coated advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) specimens were comparatively studied. In particular, more severe LME cracks were triggered by employing a tilted welding electrode because much more stress was caused in the joint. LME cracks had clearly occurred in the Zn-coated steel RSW joints, as observed via optical microscopy. On the contrary, no LME cracks could be found in the RSW joints prepared with the bare steel sheets. The fatigue test results showed that the tensile–shear fatigue properties remained nearly unchanged, regardless of whether bare or Zn-coated steel was used for the RSW joints. Furthermore, Zn mapping adjacent to the crack initiation source was obtained by an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), and it showed no segregation of the Zn element. Thus, the failure of the RSW joints with the Zn coating had not initiated from the LME cracks. It was concluded that the fatigue cracks were initiated by the stress concentration in the notch position between the two bonded steel sheets. Full article
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23 pages, 11187 KiB  
Article
PI3SO: A Spectroscopic γ-Ray Scanner Table for Sort and Segregate Radwaste Analysis
by Gaetano Elio Poma, Chiara Rita Failla, Simone Amaducci, Luigi Cosentino, Fabio Longhitano, Gianfranco Vecchio and Paolo Finocchiaro
Inventions 2024, 9(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9040085 - 26 Jul 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1584
Abstract
The current scenario of radioactive waste management requires innovative and automated solutions to ensure its effectiveness and safety. In response to this need, the Proximity Imaging System for Sort and Segregate Operations (PI3SO) project was proposed. It is a gamma radiation proximity scanner [...] Read more.
The current scenario of radioactive waste management requires innovative and automated solutions to ensure its effectiveness and safety. In response to this need, the Proximity Imaging System for Sort and Segregate Operations (PI3SO) project was proposed. It is a gamma radiation proximity scanner system for radioactive waste with the primary goal of speeding up some aspects of the waste management cycle while reducing direct human operations. The system will provide proximity imaging for hot-spot finding and spectral analysis for radiological characterization, enabling semiautomatic recognition, sorting and separation of radioactive waste. The core of the proposed scanning system consists of an array of 128 CsI(Tl) scintillators, 1 cm3 size, coupled with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), installed on a motorized bridge sliding along a suitable table in order to scan the materials under investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Applied Chemistry and Physics)
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14 pages, 4468 KiB  
Brief Report
New Strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens G1 as a Potential Downy Mildew Biocontrol Agent for Grape
by Wenyan Qiao, Xingjiao Kang, Xiwei Ma, Longxian Ran and Zhixian Zhen
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071532 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1722
Abstract
To obtain effective biocontrol strains for downy mildew of grape, 38 endophytic bacteria were isolated from fruits, seeds, and old stems of six grape varieties. Using spot inoculation mixtures of sporangial suspensions of Plasmopara viticola and biocontrol bacterial suspension, this screen yielded three [...] Read more.
To obtain effective biocontrol strains for downy mildew of grape, 38 endophytic bacteria were isolated from fruits, seeds, and old stems of six grape varieties. Using spot inoculation mixtures of sporangial suspensions of Plasmopara viticola and biocontrol bacterial suspension, this screen yielded three strains (G1, G5, and G9) with good antagonistic effects against P. viticola. The growth inhibition rate was 100%, which was comparable to the effect of the positive control Bacillus subtilis strain CN181. The enzyme activity and the metabolites of strain G1 were examined on casein hydrolysate medium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose agar plates, and chrome azurol sulfonate (CAS) agar plates. The antifungal protein component was identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The results showed that strain G1 was more effective against Plasmopara viticola after two field trials, and the inhibition rates of strain G1 on the seventh day of the two field trials were 47.5% and 36.9%, respectively. Strain G1 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on morphological examination and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. It produced proteases, cellulases, and siderophores. Crude protein of the strain mainly included the putative segregation protein SpoVG, which inhibited P. viticola. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Pathology of Viticulture)
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13 pages, 4821 KiB  
Article
Bulked Segregant Analysis by Sequencing-Based Genetic Mapping of the Green Spotted Fruit Rind Regulating Locus in Wild Melon XNM020 Reveals Four Possible Candidate Genes
by Yuqing Zhou, Yuqing Yang, Yachen Xiang, Haibing Cui, Yuan Zhou, Hanqiang Liu, Huijun Zhang and Yupeng Pan
Agronomy 2024, 14(6), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061106 - 23 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1419
Abstract
Fruit rind patterns are vital commercial quality traits in melon, in which the spotted or striped fruit rinds contribute to the commercial value of melon and can directly affect the choice of consumers. Although the spotted or non-spotted fruit rind pattern was studied [...] Read more.
