Search Results (186)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes a major global health concern, ranking as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The current review explores sex-based differences in CRC epidemiology, risk factors, tumor biology, and clinical outcomes. Males exhibit a higher incidence and mortality rate, with left-sided (distal) CRC predominating, while females are more frequently diagnosed with right-sided (proximal) tumors, which tend to be more aggressive and less responsive to conventional chemotherapy. Genetic disparities, including microsatellite instability and X-chromosome tumor suppressor genes, contribute to sex-specific differences in tumor progression and treatment response. Immune variations also influence disease outcomes, with females exhibiting stronger immune surveillance but higher exhaustion markers. Lifestyle factors such as body mass index (BMI), smoking, and hormonal influences further modulate CRC risk. While males are more vulnerable to obesity-related CRC, central obesity (waist-to-hip ratio) emerges as a stronger predictor in females. Additionally, smoking increases CRC risk differentially by tumor location. These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific approaches in CRC prevention, screening, and treatment, advocating for personalized medicine strategies tailored to gender-based biological and clinical distinctions. Full article

Compression–ignition engines emit particulate matter (PM) (soot), prompting the widespread use of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the automotive sector. An alternative method for PM reduction involves the use of ultrasonic waves to disperse and modify the structure of exhaust particles. This article presents experimental results of the effects of ultrasonic emitter parameters, including the number, arrangement, and power, along with the engine speed, on the exhaust smoke density. Tests were conducted on a laboratory prototype equipped with six ultrasonic emitters spaced 0.17 m apart. The exhaust source was a diesel engine from a construction excavator, based on the MTZ-80 tractor design, delivering 80 HP and a displacement of 4750 cm³. A regression model was developed to describe the relationship between the engine speed, emitter power and spacing, and smoke density. The optimal configuration was found to involve an emitter power of 319.35 W and a spacing of 1.361 m for a given engine speed. Under the most effective conditions—an engine speed of 1500 rpm, six active emitters, and a total power of 600 W—smoke emissions were reduced by 18%. These findings support the feasibility of using ultrasonic methods as complementary or alternative exhaust gas filtration techniques for non-road diesel engines. Full article

In recent decades, environmental requirements for reducing the toxic components emitted from vehicle exhausts have decreased drastically. Technologies for after-treatment of diesel vehicle emissions are being improved continuously in order to meet increasingly stringent regulations. Passenger cars are a significant source of air pollution, especially in urban areas. The EU has decided to phase out internal combustion engines. Stricter Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing procedures have also been introduced, aiming to assess the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN). The present work investigates the interaction between performance and smoke emissions of a diesel vehicle on a pre-established route in an urban environment with an everyday (normal) driving style. The results showed that when the vehicle is technically sound and meets its technical specifications, smoke emissions are within normal limits. Full article

Researchers have tended to blend isopropanol (IPA) with other fuels in diesel engines to reduce emissions and improve performance. However, low-reactivity controlled compression ignition via port injection at a low cetane number results in a well-mixed charge of low-reactivity fuel, air, and recirculated exhaust gas (EGR). This study’s novel approach combines critical elements, such as the mass fraction of port-injected IPA, EGR ratio, and charge temperature, to improve combustion characteristics and lessen emissions from a diesel engine. The results demonstrated that the injection of IPA and the installation of EGR at the inlet reduced NO_x, smoke, and PM_2.5. On the contrary, HC and CO increased with the port-injection of IPA and EGR. Preheating air at the inlet can suppress the emissions of HC and CO. Under 1500 rpm and 60% load, when compared to diesel at the same EGR ratio and charge temperature, the maximum smoke decrease rate (26%) and PM_2.5 decrease rate (21%) occur at 35% IPA, 45 °C, and 10% EGR, while the maximum NO_x decrease rate (24%) occurs at 35% IPA, 60 °C, and 20% EGR. These findings support the novelty of the research. Conversely, it modestly increased CO and HC emissions. However, port-injecting IPA increased thermal efficiency by up to 24% at 60 °C, 1500 rpm, and 60% load with EGR. Full article

