Search Results (3,159)

Background/Objective: The morphology of the flow–volume curve has emerged as a potential source of additional functional information by enabling the analysis of concavity, slope-based metrics, area-derived measures, and mathematical models extracted from the expiratory tracing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to map and describe the available evidence on morphological analysis methods of the expiratory flow–volume curve for the identification and characterization of fixed airflow obstruction. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the methodological frameworks proposed by Arksey and O’Malley, Levac et al., the Joanna Briggs Institute, and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Studies published between 1 January 1990, and 31 December 2025, that evaluated morphological flow–volume curve metrics for the diagnosis or characterization of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) were included, without language restrictions. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, OpenGrey, and Google Scholar. Study selection was conducted by independent reviewers, with disagreements resolved by consensus, and data extraction was performed using a standardized form. Results were synthesized narratively and organized according to metric families. Results: The search identified 13,577 records; after duplicate removal and screening, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. The evidence included observational studies, diagnostic validation studies, longitudinal cohorts, and methodological modeling studies. Identified metrics were grouped into four main categories: concavity and geometric indices of the flow–volume curve, expiratory slope and flow-decay metrics, area-based or volumetric-derived measures, and mathematical or computational models applied to the tracing. Concavity indices, the β-angle, slope-ratio, Peak Index, and the D parameter showed consistent associations with airflow obstruction, emphysema, small airway disease, or functional impairment. Expiratory slope metrics and Flow Decay demonstrated high diagnostic performance in several studies, whereas area-based measures such as AEX, AEX-FV, AreaFE%, and AUC3/AT3 integrated the overall loss of expiratory flow during forced expiration. Mathematical and computational models suggested that the complete shape of the curve contains additional diagnostic and prognostic information, although methodological variability and the need for external validation remain important limitations. Conclusions: Morphological analysis of the flow–volume curve represents a promising approach to complement conventional spirometry in the identification and characterization of fixed airflow obstruction. These metrics may provide additional information regarding airflow limitation, non-uniform lung emptying, emphysema, small airway disease, hyperinflation, and clinically relevant outcomes. Full article

Volcanic gas and isotope anomalies can retain delayed effects of shallow hydrothermal storage, transfer and selective chemical removal before they are measured at the surface. A single Caputo order provides a parsimonious memory law, but finite cutoffs, multiple relaxation slopes and discrete exchange domains may require broader descriptions. This theoretical study formulates hydrothermal memory first as a causal Volterra process and distinguishes positive-spectral and Sonine-compatible refinements of that class without assuming that either implies the other. Exact initialized diffusive realizations, positive finite-reservoir approximations, a quadratic storage identity and finite-window kernel-to-observable error bounds are developed. Synthetic experiments compare memory classes through scalar, gas-ratio and isotope responses. The principal statistical benchmark is deliberately restricted to the nested Caputo and exponentially tail-tempered families, thereby testing whether one additional cutoff parameter is supported. In a key negative-control experiment, omission of a slow inherited mode caused AICc to prefer tail tempering in 72.0% of replicates even though the post-observation kernel remained Caputo. This demonstrates that incorrect memory initialization can masquerade as a constitutive cutoff. The study has not yet been validated against real volcanic gas or isotope records, and no site calibration is claimed. Full article

Bioreceptive building envelopes offer a potential pathway for integrating biological colonization into architectural surfaces. This article proposes a geometric design framework for bioreceptive façade components in which the surface itself is shaped to increase the exposed area available to the environment, and asks which admissible regular Euclidean tessellation maximizes that area. Triangular, square, and hexagonal tessellations are compared under a common circumscribed radius R and a common absolute indentation depth $h_j$, counting only the inclined faces generated by the indentation. A closed-form expression is derived for the exposed-surface density ${\sigma }_n=\sqrt{h_j^2+r_n^2}/r_n$, where $r_n$ is the apothem of the regular cell, and the triangular tessellation is shown to maximize it uniquely for every $h_j>0$; when $h_j=0$ the three configurations coincide. Because each inclined face has constant slope magnitude $h_j/r_n$, the area Jacobian is constant, so clipping the indented surface with any measurable footprint $\Omega$ of finite positive area gives $S_n(\Omega )={\sigma }_n|\Omega |$ exactly, with no boundary-error term. For the representative case $h_j/R=45/34$, the hexagonal density is $0.6454$ times the triangular one, equivalent to a $54.93\%$ triangular advantage specific to that ratio. An independently constructed CAD model reproduces the closed-form panel areas at both reference footprints to within ${10}^{-3}\%$ and preserves the same ordering. Exposed area is a geometric descriptor of the available surface–environment interface and a candidate design parameter, not evidence of colonization, water behavior, or durability; no material, fabrication, or biological validation is claimed. Full article