Fruit rind patterns are vital commercial quality traits in melon, in which the spotted or striped fruit rinds contribute to the commercial value of melon and can directly affect the choice of consumers. Although the spotted or non-spotted fruit rind pattern was studied in several cultivated melon accessions, the inheritance and regulating locus of this trait in wild melons are still unknown. Therefore, in this study, the inheritance and regulating loci of the green spotted fruit rind in a wild melon accession XNM020 were explored with F2 segregating populations derived from crossing between XNM020 and a cultivated melon XNM125. Segregating ratios of phenotypic data indicated that the green spotted fruit rind in XNM020 has a monogenic dominant inheritance. BSA-Seq showed that two potential genomic regions on chromosomes 4 (from 0.00 to 2.97 Mb) and 5 (from 0.00 to 2.34 Mb) regulate the formation of the green spotted fruit rind in wild melon XNM020. According to the annotations of polymorphic SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) and small InDels (insertions and deletions) in target genomic regions and the predicted gene functions, four genes MELO3C003316, MELO3C003375, MELO3C003388, and MELO3C014660 regulating chloroplast development or chlorophyll biosynthesis may be the best candidate genes. The results of this study enriched the inheritances of spotted fruit rinds in melon and also provided target genomic regions for marker-assisted selection breeding of melon focusing on fruit rinds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)
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21 pages, 5914 KiB  
Article
Molecular Mapping of Putative Genomic Regions Controlling Fruit and Seed Morphology of Watermelon
by Tiantian Yang, Sikandar Amanullah, Shenglong Li, Rui Cheng, Chen Zhang, Zhengxiang Zhao, Hongyu Liu, Feishi Luan and Xuezheng Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(21), 15755; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115755 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2130
Abstract
The genetic regulatory basis of qualitative and quantitative phenotypes of watermelon is being investigated in different types of molecular and genetic breeding studies around the world. In this study, biparental F2 mapping populations were developed over two experimental years, and the collected [...] Read more.
The genetic regulatory basis of qualitative and quantitative phenotypes of watermelon is being investigated in different types of molecular and genetic breeding studies around the world. In this study, biparental F2 mapping populations were developed over two experimental years, and the collected datasets of fruit and seed traits exhibited highly significant correlations. Whole-genome resequencing of comparative parental lines was performed and detected single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were converted into cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. The screened polymorphic markers were genotyped in segregating populations and two genetic linkage maps were constructed, which covered a total of 2834.28 and 2721.45 centimorgan (cM) genetic lengths, respectively. A total of 22 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seven phenotypic traits were mapped; among them, five stable and major-effect QTLs (PC-8-1, SL-9-1, SWi-9-1, SSi-9-1, and SW-6-1) and four minor-effect QTLs (PC-2-1 and PC-2-2; PT-2-1 and PT-2-2; SL-6-1 and SSi-6-2; and SWi-6-1 and SWi-6-2) were observed with 3.77–38.98% PVE. The adjacent QTL markers showed a good fit marker-trait association, and a significant allele-specific contribution was also noticed for genetic inheritance of traits. Further, a total of four candidate genes (Cla97C09G179150, Cla97C09G179350, Cla97C09G180040, and Cla97C09G180100) were spotted in the stable colocalized QTLs of seed size linked traits (SL-9-1 and SWi-9-1) that showed non-synonymous type mutations. The gene expression trends indicated that the seed morphology had been formed in the early developmental stage and showed the genetic regulation of seed shape formation. Hence, we think that our identified QTLs and genes would provide powerful genetic insights for marker-assisted breeding aimed at improving the quality traits of watermelon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Melon Breeding and Molecular Research)
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14 pages, 4936 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning-Based Understanding of Defects in Continuous Casting Product
by Zeyuan Ding, Jingxiao Zhao, Raja Devesh Kuma Misra, Fujian Guo, Zhenjia Xie, Xuelin Wang, Xiucheng Li, Jingliang Wang and Chengjia Shang
Metals 2023, 13(11), 1809; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13111809 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2809
Abstract
A novel YOLOv5 network is presented in this paper to quantify the degree of defects in continuously cast billets. The proposed network addresses the challenges posed by noise or dirty spots and different defect sizes in the images of these billets. The CBAM-YOLOv5 [...] Read more.
