Search Results (59)

This study investigates two novel prefabricated frame joints: prestressed steel sleeve-connected prefabricated reinforced concrete joints (PSFRC) and non-prestressed steel sleeve-connected prefabricated reinforced concrete joints (SSFRC). A total of three PSFRC specimens, four SSFRC specimens, and one cast-in-place joint were designed and fabricated. Seismic performance tests were conducted using different end-plate thicknesses, grout strengths, stiffener configurations, and prestressing tendon configurations. The experimental results showed that all specimens experienced beam end failures, and three failure modes occurred: (1) failure of the end plate of the beam sleeve, (2) failure of the variable cross-section of the prefabricated beam, and (3) failure of prefabricated beams at the connection with the steel sleeves. The load-bearing capacity and initial stiffness of the structure are increased by 35.41% and 32.64%, respectively, by increasing the thickness of the end plate. Specimens utilizing C80 grout exhibited a 39.05% higher load capacity than those with lower-grade materials. Adding stiffening ribs improved the initial stiffness substantially. Specimen XF2 had 219.08% higher initial stiffness than XF1, confirming the efficacy of stiffeners in enhancing joint rigidity. The configuration of the prestressed tendons significantly influenced the load-bearing capacity. Specimen YL2 with symmetrical double tendon bundles demonstrated a 27.27% higher ultimate load capacity than specimen YL1 with single centrally placed tendon bundles. An analytical model to calculate the moment–rotation relationship was established following the evaluation criteria specified in Eurocode 3. The results demonstrated a good agreement, providing empirical references for practical engineering applications. Full article

This study proposes a novel hybrid connection method for precast concrete shear walls, where the edge walls are connected using grouting splice sleeves and the middle walls are connected using grouted corrugated metallic ducts. To investigate the effects of connection type and axial compression ratio on structural performance, five shear wall specimens were tested under low-cycle reversed loading, with detailed analysis of their failure modes and hysteretic behavior. Based on experimental results and theoretical derivation, a restoring force model incorporating connection type was developed. The results demonstrate that hybrid-connected specimens exhibit significantly improved load-bearing capacity, ductility, and seismic performance compared to those with only grouted corrugated metallic duct connections. A higher axial compression ratio enhances structural strength but also accelerates damage progression, particularly after peak loading. A three-line skeleton curve model was established to describe the load, displacement, and stiffness relationships at key characteristic points, and unloading stiffness expressions for different loading stages were proposed. The calculated skeleton and hysteresis curves align well with the experimental results, accurately capturing the cyclic behavior of the hybrid-connected precast shear walls. Full article

As one type of critical load-bearing element in precast concrete structures, grouted sleeve (GS) connections enable efficient force transmission between reinforcing bars while maintaining structural integrity. Despite their growing global adoption, significant variations exist in design philosophies, construction specifications, and performance requirements among regional standards. Through bibliometric analysis, the most active countries and regions in GS application and research worldwide were identified, and the relevant technical standards established by these countries and regions were systematically reviewed. By comparing standards from Asia, the Americas, Europe, and Oceania, the main differences in design philosophy, construction quality control, material specifications, and performance requirements among these standards were analyzed and identified. The results show that different standards have a conceptual difference at the materials and quality control level, with one approach focusing on stricter management of sleeve materials and more detailed on-site construction requirements, and another approach emphasizing testing-based methods and third-party verification. These standards can be divided into the following two categories for the design limits of GS tensile performance: one category takes multiples of the yield strength of the connected reinforcing bars as the limit, and the other category takes multiples of the tensile strength of the connected reinforcing bars as the limit. Regarding mechanical performance requirements, standards using the ultimate tensile strength of the connected reinforcing bars as the control parameter differ from those using multiples of yield strength in their performance requirements for connections of low-strength and high-strength reinforcing bars. The variation in yield-to-tensile strength ratios among steel grades across different countries is a key factor leading to these different requirements. When using the uniform steel bar material properties specified in the standard for quantification, as the bar strength increases from approximately 240 MPa to 600 MPa, the minimum required ratio of the limits for standards based on multiples of yield strength and multiples of tensile strength increases from 0.79 to 1.07. When applying GS connections to reinforcing bars of varying strength levels, using fixed strength multiplier requirements may result in uneconomical designs or create technical challenges in achieving the required strength. Full article

