Search Results (7,162)

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate evidence comparing parental acceptance and preferences of advanced behavior management techniques with basic behavior management techniques among pediatric dental populations in the Middle East. Methodology: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (CRD420261294758) in February 2026. The systematic review included studies published between January 2015 and February 2026, identified through PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria encompassed observational studies assessing parental acceptance of behavior guidance techniques for healthy children aged 2–14 years, conducted in the Middle East. Two authors independently selected the studies and extracted the data. The risk of bias was assessed independently by two reviewers (F.A. and K.B) using an adapted Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), with any uncertainties resolved through discusscoion with a third reviewer (H.J.S.). Comparing the different behavior-guided techniques allowed for the creation of pooled effect estimates for the included studies. Result: A total of 88 studies were identified from the database search. Of the 88 studies identified, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Eleven cross-sectional observational studies were conducted in Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, and Kuwait. The TSD approach consistently garnered the highest parental acceptance, ranging from 88% to 98%. In contrast, advanced methods like GA and physical restraint were the least preferred. Six meta-analyses were conducted across four clinical comparisons. Parental acceptance of GA was significantly lower than TSD (OR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02–0.07, p < 0.00001), as was parental preference (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.05–0.15, p < 0.00001), with an overall pooled OR of 0.04 (95% CI: 0.02–0.08) and a complementary continuous analysis (SMD = −1.03, 95% CI: −1.54 to −0.51). Similarly, parental acceptance of protective stabilization was significantly lower than TSD (OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.06–0.15, p < 0.00001), as was parental preference (OR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.03–0.08, p < 0.00001), with an overall pooled OR of 0.07 (95% CI: 0.05–0.11) and SMD of −1.87 (95% CI: −2.32 to −1.43). Comparisons involving N₂O demonstrated extreme heterogeneity (I² = 95%), precluding reliable pooled estimates. Acceptance of N₂O varied more, influenced by regional differences and contextual factors. Conclusions: Middle Eastern populations of parents were consistently less accepting of advanced behavior management techniques, especially GA and protective stabilization, compared with TSD. These results are considered preliminary and are mainly based on cross-sectional studies and should be interpreted in the context of moderate risk of bias and substantial heterogeneity across the included studies. There is a need for more high-quality, longitudinal, multicenter studies to improve the evidence base for culturally sensitive behavior guidance in pediatric dental practice. Full article

Dynamic events require coordinated task allocation (TA) and path planning (PP) for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to maintain executable mission progress. Existing coupled methods often use path information only as a precomputed cost or downstream refinement result, limiting its reuse after dynamic changes. This paper formulates dynamic task allocation and path planning (DTAPP) as a dynamic multi-objective optimization problem considering remaining target value, mission makespan, path feasibility, and execution-state inheritance. A three-role dynamic multi-swarm crow search algorithm (3R-DMCSA) is proposed, in which exploiter, explorer, and diversifier role-based swarms share a crow search-based update structure, feasibility-aware comparison, and leader-selection structure but use TA- and PP-specific encodings, objective preferences, initialization, and dynamic responses. A path matrix connects the layers by storing candidate paths and their attributes, which are fed back to TA, and supporting rolling-horizon leading flight-segment refinement. Experiments involving three dynamic urban scenarios compare the method with five baselines and evaluate its path-matrix feedback and rolling-horizon refinement. Compared with the strongest baseline, our approach improves mission-value acquisition by 10.6%, 16.2%, and 32.0% in the three scenarios, while maintaining near-complete target coverage and reliable flight-segment execution. Path-matrix feedback improves mission-value acquisition by 5.2–26.1% over the configuration without PP-to-TA path feedback, while rolling-horizon segment refinement reduces replanning latency by 48.8–70.5% compared with refining all planned segments without significantly compromising mission performance. Full article