Background/Objectives: Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) anatomical variants and spinopelvic alignment have each been studied extensively, yet in separate studies, and whether the two are related remains unknown. Exploiting a single-acquisition CT protocol that captures the entire spinal axis together with the pelvis, we examined the association between SIJ anatomical variants and spinopelvic parameters. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, 239 trauma patients who had undergone craniocervical-to-pelvic CT were analyzed. Each sacroiliac joint was scored separately for six SIJ variants (Prassopoulos classification), and at the patient level, a variant was considered present when identified on at least one side. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) were also assessed, and pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt, and the spinosacral angle (SSA) were measured. Associations were tested by univariable comparison and multivariable logistic regression, and interobserver reliability was quantified with the intraclass correlation coefficient and Cohen’s kappa. Results: SIJ variants were common, occurring in 62.8% of left and 65.3% of right joints and in 68.2% of patients; these prevalences derive from a single-center trauma cohort and may not reflect the general population. The presence of any variant, considered collectively, was unrelated to the CT-derived spinopelvic parameters. When the six variants were examined individually, however, one of them—the iliosacral complex—was associated with higher SS, PI, and SSA (all p ≤ 0.016), although only the association with SSA persisted after correction for the false discovery rate. On multivariable analysis, female sex (adjusted OR 6.35), LSTV (adjusted OR 3.02), and the SSA (adjusted OR 1.05 per degree) were independently associated with the iliosacral complex. Interobserver agreement was excellent for the quantitative parameters and perfect for the iliosacral complex (κ = 1.000). Conclusions: Among the six variants examined, only the iliosacral complex was associated with sacropelvic morphology, being independently related to the spinosacral angle, female sex, and a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. Given the modest effect sizes and the retrospective, single-center, supine-CT design, the iliosacral complex is best regarded as an associated anatomical feature rather than a determinant of spinopelvic morphology, and prospective studies, ideally with upright imaging, are needed to establish whether this association has any functional consequence. Full article

Background/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are frequently co-occurring neurodevelopmental conditions with partially overlapping neurophysiological profiles. Electroencephalography (EEG) provides non-invasive access to candidate biomarkers, yet the literature remains largely organized around single-diagnosis frameworks, limiting comparison across conditions and constraining translation into intervention selection. This review compares EEG signatures across ASD and ADHD from a transdiagnostic perspective and examines how such signatures might inform the selection of non-pharmacological interventions. Methods: A structured search of PubMed, Scopus, IEEE Xplore and Web of Science identified peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2026 reporting EEG findings in ASD and/or ADHD, spanning resting-state, task-based, connectivity, event-related potential, machine learning and intervention studies. Sixty-eight sources were synthesized thematically. Given substantial heterogeneity in acquisition parameters and analytic pipelines, evidence was integrated interpretively rather than pooled quantitatively, and no formal risk-of-bias assessment was undertaken. Results: Shared features across both conditions frequently included low-frequency theta excess, reduced alpha modulation under cognitive load, and flattened aperiodic (1/f) slopes—a pattern compatible with, though not a direct measurement of, altered excitation/inhibition balance. While substantial heterogeneity exists, disorder-specific signatures often comprised the ASD “U-shaped” spectral profile alongside elevated epileptiform activity, and frontally pronounced theta/beta ratio elevation in subsets of individuals with ADHD. Machine-learning studies increasingly emphasize interpretable, multidomain feature sets over binary classification. Mindfulness-based and neurofeedback interventions converge on theta reduction and alpha enhancement, although reported effects are frequently conditional on responder status, task context, or outcome-rater blinding. Conclusions: Convergent EEG features support a transdiagnostic account of neurodevelopmental dysregulation. A biomarker-informed framework for intervention selection is proposed, which requires prospective validation before clinical application. Full article