The application and promotion of grouted sleeve connectors in prefabricated structures are closely related to their high efficiency and intensive advantages. Numerous scholars have conducted experimental studies on the performance of sleeves, but there has been no systematic consolidation of these efforts. In this study, the latest developments in grouted sleeve connection technology are systematically reviewed and analysed, focusing on its applications and characteristics, performance testing, influencing factors, load-transfer mechanisms, and performance evaluation. First, the differences in sleeve code formulation across various countries are compared, the advantages and disadvantages of different sleeve types and grouting techniques are reviewed, and the application scenarios of sleeves are summarized. Second, an overview of the performance of grouted sleeves in tensile, fatigue, and seismic tests is provided, highlighting key factors affecting structural performance and experimental results. Furthermore, the effects of various factors (the anchorage length, diameter and strength of reinforcing bars; types and defects of grout materials; sleeve tube design; and temperature) on the performance of sleeves are investigated, and some beneficial conclusions are drawn. The load-transfer mechanisms of different sleeve types are subsequently compared, and the common features of the sleeves that meet the performance evaluation criteria are analysed. Finally, potential future research directions and innovations in sleeve technology are suggested to provide researchers and scholars with innovative ideas and research perspectives for developing new sleeves and advancing the application of grouted sleeve connectors. Full article

The prefabricated concrete channel, constructed by integrating factory-based prefabrication with on-site assembly, offers enhanced quality, reduced construction time, and minimized environmental impact. To promote its application in water conservancy projects, an innovative concrete joint combining semi-grouting sleeves and shear-resistant steel plates was proposed. Its seismic performance was assessed through a 1:3 scale low-cycle reversed loading test, focusing on failure mode, hysteretic behavior, skeleton curves, stiffness degradation, ductility, and energy dissipation. Results show that the joint primarily exhibits bending–shear failure, with cracks initiating at the sidewall–base slab interface. Also, the sidewall and base slab are interconnected through semi-grouting sleeves, while the concrete bonding is achieved via grouting and surface chiseling at the joint interface. The results indicated that the innovative concrete joint connection exhibits satisfied seismic performance. The shear-resistant steel plate significantly improves shear strength and enhances water sealing. Compared with cast-in-place specimens, the prefabricated joint shows a 16.04% lower equivalent viscous damping coefficient during failure due to reinforcement slippage, while achieving 16.34% greater cumulative energy dissipation and 52.00% higher ductility. These findings provide theoretical and experimental support for the broader adoption of prefabricated channels in water conservancy engineering. Full article

As a common rebar connector in prefabricated projects, the grouted sleeve connection (GSC) affects structural performance during fire and seismic events. However, the combined impact of both factors may alter GSC performance, although most studies concentrate on high temperature or loading schemes. Few quantitative models are available for predicting the mechanical characteristics of post-fire GSCs under unidirectional tension, let alone cyclic loading. In this study, 18 GSC specimens were made and subjected to heating, water cooling, and cyclic loading. Thermal and mechanical loads caused rebar fracture below 400 °C, but pullout failure occurred beyond 400 °C. GSC performance declined as temperature and loading cycles increased. Based on this test and several previous investigations, predictive models with guaranteed rates for GSC performance after high temperature by water cooling under uniaxial and cyclic loading were constructed. According to the predictive models, the four parameters (including yield strength, ultimate strength, elastic modulus, and ultimate strain) of the GSCs using HRB400 rebars can be obtained. Full article

Traditional monolithic precast and precast prestressed concrete joints often face challenges such as complex steel reinforcement details and low construction efficiency. Grouting sleeve connections may also suffer from quality issues. To address these problems, a new precast prestressed concrete frame beam-column exterior joint using ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) for connection (PPCFEJ-UHPC) is proposed. This innovative joint lessens the amount of stirrups in the core area, decreases the anchorage length of beam longitudinal reinforcement, and enables efficient lap splicing of column longitudinal reinforcement, thereby enhancing construction convenience. Cyclic loading tests were conducted on three new exterior joint specimens (PE1, PE2, PE3) and one cast-in-place joint specimen (RE1) to evaluate their seismic performance. The study concentrated on failure modes, energy dissipation capacity, displacement ductility, strength and stiffness degradation, shear stress, and deformation’s influence on the longitudinal reinforcement anchoring length and axial compression ratio. The results indicate that the new joint exhibits beam flexural failure with minimal damage to the core area, unlike the cast-in-place joint, which suffers severe core area damage. The novel joint exhibits at least 21.7% and 6.1% improvement in cumulative energy consumption and ductility coefficient, respectively, while matching the cast-in-place joint’s bearing capacity. These characteristics are further improved by 5.5% and 10.7% when the axial compression ratio is increased. The new joints’ seismic performance indices all satisfy the ACI 374.1-05 requirements. Additionally, UHPC significantly improves the anchoring performance of steel bars in the core area, allowing the anchorage length of beam longitudinal bars to be reduced from 16 times of the diameter of reinforcement to 12 times. Full article