Pixel-level annotation of bi-temporal high-resolution imagery is costly because annotators must distinguish genuine changes from pseudo-changes caused by illumination, seasonality, shadows, and residual misregistration. From a temporal-symmetry perspective, unchanged regions approximately preserve cross-temporal semantic correspondence, whereas genuine building changes introduce localized symmetry breaking between the two acquisition times. This paper presents BSCNet, a semi-supervised framework for binary building change detection that jointly models boundary-sensitive differences and scene-dependent scale preferences. A shared-weight MixTransformer extracts multi-level bi-temporal features. The Edge-Aware Optimization Module suppresses spatially invariant channel responses, enhances residual spatial cues, and predicts a Sobel-supervised edge map. The Parallel Selective Context Module aggregates depthwise-separable branches with different receptive fields and produces an image-level scale distribution. The Multi-scale Edge-Consistent Mean Teacher framework aligns the final prediction, intermediate edge representation, and scale-selection distribution between an exponential-moving-average teacher and the student. Experiments on WHU-CD and LEVIR-CD under 5%, 10%, and 20% labeled-data settings show consistent improvements over RCL, C2F-SemiCD, and CutMix-CD. With 5% labeled data, BSCNet achieves F1/IoU scores of 88.57%/79.49% on WHU-CD and 88.88%/79.98% on LEVIR-CD. An additional UAV-CD evaluation examines transfer to 0.06 m low-altitude UAV imagery containing both building and land changes; under 5% supervision, BSCNet obtains an F1/IoU of 68.07%/51.60%. Progressive ablations confirm complementary gains from the boundary, scale, and consistency components. Full article

Background: Emotional intelligence (EI) is an important component of adolescents’ psychological adjustment and social functioning. Creativity-based experiential approaches may support EI development through active emotional processing, reflection, and interpersonal learning; however, empirical evidence in adolescents remains limited. Methods: This quasi-experimental controlled pretest–posttest study included 47 adolescents who self-selected into an experimental group (n = 24) or control group (n = 23) according to their preference regarding participation in the training program. EI was assessed using the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT). The experimental group completed a 12-week creativity-based experiential programme, while the control group continued usual activities. Results: At post-intervention, the experimental group had significantly higher overall EI (p < 0.001, d = 1.60), AES (p < 0.001, d = 1.34), and ERO (p < 0.001, d = 1.24) scores than the control group. Although post-intervention ERS scores were also higher in the experimental group, a large ERS difference was already present at baseline and the experimental group showed no favorable descriptive change in this dimension. Utilization of emotions in problem solving did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.090, d = 0.50). Conclusions: Participation in creativity-based experiential training was associated with higher post-intervention overall EI, AES, and ERO scores, but demonstrated limited effectiveness for ERS and UEPS. The small sample and insufficient statistical power, together with the non-randomized design and baseline ERS imbalance, preclude firm or causal conclusions. Larger randomized controlled studies using multimethod assessments and long-term follow-up are needed to establish causality, durability, and the mechanisms underlying these associations. Full article

Hierarchical retail forecasting requires predictions that are both accurate and coherent across multiple planning levels, from total demand to individual product–store series. Because these forecasts guide inventory, replenishment, storage, and distribution decisions, improving their coherence and reliability can support more efficient resource use, reduce avoidable overstock and product waste, and limit the need for emergency logistics. This study investigates how global deep-learning architectures interact with post hoc reconciliation in point and probabilistic forecasting. Using an M5-derived hierarchical and grouped structure comprising 42,840 series, we compare three MLP-oriented models, MLP, N-BEATS, and N-HiTS, with five transformer-based models, Transformer, Temporal Fusion Transformer, Informer, PatchTST, and Autoformer. All models are evaluated under a common 28-day forecasting horizon, temporal partition, Optuna-based tuning protocol, and three complete seeded runs. Coherence is imposed using Bottom-Up reconciliation and four MinTrace variants, while probabilistic forecasts are generated through residual-block bootstrap reconciliation. Point and probabilistic performance are assessed level-wise and globally using MASE and scaled CRPS, respectively. The results show that the strongest transformer-based combination outperforms the strongest MLP-based combination at every hierarchy level. PatchTST combined with MinTrace-WLS-struct is particularly effective at aggregate and intermediate levels, achieving a Total-level MASE of 0.537 and sCRPS of 0.037. At the Product–Store level, Bottom-Up reconciliation becomes preferable, with the Transformer attaining the lowest MASE of 1.367 and sCRPS of 0.912. Because granular series dominate the hierarchy-wide average, the lowest overall MASE is obtained by TFT with Bottom-Up reconciliation (1.428), whereas the lowest overall sCRPS is shared by the Transformer and Informer with Bottom-Up reconciliation (0.813). These findings demonstrate that neither the forecasting architecture nor the reconciliation method should be selected independently of hierarchy depth and forecasting objective. Strategic and tactical levels benefit primarily from PatchTST with MinTrace reconciliation, whereas highly granular operational forecasting favors Bottom-Up reconciliation with transformer-based models. From a sustainability perspective, this level-aware framework provides a basis for aligning forecasting decisions with resource efficiency, waste reduction, service reliability, and greater resilience across the retail supply chain. Full article