Rainfall-induced seepage instability is a major concern for internal waste dump slopes in cold-region open-pit coal mines, where slope performance is influenced by groundwater conditions, moisture state, and seasonal temperature variations. This study investigates the internal waste dump slope of the Chaoyang open-pit coal mine and evaluates its seepage and stability responses under prescribed moisture and temperature states before and after rainfall, together with the effectiveness of drainage control. Soil specimens with moisture contents of 14%, 17.6% (natural), 23%, and 26% were tested at ambient temperature, −5 °C, and −15 °C by uniaxial compression and direct shear tests. The mechanical parameters measured under the prescribed moisture and temperature states were assigned to a GTS NX seepage–stability model. Twenty-four parametric cases, comprising four moisture contents, three temperature states, and pre- and post-rainfall conditions, were evaluated using the strength-reduction method, and an HDPE perforated drainage scheme was subsequently assessed. Under the ambient-temperature parameter state, increasing specimen moisture content from 14% to 26% reduced the pre-rainfall factor of safety from 1.41 to 1.18 and the post-rainfall value from 1.38 to 1.17. Parameter sets obtained from low-temperature-conditioned specimens produced higher calculated factors of safety; however, these cases represent prescribed mechanical states rather than the actual winter condition of the full-scale slope. Under the idealized drainage boundary, the pre- and post-rainfall factors of safety increased from 1.22 and 1.18 to 1.40 and 1.39, respectively. The results demonstrate the relative effects of laboratory-derived mechanical parameters, rainfall-induced seepage, and idealized drainage under the prescribed scenarios. Full article

Spontaneous combustion in fire-affected coal seams can degrade coal quality, alter rock mechanical parameters and reduce mining profitability. Traditional pit limit optimization methods ignore coal fire-induced quality degradation, ignore the coupling effect of economic fluctuation and slope stability, and lack quantitative optimization for fire-affected open-pit mines. Here, we optimize loss-reducing mining boundaries for the southern fire-affected highwall in the first mining district of the Dananhu No. 2 Mine, Hami, Xinjiang. The aim is to move beyond binary decisions that either sterilize or fully extract fire-affected reserves. We instead integrate economic return, slope stability and coal-price uncertainty into a single boundary-optimization framework. First, we established a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system for the study area. We then modeled and fitted the coal-seam roof and floor using MATLAB-based multiple integration, reducing edge errors in solid surfaces. Laboratory analyses of borehole coal samples defined how calorific value varied with advance distance. These data were used to derive the coal-quality curve. Net mining profit was then formulated as the objective function, replacing the conventional stripping-ratio criterion. Profit was calculated across advance distances to identify the economically optimal boundary. Mechanical parameters of thermally altered rocks were obtained from laboratory deformation tests. Rhino and FLAC3D 6.0 were then used to evaluate three-dimensional slope stability at critical locations. Coal-price perturbation scenarios were finally introduced to test the sensitivity of net profit and optimal advance distance. Under the baseline coal price, the slope remained stable at an advance distance of 193 m. At this boundary, net profit reached a maximum of RMB 676.608 million. The southern surface boundary contracted by 47 m relative to the initial boundary, reducing unnecessary land disturbance. Sensitivity analysis showed that lower coal prices sharply reduced both the optimal advance distance and maximum net profit. When coal price decreased by 30%, the optimal advance distance contracted to approximately 116.9 m. Maximum net profit fell to approximately RMB 248.239 million. Higher coal prices expanded the optimal boundary outward. Once coal price reached approximately 128.7 yuan/t, or 18.5% above baseline, the optimum reached the upper constraint of 240 m. Net profit then increased substantially with further price growth. These results provide a quantitative basis for dynamic boundary optimization and disturbance-reducing extraction in fire-affected open-pit coal mines. Full article