This paper presents the development and validation of a new filament-wound CFRP sleeve and resin grout for the efficient anchorage of parallel CFRP wire bundles. Twenty-five-year-old, reused CFRP wires (recovered from two dismantled bridge cables) were examined with regard to any possible drop in strength or stiffness due to aging and then processed into two bridge strengthening cables. The new anchorage and cables were tested to their tensile capacity (giving on average 1.833 MN) in two full-scale instrumented experiments. This being successful, it gave the authors the confidence to manufacture two new 26–30 m long post-tensioning parallel-wire cables, each using 37 of the recovered CFRP wires. Both CFRP parallel-wire cables were finally successfully prestressed to 1 MN (55% of their UTS) in order to strengthen an existing bridge in the Swiss Alps over the river Ilfis in the summer of 2023. This strengthening project is described. The full-scale tests confirmed the durability and strength of the new anchorage system, and the feasibility for reusing valuable CFRP pultrusions for post-tensioning was proven by the successful bridge strengthening carried out. Finally, the project also demonstrated the sustainability potential of CFRP pultrusions. The monitoring data of this bridge project are presented and discussed. Full article

In practical engineering, due to quality inspections of connections between prefabricated components and construction errors, reserved reinforcing bars in the transition layer may be partially insufficient or even completely absent. This defect significantly impacts the structural performance of sleeve connections, particularly under tensile or shear forces. This paper proposes a novel reinforcement method to address the connection issues caused by the absence of reserved reinforcing bars in the transition layer and verifies its feasibility through systematic experiments. To this end, this paper proposed a novel reinforcement method of grouting sleeve connection considering the absence of reserved bars in the transition layer, and 45 specimens with different reinforcement parameters were fabricated and tested under tension. Before verifying the reliability of the novel reinforcement method, nine specimens were fabricated and tested to verify the weldability of grouting sleeves and reinforcing bars. According to the test results, the fully grouted sleeves, including Grade 45 steel and Q345, showed good weldability with the HRB400 steel bars, while the ductile iron grouted sleeve showed poor weldability. When the single-sided welding length was greater than or equal to six times the diameter of the post-retrofitted connecting steel bar (D₂), the primary failure mode observed in specimens utilizing the novel reinforcement method was the fracture of the prefabricated steel bar. The novel reinforcement method could be used to repair the defect of the grouting sleeve connection considering the absence of reserved reinforcing bars in the transition layer. When the single-sided welding length was 4D₂, with a relative protective layer thickness of 2D₂, and using C60 grade reinforcement material, this combination of conditions represented the critical condition to avoid weld failure between the grouting sleeve and the post-retrofitted connecting steel bars. In practical reinforcement projects, it is suggested that the single-sided welding length should be 5D₂, the relative protective layer thickness should be 3D₂, and the reinforcement material strength should be C60. Full article

In this paper, a novel technique for connecting residential shear walls to floor slabs is investigated. Shear wall structures with two different connection methods were established and numerically analyzed using ABAQUS (2024) finite element software. The two structures were connected by sleeve grouted connections (hereinafter referred to as the original structure) and profile + bolted connections (hereinafter referred to as the new structure). Numerical analyses yielded a positive maximum load for the new structure 1.41 times that of the original structure and a negative maximum load 1.12 times that of the original structure. The ratio of the ultimate tensile strength (load value corresponding to the peak point) to the yield strength (load value corresponding to the yield point) of the two structures (strength-to-yield ratio) was in the range of 1.15–1.27. The original structure was 2.62 times more ductile in the negative direction and 2.24 times more ductile in the positive direction than the new structure. The stiffness degradation of the new structure was greater in the later stages of loading, and that of the original structure was greater in the early stages of loading. The original structure had 1.08 times the energy-consuming capacity of the new structure. The cost of labor and materials for the original structure was approximately 1.50 times the cost of the new structure. The results of the data analysis showed that, compared to the original structure, the new structure had comparable performance in terms of strength-to-flexure ratio, ductility, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation capacity. However, the new structure was more advantageous in terms of load-bearing capacity and required lower construction costs than the original structure. Therefore, the connection nodes designed in this paper are of great significance for engineering practice. Full article