Progressive research on reducing engine emissions is highly valued due to the emissions’ significant environmental and health impacts. This comprehensive comparative study examines the catalytic efficiency of manganese (Mn) and cerium silica (Ce-Si) synthesis catalyst-based molds in a diesel engine using a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technique with diesel and diesel–plastic oil blend (DPB) (B50). In addition to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method are utilized to characterize the produced molds before and after exhaust gas passes. The Ce-Si-based mold demonstrates superior redox capacity, better adsorption capacity, and better thermal stability, attributed to enhanced oxygen storage and structural integrity compared to the Mn-based mold. Under minimum load conditions, nitrogen oxide (NO) reduction efficiency peaks at 80.70% for the Ce-Si-based mold in the SCR treatment with DPB fuel. Additionally, significant reductions of 86.84%, 65.75%, and 88.88% in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions, respectively, are achieved in the SCR treatment under optimized conditions. Despite a wide temperature range, Ce-Si-based mold promotes high surface area and superior gas diffusion properties. Overall, the Ce-Si-based mold provides efficient emission control in diesel engines, which paves a path for developing better environmental sustainability. The outcomes contribute to advancing environmental sustainability by supporting the achievement of SDGs 7, 11, and 13. Full article

Alternative fuels to fossil fuels have been a focus of research since the 1980s, due to the oil crisis. Biofuels for diesel engines are obtained from various types of fats, primarily vegetable oils. Soybean and rapeseed oil are mainly used to produce biofuels. The aim of the research undertaken was to compare the performance characteristics of a 1.3 JTD engine fueled with methyl esters from hemp compared to biofuels made from rapeseed and fossil fuels. Energy parameters and exhaust emissions were measured. The fuels used were 100% biofuels obtained from vegetable oils by transesterification using methanol and KOH. It was shown to be possible to use HME (hemp methyl esters) biofuels as an alternative fuel to RME (rapeseed methyl esters) or DF (diesel fuel) without significant changes in engine performance. The density and heat of combustion of such fuels results in a 6% reduction in power and 17% in NO_x emissions, as well as a decrease in HC (hydrocarbons), CO₂, and smoke emissions. Full article

The dynamic characteristics of super-large-diameter twin tunnels under train vibration loads have become a critical issue affecting not only the engineering safety of their own tunnels but also adjacent tunnels. A numerical model of super-large-diameter (D = 15.2 m) twin tunnels was established by the discrete element method (DEM) to analyze the static and dynamic responses of adjacent tunnel structures and surroundings under train-induced vibrations. Three parameters were considered: internal walls, absolute and relative spacing, and water pressure. The results indicate that internal walls in super-large twin tunnels can significantly reduce the static and dynamic responses in both the structures and surroundings of the adjacent tunnel. The vehicular lane board (wall2) plays a determinative role, followed by the smoke exhaust board (wall1), while the left and right partition walls (wall3 and wall4) exhibit the least effectiveness. The static–dynamic responses of the liners and surroundings of adjacent tunnels in super-large twin tunnels are significantly greater than those in smaller twin tunnels when the absolute spacing is identical. Moreover, the significant differences in displacement and velocity between the liners and surroundings can lead to cracks, leakage, or even instability. Appropriate water pressure (149 kPa) can effectively mitigate dynamic responses in adjacent tunnel structures and surroundings. The dynamic characteristics of super-large-diameter twin tunnels differ markedly from those of small-diameter twin tunnels, with internal walls, twin tunnel spacing, and water pressure all influencing their static and dynamic behaviors. This study provides theoretical guidance for the design and operation of super-large-diameter twin tunnels. Full article

Fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) are vital components commonly used in feed formulations. However, their supply, which generally comes from capture fisheries, is being exhausted, necessitating the exploration of sustainable alternatives. In a two-part study, the first part evaluated the FM and FO derived from smoked salmon by-product (SSBP) over a 12-week accelerated shelf-life test, comparing their lipid oxidation, amino acid, and fatty acid profiles to those of commercial whitefish meal and oil. In the second part, the SSBP FM and FO were then included in three experimental feeds at 25%, 50%, and 100% inclusion levels. These feeds were tested on juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The results indicated that the quality of SSBP FM and FO was lower than the commercial product (less amino acids (23.98% vs. 60.30%) and omega-3 fatty acids (9.46% vs. 26.6%), respectively). SSBP FO exhibited high initial peroxide value (21.00 ± 0.00 meq/kg oil), with gradually increasing total oxidation value and p-Anisidine value during storage. Regarding the feeding trial, all fish showed signs of Mycobacterium marinum infection after one month. While there was no significant difference in feed palatability (p > 0.8559), the feed conversion ratio was less efficient for the 100% SSBP feed (1.44 ± 0.14) compared to commercial feed (1.36 ± 0.13), but these differences were not statistically significant. This study suggests that SSBP FM and FO can be used as supplements at lower levels (25% and 50%) without negatively affecting growth, feed efficiency, or survival. Our findings may be useful for enabling beneficial collaborations between smoked salmon processors, feed manufacturers, and striped bass farmers, therefore contributing to sustainability in aquaculture practices. Full article