Background: Endothelial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED) and reflects systemic vascular impairment. Photoplethysmography-derived flow-mediated dilation (PPG-FMD) has emerged as a novel, non-invasive approach for assessing endothelial function. This study aimed to investigate the utility of PPG-FMD as a marker of systemic endothelial function in patients with ED without overt coronary artery disease. Methods: In this observational cross-sectional comparative study, patients with vascular ED (n = 24), non-vascular ED (n = 18), and healthy controls (n = 30) were evaluated. Endothelial function was assessed using PPG-FMD. Key parameters, including dilation index, time to maximum dilation, area under the curve, and dilation index slope, were analyzed and compared across groups. Results: PPG-FMD parameters indicated significantly impaired endothelial function in patients with vascular ED compared to both non-vascular ED patients and controls (p < 0.01). Dilation index and area under the curve were significantly reduced in the vascular ED group. Conclusions: These preliminary findings support the presence of systemic endothelial dysfunction in vascular ED and suggest that PPG-FMD–derived parameters may serve as a non-invasive indicator of endothelial function. Further studies incorporating larger cohorts and validation against established endothelial assessment methods are required to determine its clinical applicability. Full article

Background: Handgrip strength has been proposed as an objective marker of post-COVID functional impairment, but its contribution relative to fatigue and sleep quality has not been formally evaluated in Latin American populations. Methods: We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional analysis of 130 adults with post-COVID condition in Palmira, Colombia. The outcome was any functional limitation on the Post-COVID Functional Status (PCFS) scale (grades 1–4 versus grade 0). Eight predictors were pre-specified on clinical grounds before examining outcome associations, and ridge-penalized logistic regression was pre-specified as the primary model. Sample size adequacy followed the criteria of Riley et al. Internal validation used bootstrap optimism correction (B = 1000), re-running the complete pipeline within each replicate. We assessed calibration, decision curves, prediction stability, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) with bootstrap rank intervals, and subgroup performance. Reporting followed TRIPOD + AI; risk of bias was self-assessed with PROBAST + AI. Results: Functional limitation affected 91/130 participants (70.0%). The minimum sample required for eight parameters was 566; the cohort met 23.0% of this requirement, so the analysis is exploratory. The optimism-corrected area under the curve was 0.748 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.669–0.830), with calibration slope 1.15 (0.71–1.69). Fatigue ranked first in SHAP importance (54.0% of resamples), whereas grip strength ranked fifth (median rank 6). Net benefit exceeded both default strategies between thresholds 0.38 and 0.88. Thirty percent of participants changed classification in over 20% of resamples. Conclusions: Fatigue, sleep quality and acute-phase severity, rather than grip strength, emerged as the most influential correlates. These hypothesis-generating findings require confirmation in adequately powered cohorts. Full article

Introduction: Degenerative lumbar kyphosis (DLK) is a common cause of sagittal imbalance, pain, and functional disability. While three-column osteotomies provide powerful correction, they are associated with substantial morbidity. We evaluated the radiographic and clinical outcomes of a novel posterior-based correction strategy combining Posterior Interpedicular Osteotomy (PIO), bilateral discectomy, and hyperlordotic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) in patients with DLK. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center case series was conducted including 215 consecutive patients with symptomatic DLK and pelvic incidence–lumbar lordosis (PI–LL) mismatch >10° treated between 2019 and 2023. All patients underwent PIO combined with bilateral discectomy and insertion of a 20° hyperlordotic TLIF cage. Radiographic parameters, including lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS), were assessed preoperatively and up to 24 months postoperatively. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Complications were systematically recorded. Results: Mean lumbar lordosis improved from 15.7° ± 8.3° preoperatively to 45.4° ± 11.6° at 24 months, corresponding to a mean correction of 29.7° ± 10.1° and 12.4° ± 2.9° per treated level (p < 0.001). Significant improvements were observed in PT, SS, VAS, ODI, and SF-36 scores (all p < 0.001), with maintenance of correction throughout follow-up. Mean operative time was 218.4 ± 47.3 min and mean blood loss was 483.2 ± 195.7 mL. The overall complication rate was 16.3%, with incidental durotomy being the most common event (14.9%). No cases of cage migration, deep infection, neurological deterioration, or radiographic pseudarthrosis were identified among patients who underwent CT evaluation. Conclusions: PIO combined with bilateral discectomy and hyperlordotic TLIF achieved substantial and durable sagittal correction with significant clinical improvement and an acceptable safety profile. By combining extensive posterior release with preservation of the anterior tension band, this technique may represent an effective intermediate alternative between conventional posterior column osteotomies and more invasive three-column deformity correction procedures. Full article