A novel YOLOv5 network is presented in this paper to quantify the degree of defects in continuously cast billets. The proposed network addresses the challenges posed by noise or dirty spots and different defect sizes in the images of these billets. The CBAM-YOLOv5 network integrates the channel and spatial attention of the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) with the C3 layer of the YOLOv5 network structure to better fuse channel and spatial information, with focus on the defect target, and improve the network’s detection capability, particularly for different levels of segregation. As a result, the feature pyramid is improved. The feature map obtained after the fourth down-sampling of the backbone network is fed into the feature pyramid through CBAM to improve the perceptual field of the target and reduce information loss during the fusion process. Finally, a self-built dataset of continuously cast billets collected from different sources is used, and several experiments are conducted using this database. The experimental results show that the average accuracy (mAP) of the network is 93.7%, which can achieve intelligent rating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels (2nd Edition))
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16 pages, 2103 KiB  
Article
Potential of Arabica Coffee Beans from Northern Thailand: Exploring Antidiabetic Metabolites through Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Metabolomic Profiling across Diverse Postharvest Processing Techniques
by Cholpisut Tantapakul, Sucheewin Krobthong, Prasara Jakkaew, Wattanapong Sittisaree, Chanat Aonbangkhen and Yodying Yingchutrakul
Foods 2023, 12(21), 3893; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12213893 - 24 Oct 2023
Viewed by 3332
Abstract
Coffee, a widely consumed beverage worldwide, undergoes postharvest methods that influence its physicochemical characteristics, while roasting modulates its composition, affecting sensory attributes. This study investigates the impact of distinct postharvest methods (washed and natural) on the antidiabetic activities, including α-amylase and DPP4, as [...] Read more.
Coffee, a widely consumed beverage worldwide, undergoes postharvest methods that influence its physicochemical characteristics, while roasting modulates its composition, affecting sensory attributes. This study investigates the impact of distinct postharvest methods (washed and natural) on the antidiabetic activities, including α-amylase and DPP4, as well as the phytochemical profiling of geological indicator (GI) coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.). The results indicate notable differences in antidiabetic activity and phytochemical profiles between washed and natural processing methods. Coffee beans processed naturally exhibit significant suppression of DPP4 and α-amylase activities (p-value < 0.01) compared to beans processed using the washed technique. TLC profiling using the ratios of the solvent systems of ethyl acetate/dichloromethane (DCM) and acetone/DCM as separation solvents reveals dominant spots for the washed technique. LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis using principle component analysis (PCA) clearly segregates samples processed by the natural and washed techniques without any overlap region. A total of 1114 phytochemicals, including amino acids and short peptides, are annotated. The natural processing of coffee beans has been shown to yield a slightly higher content of chlorogenic acid (CGA) compared to the washed processing method. Our findings highlight the distinct bioactivities and phytochemical compositions of GI coffee beans processed using different techniques. This information can guide consumers in choosing coffee processing methods that offer potential benefits in terms of alternative treatment for diabetes. Full article
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19 pages, 6916 KiB  
Article
Thermo-Responsive Sol-Gel-Based Nano-Carriers Containing Terbinafine HCl: Formulation, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Characterization, and Antifungal Activity
by Maryam Bajwa, Naila Tabassam, Huma Hameed, Ali Irfan, Muhammad Zaman, Mahtab Ahmad Khan, Gamal A. Shazly, Tooba Mehboob, Tehseen Riaz and Yousef A. Bin Jardan
Gels 2023, 9(10), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9100830 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2466
Abstract
The current research aims to create a sol-gel-based nanocarrier containing terbinafine formulated for transdermal delivery of the drug into the skin. Sol-gel-based nanocarriers were prepared via the cold method using poloxamer-188, poloxamer-407, and distilled water. The prepared formulation was examined for pH, gelation [...] Read more.