With conventional fuels dwindling and emissions rising, there is a necessity to develop and assess innovative substitute fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. This study investigates the potential of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles as a sustainable additive to enhance the performance and reduce emissions of used cooking oil (UCO) biodiesel–diesel blends in CI engines. MgO nanoparticles were biosynthesized using Citrus aurantium peel extract, offering an environmentally friendly production method. A single-cylinder CI engine was used to test the performance of diesel fuel (B0), a 20% biodiesel blend (B20), and B20 blends with 30 ppm (B20M30) and 60 ppm (B20M60) MgO nanoparticles. Engine performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT)) and emission characteristics (CO, NO_x, unburnt hydrocarbons (HCs), and smoke opacity) were measured. The B20M60 blend showed a 2.38% reduction in BSFC and a 3.38% increase in BTE compared to B20, with significant reductions in unburnt HC, CO, and smoke opacity. However, NO_x emissions increased by 6.57%. The green synthesis method enhances sustainability, offering a promising pathway for cleaner and more efficient CI engine operation using UCO biodiesel, demonstrating the effectiveness of MgO nanoparticles. Full article

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the mental health and well-being of healthcare professionals worldwide. This study investigated the association between mental health factors, burnout syndrome, quality of life, and insomnia symptoms in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and October 2021 among 299 healthcare professionals at the Clinical Center of Montenegro. Participants completed standardized questionnaires, including the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21), and EQ-5D health-related quality of life questionnaire. Results: Insomnia was reported in 65.0% of female and 35.0% of male participants, with a mean age of 38.57 ± 11.57 years. Insomnia symptoms were more common among those reporting alcohol consumption (p = 0.007), smoking (p = 0.006), and sedative use (p = 0.038). A higher workload (p = 0.017), previous COVID-19 infection (p = 0.001), and quarantine (p = 0.008) were linked to insomnia. Healthcare professionals with insomnia reported lower quality of life across all EQ-5D dimensions (p < 0.001) and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.001). Burnout was significantly associated with emotional exhaustion (p < 0.001), while depersonalization and personal achievement showed no significant differences. Conclusions: This study highlights a significant relationship between burnout, mental health issues, and insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing these factors through targeted interventions and workplace policies is essential for improving healthcare professionals’ well-being and ensuring the healthcare system’s sustainability. Full article

Small-scale model experiments were conducted to examine the effectiveness of a point smoke exhaust system in an asymmetrical V-shaped tunnel. Using a design fire power of 20 MW as a reference, the study explored the optimal smoke exhaust rate for the point exhaust system in tunnels. Additionally, the impact of different slope combinations and various smoke vent opening configurations on the smoke control efficiency was analyzed when the fire source was positioned at the slope transition point of the V-shaped tunnel. The results indicate that an exhaust rate of approximately 140–160 m³/s is effective in controlling smoke for a 20 MW fire. In V-shaped tunnels, when three exhaust vents are symmetrically opened on both sides of the fire source, smoke diffusion on the large slope side remains uncontrolled. To address this issue, increasing the number of smoke exhaust vents on the large slope side can enhance smoke control. However, when the slope difference between the two sides of an asymmetrical V-shaped tunnel is excessively large—especially when the large side has a very high inclination—effective smoke control becomes significantly more challenging. Full article

The main objective of the research presented in this article was to analyze the composition of exhaust gases from passenger cars undergoing periodic inspections and to determine the influence of vehicle age, mileage and the applicable EURO emission standard on the level of emissions of individual components of exhaust gases and thus on the environment. The research was carried out at the District Vehicle Inspection Station in Nowy Sącz, using methods for analyzing the composition of exhaust gases and smoke opacity. The results obtained make it possible to assess whether exhaust emission diagnostics can form the basis for the implementation of a sustainable road transport policy. The study showed that older vehicles emit higher concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), and diesel cars manufactured before 2010 are characterized by increased smoke opacity. A reliable analysis of the emissions performance of vehicles on the road enables more effective measures to be taken to reduce emissions and improve air quality through regulation, the introduction of clean traffic zones and raising environmental awareness among drivers. This is especially important in regions with specific geographical conditions, such as the Nowy Sącz district, where the terrain—Nowy Sącz is located in a basin surrounded by mountain ranges—favors the accumulation of pollutants and hinders the natural air circulation, leading to the long-term persistence of smog. Full article