Desert highways have long been subjected to aeolian sand hazards, and sand accumulation on the pavement significantly weakens the surface texture and deteriorates skid resistance, which has become one of the core contributing factors to traffic accidents on desert road sections. Current research predominantly focuses on the attenuation law of the macroscopic friction coefficient of sand-covered pavements; however, the quantitative correlation mechanism between three-dimensional micro-texture characteristics and skid resistance has not been sufficiently revealed, and there is a lack of high-precision skid resistance prediction methods under multi-condition coupling scenarios. To address the above research deficiencies, this paper takes the asphalt pavement in the Tengger Desert region as the research object. A handheld three-dimensional texture scanning system was employed to acquire the three-dimensional pavement morphology parameters under different sand coverages, and the sideway force coefficient (SFC) was synchronously measured under the corresponding conditions. Through Pearson correlation analysis and dual multiple comparison correction using the FDR-BH and Bonferroni methods, the core influencing indicators were identified. Subsequently, a skid resistance prediction model based on a BP neural network optimized by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was constructed and horizontally compared and validated with LSTM and PSO-SVM models. The research results show the following: ① under dry conditions, the root mean square height ($S_q$), peak density ($S_{pd}$), arithmetic mean peak curvature ($S_{pc}$), valley void volume ($V_{vv}$), root mean square slope ($S_{dq}$), and developed interfacial area ratio ($S_{dr}$) are significantly linearly correlated with the SFC, among which $S_q$, $S_{pd}$, $S_{pc}$, and $V_{vv}$ are the core controlling indicators, with the absolute values of their correlation coefficients all exceeding 0.73, and ② the constructed PSO-BP prediction model achieved a coefficient of determination $R^2$ of 0.86093 on the test set, and its prediction accuracy and generalization ability are both superior to those of the LSTM and PSO-SVM models, enabling it to effectively characterize the nonlinear mapping relationship between multiple texture parameters and skid resistance. This study can provide theoretical support and a technical basis for skid resistance evaluation, sand accumulation disaster warning, and scientific maintenance decision-making for desert highways. Full article

Electrochemical parameter identification is crucial for evaluating the electrochemical processes in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Conventional characterization techniques-including polarization-curve fitting, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and current interruption (CI)-face significant limitations for rapid diagnostics under high-current dynamic operation, arising from constraints in instrument current rating, measurement time, zero-current control, and noise amplification in numerical differentiation. In this study, we present a simple current step (CS) method to accurately identify key electrochemical parameters and perform overpotential breakdown by using a simplified equivalent circuit model with a current source. To address the numerical instability in derivative calculation caused by sampling noise during voltage transient analysis, a physics-informed neural network (PINN) is introduced to enhance signal smoothness while guaranteeing physical consist ency. Compared with standard characterization, the proposed CS-PINN method demonstrates high accuracy, with an error of less than 2% in overpotential breakdown, less than 5.3% in ohmic resistance, and 2.8% in the Tafel slope (at 5 A/cm²). These results confirm that the CS-PINN method provides a fast, accurate, and equipment-friendly route for rapid electrochemical parameter identification in PEMWE. Full article