The current research aims to create a sol-gel-based nanocarrier containing terbinafine formulated for transdermal delivery of the drug into the skin. Sol-gel-based nanocarriers were prepared via the cold method using poloxamer-188, poloxamer-407, and distilled water. The prepared formulation was examined for pH, gelation temperature, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis, thermal stability analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, zeta potential, and anti-microbial activity. The in-vitro drug release study of F1 was found to be 94%, which showed greater drug release as compared to F2 and F3. The pH of the formulation was found to be within the range applicable to the skin. The gelation temperature was detected at 28 °C. The SEM images of formulations have spotted various particles well-segregated from each other. Analysis of formulations showed a mean globule size diameter of 428 nm, zeta potential values of 0.04 mV, refractive index (1.329), and viscosity (5.94 cP). FTIR analysis confirmed various functional groups’ presence in the prepared formulation. Thermal analysis has confirmed the stability of the drug within the prepared formulation. The growth of inhibition was found to be 79.2% in 60 min, which revealed that the prepared formulation has shown good permeation from the membrane. Hence, the sol-gel-based nanocarrier formulation of terbinafine was successfully developed and evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Responsive Hydrogels)
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20 pages, 8083 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on Cu–15Ni–8Sn Alloys: The Effect of Microalloying and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties
by Shaodan Yang, Kexing Song, Yanjun Zhou, Ran Yang, Yan Yu, Lele Liu, Jidong Chen, Fei Zhou, Wenhao Yang, Guoshang Zhang and Juan Du
Materials 2023, 16(17), 5913; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175913 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3262
Abstract
Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is the best choice to replace beryllium bronze alloy. This alloy has unparalleled application value in aerospace, ocean engineering, electronic information, equipment manufacturing, and other fields. However, the application of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is challenged and limited because of a series of [...] Read more.
Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is the best choice to replace beryllium bronze alloy. This alloy has unparalleled application value in aerospace, ocean engineering, electronic information, equipment manufacturing, and other fields. However, the application of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is challenged and limited because of a series of problems in its preparation and processing, such as easy segregation, difficult deformation, and discontinuous precipitation. It is an effective way to improve the comprehensive properties of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy using alloying design and process optimization to control the as-cast, deformed, and heat-treated microstructures. At present, it is a hot spot for scholars to study. In this paper, the grade generation, system evolution, and preparation technology development of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy are comprehensively reviewed. The phase transformation sequence of the Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is discussed. The influence of the type, amount, and existing form of alloying elements on the strength of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy and its mechanism are systematically summarized. Furthermore, the latest research progress on the effects of solid solution, cold deformation, and aging on the phase structure transformation and mechanical properties of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is summarized. Finally, the future development trend of the Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy is projected. The research results of this paper can provide a reference for the control of the microstructure and properties of high-performance Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloys used in key fields, as well as the optimization of the preparation process and alloy composition. Full article
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12 pages, 31748 KiB  
Case Report
Genetic Heterogeneity of X-Linked Ichthyosis in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Case Series Report
by Tatyana A. Vasilyeva, Andrey V. Marakhonov, Inna S. Tebieva, Vitaly V. Kadyshev, Artem O. Borovikov, Zhanna G. Markova, Alyona L. Chukhrova, Evgeny K. Ginter, Sergey I. Kutsev and Rena A. Zinchenko
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(5), 4515; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054515 - 24 Feb 2023
Viewed by 2768
Abstract
North Caucasus has always been a residence of a lot of different authentic ethnic groups speaking different languages and still living their traditional lifestyle. The diversity appeared to be reflected in the accumulation of different mutations causing common inherited disorders. X-linked ichthyosis represents [...] Read more.