Background: High-mix manufacturing environments are characterized by increasing product variety, dynamic material flows, and growing operational complexity, creating significant challenges for intralogistics layout redesign. Existing research addresses manufacturing complexity, facility layout planning, simulation, and multi-criteria decision-making; however, these approaches are typically applied independently and provide limited guidance for systematically translating manufacturing complexity into layout redesign decisions. Methods: This study proposes the Complexity-Driven Intralogistics Layout Redesign Framework (CDILRF), which integrates manufacturing complexity assessment, Complexity Translation, layout design, digital layout evaluation, and structured decision support into a unified redesign methodology. The framework was demonstrated through an industrial case study in a high-mix automotive manufacturing environment. Results: The framework transformed manufacturing complexity into structured layout redesign requirements, supported the evaluation of five layout alternatives, and identified the preferred redesign solution digital material-flow analysis and multi-criteria assessment. The selected layout reduced logistics effort by approximately 37% while increasing available warehouse space. Conclusions: CDILRF establishes an explicit link between manufacturing complexity assessment and intralogistics layout redesign through a structured, transparent decision-support process. The framework contributes to manufacturing logistics research and provides a practical methodology for data-driven intralogistics layout redesign in high-mix manufacturing environments. Full article

Background: Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve syndrome (TOF-APVS) is a rare variant of tetralogy of Fallot marked by aneurysmal pulmonary artery dilatation and variable tracheobronchial compression. The identification of clinical indicators that predict perioperative risk in this patient population remains challenging. We aimed to review the surgical outcomes and reintervention requirements of patients with TOF-APVS over a 15-year single-center experience, with particular focus on two indicators of disease severity: preoperative mechanical ventilation (MV) and computed tomography (CT)-detected airway compression. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 27 patients with TOF-APVS who underwent surgical repair at a single center between January 2010 and January 2025. Airway compression was assessed by CT in 20 patients. The primary outcome was the need for any reintervention during follow-up. Secondary outcomes comprised early and overall mortality and postoperative duration of intubation, ICU stay, and hospital stay. Subgroup comparisons were performed using the Fisher exact test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: The median age at surgery was 8 months (IQR, 4.5–16). Preoperative MV was required in 5 patients (18.5%), and CT revealed airway compression in 13 of 20 patients (65.0%). Early postoperative mortality was 7.4%, and overall mortality during follow-up was 18.5%. At least one reintervention was required in 9 patients (33.3%). Preoperative MV was significantly associated with early mortality (40.0% vs. 0%; p = 0.028) and with prolonged ICU stay (median 15 vs. 4 days; p = 0.008). CT-detected airway compression was not significantly associated with either mortality or reintervention. Conclusions: In this 15-year single-center experience with 27 patients, preoperative mechanical ventilation was associated with markedly higher early postoperative mortality and prolonged ICU stay, and may thus serve as a practical clinical indicator of disease severity in TOF-APVS. CT-detected airway compression was a frequent and often severe finding, but its association with early mortality and reintervention could not be statistically confirmed, likely reflecting the selective use of CT and small subgroup size. These findings support the integration of preoperative ventilation status into perioperative risk assessment and highlight the need for larger, preferably multicenter, studies with standardized airway assessment to clarify the prognostic role of anatomical airway compression. Full article

To overcome the limitations of existing evaluation methods and performance testing for wind power generation systems, this study proposes a modular framework for performance testing and comparative assessment. Methodologically, the approach establishes a baseline configuration for simulation and provides optional interfaces for experimental, hardware-in-the-loop, or bench testing under identical boundary conditions. By employing a unified metric system, the proposed method enables a comprehensive evaluation of annual energy production (AEP) gains, power curve deviations, damage equivalent loads (DEL) when cycle-resolved load histories are available, fatigue- and peak load proxy variations, efficiency fluctuations, temperature rise margins, and reliability proxy indicators. A demonstrative case study is conducted using illustrative numerical data parameterized for a generic 2.5 MW-class doubly fed wind turbine to compare three retrofit schemes: blade replacement, gearbox optimization (S2), and a pitch system upgrade. When annual energy production (AEP) is utilized as the sole metric, the blade replacement scheme yields a 3.32% increase. However, it concurrently increases the fatigue load and peak load proxies by 6.11% and 3.72%, respectively. Conversely, a comprehensive assessment incorporating load, temperature rise, vibration, and reliability identifies the gearbox optimization (S2 scheme) as the highest-ranked option under the current weighting configuration, with a reproducible overall score of 0.65. The weight sensitivity analysis further shows that the preferred scheme can change when engineering priorities change. Ultimately, this work demonstrates the proposed method’s capability to highlight the discrepancy between single-metric and holistic performance optimization, providing standardized support for scheme selection, project acceptance, and the evaluation of wind turbine retrofit schemes. Full article