Freshwater scarcity can weaken water governance when hydrological pressure interacts with intensive agricultural demand, regulatory weakness, and political conflict. This research evaluates whether Irrigation District 005 (IR 005) in Chihuahua, northern Mexico, demonstrates local water-governance fragility across three domains: public security, the rule of law, and the ability to sustain water access and food production. A mixed-methods approach integrates legal and human rights documentation, institutional records, published studies, and a structured media review with hydrological, agricultural, climatic, and reservoir data. Water balances were analysed for 1998–2023, precipitation trends for 1980–2020, and crop water requirements were estimated using the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (FAO-56) Penman–Monteith framework, the crop coefficient (Kc), the water-stress coefficient (Ks), the United States Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Curve Number method, and application-efficiency assumptions. The 2020 water conflict resulted in fatalities, injuries, arrests, and documented human rights violations. Rule-of-law capacity was further diminished by unauthorised withdrawals, cultivation beyond authorised irrigation plans, and limited enforcement. The annual water balance shifted to persistent deficits after 2016, reaching an estimated deficit of 2268 cubic hectometres (hm³) in 2020. Annual precipitation did not exhibit a statistically significant monotonic decline during 1980–2020 (Mann–Kendall Z = −0.79, τ = −0.0878, p = 0.4251; Sen’s slope = −1.1628 mm yr⁻¹; Mann–Whitney p = 0.5313), indicating that recent stress is more closely linked to production scale, crop mix, governance conditions, and irrigation efficiency than to a long-term reduction in rainfall. Sensitivity analysis revealed that ±15% changes in Kc and Ks altered gross water requirements by approximately ±16–17%, while equivalent changes in effective precipitation produced changes of only 1–3%. These results demonstrate heightened water-governance fragility resulting from mutually reinforcing hydrological, institutional, and conflict-related pressures. Future research should refine locally calibrated water-demand parameters and develop reproducible monitoring systems that combine hydrological, institutional, satellite, and participatory data to support anticipatory, transparent, and rights-based water governance. Full article

Methyl-dependent restriction endonucleases are promising tools for analyzing eukaryotic DNA methylation patterns. However, quantitative assessment of their substrate specificity requires the determination of the kinetic parameters of enzymatic reactions. Here, we present a method for determining initial reaction rates based on fluorescent probes and real-time monitoring of changes in fluorescence intensity. Initial rates of methyl-dependent GlaI and BlsI restriction endonucleases were determined as the slope of the linear part of the kinetic curves, after which the Michaelis–Menten constants (K_M) and reaction rates (V_max) were calculated using nonlinear regression. For both enzymes, K_M values were determined for the first time, indicating a high affinity of the methyl-dependent restriction endonucleases for methylated sites. K_M values for fully methylated duplexes were in the range of (4.4–7.0)·10² nM for GlaI and 2.4–55 nM for BlsI. K_M values were significantly lower for the hemimethylated duplexes: (1.9–8.0)·10² nM for GlaI and (0.7–15.0)·10² nM for BlsI; and even lower for unmethylated duplexes: (27–46)·10² nM for GlaI and (0.28–23)·10² nM for BlsI. Maximum reaction rates varied within relatively narrow limits: V_max values were in range (4.5–19.5)·10⁻⁴ nM/s for GlaI and (1.4–18)·10⁻⁴ nM/s for BlsI, respectively. V_max values were depended weakly on the degree of methylation compared to the K_M. The proposed fluorescence method was applied to determine the kinetic parameters of methyl-dependent restriction endonucleases for the first time. It may serve as a simpler and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional electrophoretic approaches that use radioactive labels. Full article

Reservoir landslides pose a persistent threat to the safe operation of hydropower projects, particularly where altered rock masses within water-level fluctuation zones undergo repeated wetting–drying and seepage-induced deterioration. This study investigates the mechanical behavior and long-term strength evolution of altered granite from the Guobu Slope near the Laxiwa Arch Dam in Qinghai, China. Rock masses with four alteration degrees, ranging from complete to slight alteration, were examined through an integrated experimental program involving torsional shear tests, hydro-mechanical coupled triaxial tests, large-scale direct shear and ring shear tests, Brazilian splitting tests, and long-term P-wave velocity monitoring. The results demonstrate that increasing water content progressively weakens the shear strength of altered granite, while elevated seepage pressure further reduces its strength and deformation resistance under hydro-mechanical coupling. Residual shear behavior also shows a clear dependence on water content, indicating that post-peak strength deterioration should be considered in slope stability assessment. Long-term P-wave monitoring further reveals that mechanical degradation is more pronounced during the early stage and gradually approaches a relatively stable state, suggesting a site-specific decelerating deterioration process rather than unlimited strength loss. Based on the experimental results, empirical relationships between shear-strength parameters and water content are established, and long-term lower-bound strength parameters are proposed for altered granite with different degrees of alteration. These findings provide experimental support for understanding the hydro-mechanical deterioration and long-term deformation behavior of reservoir-bank altered rock masses and offer a basis for parameter selection and stability assessment when combined with rock-mass reduction, field calibration, and sensitivity analysis. Full article