North Caucasus has always been a residence of a lot of different authentic ethnic groups speaking different languages and still living their traditional lifestyle. The diversity appeared to be reflected in the accumulation of different mutations causing common inherited disorders. X-linked ichthyosis represents the second most common form of genodermatoses after ichthyosis vulgaris. Eight patients from three unrelated families of different ethnic origin, Kumyk, Turkish Meskhetians, and Ossetian, with X-linked ichthyosis from the North Caucasian Republic of North Ossetia–Alania were examined. NGS technology was implied for searching for disease-causing variants in one of the index patients. Known pathogenic hemizygous deletion in the short arm of chromosome X encompassing the STS gene was defined in the Kumyk family. A further analysis allowed us to establish that likely the same deletion was a cause of ichthyosis in a family belonging to the Turkish Meskhetians ethnic group. In the Ossetian family, a likely pathogenic nucleotide substitution in the STS gene was defined; it segregated with the disease in the family. We molecularly confirmed XLI in eight patients from three examined families. Though in two families, Kumyk and Turkish Meskhetian, we revealed similar hemizygous deletions in the short arm of chromosome X, but their common origin was not likely. Forensic STR markers of the alleles carrying the deletion were defined to be different. However, here, common alleles haplotype is hard to track for a high local recombination rate. We supposed the deletion could arise as a de novo event in a recombination hot spot in the described and in other populations with a recurrent character. Defined here are the different molecular genetic causes of X-linked ichthyosis in families of different ethnic origins sharing the same residence place in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania which could point to the existing reproductive barriers even inside close neighborhoods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Molecular Genetics and Genomics in Russia)
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19 pages, 3025 KiB  
Article
Implications of the Niche Partitioning and Coexistence of Two Resident Parasitoids for Drosophila suzukii Management in Non-Crop Areas
by María Josefina Buonocore Biancheri, Segundo Ricardo Núñez-Campero, Lorena Suárez, Marcos Darío Ponssa, Daniel Santiago Kirschbaum, Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia and Sergio Marcelo Ovruski
Insects 2023, 14(3), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14030222 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3817
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms associated with the coexistence of competing parasitoid species is critical in approaching any biological control strategy against the globally invasive pest spotted-wing drosophila (=SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). This study assessed the coexistence of two resident pupal parasitoids, Trichopria anastrephae Lima [...] Read more.
Understanding the mechanisms associated with the coexistence of competing parasitoid species is critical in approaching any biological control strategy against the globally invasive pest spotted-wing drosophila (=SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). This study assessed the coexistence of two resident pupal parasitoids, Trichopria anastrephae Lima and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae Rondani, in SWD-infested fruit, in disturbed wild vegetation areas of Tucumán, northwestern Argentina, based on niche segregation. Drosophilid puparia were collected between December/2016 and April/2017 from three different pupation microhabitats in fallen feral peach and guava. These microhabitats were “inside flesh (mesocarp)”, “outside flesh”, but associated with the fruit, and “soil”, i.e., puparia buried close to fruit. Saprophytic drosophilid puparia (=SD) belonging to the Drosophila melanogaster group and SWD were found in all tested microhabitats. SD predominated in both inside and outside flesh, whereas SWD in soil. Both parasitoids attacked SWD puparia. However, T. anastrephae emerged mainly from SD puparia primarily in the inside flesh, whereas P. vindemiae mostly foraged SWD puparia in less competitive microhabitats, such as in the soil or outside the flesh. Divergence in host choice and spatial patterns of same-resource preferences between both parasitoids may mediate their coexistence in non-crop environments. Given this scenario, both parasitoids have potential as SWD biocontrol agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fly Biology, Ecology, Behavior and Management)
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11 pages, 3930 KiB  
Article
Effect of Laser Pulse Width and Intensity Distribution on the Crystallographic Characteristics of GeSn Film
by Xiaomeng Wang, Dongfeng Qi, Wenju Zhou, Haotian Deng, Yuhan Liu, Shiyong Shangguan, Jianguo Zhang, Hongyu Zheng and Xueyun Liu
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020453 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2235
Abstract
Germanium-tin (GeSn) alloy is considered a promising candidate for a Si-based short-wavelength infrared range (SWIR) detector and laser source due to its excellent carrier mobility and bandgap tunability. Pulsed laser annealing (PLA) is one of the preeminent methods for preparing GeSn crystal films [...] Read more.