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the systemic and local inflammatory responses in patients with periimplantitis, focusing on key immune markers and clinical parameters. The study further explores the relationship between inflammatory markers, clinical indices, and immune dysregulation, particularly regarding T-cell exhaustion and systemic inflammation. Methods: A cohort of patients with periimplantitis, classified into moderate and advanced stages, was compared to a control group of healthy individuals with dental implants. Clinical parameters, including plaque index (API), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and peri-implant sulcus depth (PSI), were recorded. Hematological, immunological, and biochemical analyses were performed, with a focus on immune cell populations (NK cells, T-cells, and their exhaustion markers PD-1 and PD-L1). Results: Patients with periimplantitis exhibited significantly higher clinical indices (API, BoP, PSI, and PPD) than the control group, with the most pronounced differences in the advanced periimplantitis group. Hematological analysis revealed increased leukocyte and neutrophil counts, whereas NK cell levels were significantly reduced. Immunological profiling indicated elevated PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on T-cells, suggesting T-cell exhaustion and immune dysregulation. Furthermore, strong correlations were found between increased PPD values and elevated inflammatory marker levels, highlighting the relationship between peri-implant pocket depth and systemic inflammation. Conclusions: The findings confirm that immune dysregulation plays a central role in periimplantitis progression. The association between increased inflammatory markers, immune alterations, and clinical indices emphasizes the need for a multifactorial diagnostic and treatment approach. Integrating immune modulation strategies, clinical assessments, and lifestyle modifications, such as improved oral hygiene and smoking cessation, could improve disease management and reduce recurrence. Full article

This study investigates the improvement of combustion performance, engine emissions, energy, exergy, and thermodynamic efficiencies by adding oxygenated additives to diesel/biodiesel blends. Five different fuel mixtures (D100, D80B20, D50B50, D30B50S20, and D30B50G20) were tested in a diesel engine. The positive effects of the additives on engine efficiency became evident. In terms of combustion performance, the maximum in-cylinder pressure was observed with D100; however, a decrease of 11.51% was noted with the D50B50 mixture, while an increase of 7.51% was achieved with the addition of butyl diglycol. The addition of butyl diglycol also increased the heat release rate by 34.36%. Regarding exhaust emissions, the D30B50G20 fuel produced the lowest CO emissions (0.02%), while HC emissions decreased by 80% compared to D100. Smoke opacity was also found to be lower with D30B50G20. However, these additives led to a 2.65% decrease in certain performance metrics. On the other hand, the sustainability analysis revealed that the most efficient fuel mixture was D30B50G20. Full article

The demand for renewable and environmentally friendly fuels has prompted the exploration of alternative energy sources to replace conventional fossil fuels. This work investigates the optimization of a ternary blend comprising cottonseed oil (CSO), neem oil (NO), and orange peel Oil (OPO) for improved combustion characteristics, enhanced performance, and reduced exhaust emissions. Biodiesels like Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester (CSOME), Neem Oil Methyl Ester (NOME), and Orange Peel Oil Methyl Ester (OPOME) were made from CSO, NO, and OPO, respectively. The experimental results show major improvements in thermal efficiency and reductions in key pollutants, including NOx, CO, HC, and smoke. The best blending ratios are determined through a methodical process that employs optimization tools such as Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) with the Taguchi Method and ANOVA for validation. Then, various proportions of these biodiesels were tested in a CRDI engine to optimize the ternary blend proportions. The addition of 10% CSO and 10% OPO to NO reduces NOx emissions by 10% at CR17 as compared to diesel. Brake thermal efficiency improved by 9.08%. HC emission decreased by 10%. Average smoke opacity decreased by 27.65%. Cylinder pressure remains unchanged, but the Net Heat Release rate increased by 2%. Optimum parameters obtained are G2B10 Blend, Load 100%, CR17 and 10% EGR. The findings underscore the potential of this ternary blend as a viable alternative to conventional diesel fuel, with GRA using Taguchi proving to be an effective optimization tool for Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Full article