In this paper, the mechanical properties and internal stress condition of the reinforcing bar sleeve connectors with ferro-tailed mineral sand cementitious grout as filler material were analyzed as research objects. Firstly, an experimental study was carried out on the reinforcing bar sleeve connectors of iron tailing sand grout with a 40% substitution rate of mechanism sand to analyze the mechanical properties of different grout types, age, and reinforcement diameters under unidirectional tensile, high stress, and large deformation of repeated tensile and compressive stresses. Next, five groups of sleeve joints with different anchorage lengths were set up for unidirectional tensile tests. The results show that, with the decrease of the diameter of the reinforcement, the grip force and bond strength of the iron tailing sand grout on the internal reinforcement gradually increase. Under conditions of large deformation and high stress due to repeated tensile loading, the residual deformation and total elongation of iron tailing sand grout sleeve joints are satisfactory. Additionally, the restraining anchorage effect of iron tailing sand grout in the end section is small. The utilization rate and integrity of iron tailing sand grout in the initial anchorage section are better. Full article

This study presents a collaborative sensing approach that integrates the pre-embedded sensor method and the impact-echo technique to enhance the accuracy of grout filling quality assessment for precast concrete sleeve connections. The pre-embedded sensor method, which relies on vibration energy attenuation, enables continuous monitoring of the grout filling process; however, its accuracy is limited at low filling degrees, as vibration energy values remain constant at approximately 255 when the filling degree is below 70%. In contrast, the impact-echo technique, based on the principle of impact elastic wave propagation, demonstrates high accuracy in evaluating grout filling degrees across various levels, with reflected waveform amplitude increasing accordingly. This collaborative approach establishes a functional relationship between vibration energy values from the pre-embedded sensor method and grout filling degree, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of grout filling quality. In field demonstrations, the calculated grout filling degree values deviated by less than 5% from the set values. Practical guidelines for implementing the collaborative sensing approach are also provided. The method developed in this study offers a reliable solution for assessing grout filling quality in precast concrete sleeve connections, addressing the limitations of individual testing methods. Full article

Based on the insufficient data on bonding performance and effective anchorage length of sleeve grouting in assembled structure. Combining the existing studies, the sleeve grouting joint test for the static unidirectional tensile test was designed, and the influencing factors are reinforcement diameter and reinforcement anchorage length. Then, the failure mode, load-displacement relationship, energy consumption capacity and bearing capacity of the grouting sleeve connection are analysed, and the stress mechanism of the specimen in the one-way tensile state is expounded. This paper considers the actual damage state of the joint, according to the failure of the reinforcement outside the joint and the sleeve; referring to the reinforcement-concrete bond strength research theory, the effective anchorage length formula is proposed. When the steel bar is pulled out, the bond strength and bearing capacity mainly depend on the effective anchorage length. However, when the specimen breaks the steel bar outside the joint, it depends on the material performance of the steel bar itself. The research results of this paper can lay a theoretical foundation for the application of sleeve grouting joints. Full article

The fabricated shear wall with a grouting sleeve is used widely in structural engineering. The damage characteristics of a fabricated shear wall reinforced with angle steel of inadequate grouted material strength were investigated using acoustic emission (AE) technology under a horizontal repeated load. The results showed that evaluation of the AE energy and Ib value exposed the crack expansion and damage evolution of the fabricated shear walls; the sudden rise in the energy level predicted the occurrence of micro-cracks in the shear wall. The trends of the AE accumulated energy and accumulated hysteretic energy of the specimens had a good correlation. The AE Ib value results illustrated that the destruction was most serious inside the shear wall with an inadequate grouted material strength at the failure stage. The trends of AE HI and S_r could better characterize the crack propagation of the shear walls. The AE damage model was proposed based on the Park–Ang damage model incorporating fractal energy density, which could effectively evaluate the damage degree of shear walls under repeated loading. Full article

The existing bearing capacity model for grouting sleeves is synthesized in this study. Utilizing the principles of thick-walled cylinders in elastic mechanics, a comprehensive ultimate bearing capacity model for grouting sleeves is developed using conventional material parameters. To validate the efficacy of the model, 18 steel bar grouting sleeves of varying anchor lengths, steel bar diameters, and designs were tested. The outcomes indicate minimal errors in the computational results and demonstrate superior applicability when juxtaposed with established grouting sleeve bearing capacity formulas. Full article