Germanium-tin (GeSn) alloy is considered a promising candidate for a Si-based short-wavelength infrared range (SWIR) detector and laser source due to its excellent carrier mobility and bandgap tunability. Pulsed laser annealing (PLA) is one of the preeminent methods for preparing GeSn crystal films with high Sn content. However, current reports have not systematically investigated the effect of different pulse-width lasers on the crystalline quality of GeSn films. In addition, the intensity of the spot follows the gaussian distribution. As a result, various regions would have different crystalline properties. Therefore, in this study, we first provide the Raman spectra of several feature regions in the ablation state for single spot processing with various pulse-width lasers (continuous-wave, nanosecond, femtosecond). Furthermore, the impact of laser pulse width on the crystallization characteristics of GeSn film is explored for different single-spot processing states, particularly the Sn content incorporated into GeSn crystals. The transient heating time of the film surface and the faster non-equilibrium transition of the surface temperature inhibit the segregation of the Sn component. By comparing the Raman spectra of the pulsed laser, the continuous-wave laser shows the most acute Sn segregation phenomenon, with the lowest Sn content of approximately 2%. However, the femtosecond laser both ensures crystallization of the film and effective suppression of Sn expulsion from the lattices, and the content of Sn is 8.07%, which is similar to the origin of GeSn film. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coating Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion)
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21 pages, 2333 KiB  
Systematic Review
Global Distribution of Founder Variants Associated with Non-Syndromic Hearing Impairment
by Elvis Twumasi Aboagye, Samuel Mawuli Adadey, Edmond Wonkam-Tingang, Lucas Amenga-Etego, Gordon A. Awandare and Ambroise Wonkam
Genes 2023, 14(2), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14020399 - 3 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3348
Abstract
The genetic etiology of non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) is highly heterogeneous with over 124 distinct genes identified. The wide spectrum of implicated genes has challenged the implementation of molecular diagnosis with equal clinical validity in all settings. Differential frequencies of allelic variants in [...] Read more.
The genetic etiology of non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) is highly heterogeneous with over 124 distinct genes identified. The wide spectrum of implicated genes has challenged the implementation of molecular diagnosis with equal clinical validity in all settings. Differential frequencies of allelic variants in the most common NSHI causal gene, gap junction beta 2 (GJB2), has been described as stemming from the segregation of a founder variant and/or spontaneous germline variant hot spots. We aimed to systematically review the global distribution and provenance of founder variants associated with NSHI. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO, the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, with the registration number “CRD42020198573”. Data from 52 reports, involving 27,959 study participants from 24 countries, reporting 56 founder pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in 14 genes (GJB2, GJB6, GSDME, TMC1, TMIE, TMPRSS3, KCNQ4, PJVK, OTOF, EYA4, MYO15A, PDZD7, CLDN14, and CDH23), were reviewed. Varied number short tandem repeats (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for haplotype analysis to identify the shared ancestral informative markers in a linkage disequilibrium and variants’ origins, age estimates, and common ancestry computations in the reviewed reports. Asia recorded the highest number of NSHI founder variants (85.7%; 48/56), with variants in all 14 genes, followed by Europe (16.1%; 9/56). GJB2 had the highest number of ethnic-specific P/LP founder variants. This review reports on the global distribution of NSHI founder variants and relates their evolution to population migration history, bottleneck events, and demographic changes in populations linked with the early evolution of deleterious founder alleles. International migration and regional and cultural intermarriage, coupled to rapid population growth, may have contributed to re-shaping the genetic architecture and structural dynamics of populations segregating these pathogenic founder variants. We have highlighted and showed the paucity of data on hearing impairment (HI) variants in Africa, establishing unexplored opportunities in genetic traits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Genetic Research on Hearing Loss)
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