Pharmacogenomics can convert stable DNA variation into prescribing information, but its value in primary care depends on whether a result changes a decision at the right moment. This narrative review critically examines selected actionable gene–drug pairs, implementation models, conflicting evidence, and unresolved questions for family physicians managing multimorbidity and polypharmacy. A targeted search of PubMed/MEDLINE and current pharmacogenomic guideline resources was updated through 14 August 2026, prioritizing clinical guidelines, randomized and pragmatic trials, implementation studies, and primary-care evidence. Guideline actionability describes how an available result can guide treatment; it does not by itself establish that testing should be ordered. Selected examples include clopidogrel, statins, metoprolol, antidepressants, codeine and tramadol, proton-pump inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and warfarin, together with shared-care medicines such as thiopurines and carbamazepine. In PREPARE, a defined 12-gene panel linked to prescribing recommendations reduced clinically relevant adverse drug reactions within a specific European workflow. Other trials showed that benefit is drug-, population-, comparator-, and workflow-dependent. Pharmacogenomics does not replace assessment of organ function, interactions, adherence, frailty, or patient preference. This review proposes selective, clinically triggered panel testing as a pragmatic model for primary care, with structured, reusable results and concise decision support. Future work should define who benefits, improve ancestry representation, account for phenoconversion, and demonstrate health-system-specific cost-effectiveness. Pharmacogenomics is best understood as an additional medication-safety input rather than a stand-alone precision-medicine solution. Full article

Traditional window lattice patterns constitute an important component of vernacular architectural heritage, yet the relationship between lattice configurations and their spatial placement within buildings remains insufficiently understood. This study explores the empirical spatial configuration logic underlying traditional window lattice patterns in the historic buildings of Zhaoyu Ancient City, Shanxi Province, China. Based on field surveys, photographic documentation, and standardized morphological analysis, window samples were classified using a quantitative typological approach, followed by statistical analysis of pattern distributions across different architectural positions. Standardized line drawings were reconstructed as morphological abstractions to facilitate comparative analysis of lattice configurations and their spatial distribution. The results reveal consistent associations between lattice configurations and architectural positions, suggesting that window lattice selection was influenced by spatial context rather than influenced solely by decorative preference. These observed configurations are discussed in relation to regional architectural traditions, local cultural contexts, functional requirements, and construction practices that shaped vernacular building development. The relationships are further interpreted through the perspectives of visual perception, regional culture, historical context, and heritage conservation. Rather than proposing a universal design grammar, this study provides empirical evidence for understanding implicit spatial configuration principles embedded in traditional vernacular architecture and offers a methodological reference for heritage documentation, conservation practice, and future comparative studies. Full article

This study examines whether selected tourism preferences, sustainability-related attitudes, and motivational profiles differ between Generation Z and older respondents in Slovakia. A cross-sectional online questionnaire was administered between February and April 2026 using non-probability convenience sampling through social media, student groups, and generational communities. The final sample comprised 147 respondents (92 Generation Z, 34 Millennials/Generation Y, and 21 Generation X). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to evaluate the conceptual measurement and structural models. The structural model supported H1, demonstrating a statistically significant positive direct effect of Generation Z membership on the preference for nature and adventure tourism ($\beta = 0.336$, $p < 0.001$, $R² = 0.125$). H2 was not supported: when controlling for individual environmental awareness (ENV_AWARE), Generation Z membership was not a statistically significant predictor of technical-ecological accommodation preferences ($\beta = 0.045$, $p = 0.187$) and exhibited a negative relationship with local-economic sustainability support ($\beta = −0.161$, $p = 0.001$). Instead, individual environmental awareness emerged as the primary explanatory driver of both dimensions ($\beta = 0.909$ and $\beta = 0.977$, respectively; $p < 0.001$; $R² = 0.800$). H3 was supported: Generation Z respondents exhibited a significantly stronger orientation toward extrinsic economic incentives, such as price discounts ($\beta = 0.152$, $p = 0.026$), and a substantially weaker motivation based on intrinsic moral responsibility toward future generations ($\beta = −0.376$, $p < 0.001$). The findings demystify the assumption that younger consumers automatically demand green tourism services based solely on age, highlighting that individual environmental awareness and pragmatic economic benefits play a more fundamental role in sustainable purchasing decisions. Because the study relies on a non-probability cross-sectional sample, the results should be interpreted as exploratory associations within the surveyed sample. Full article

Hybrid marine energy systems that integrate wave and current technologies can improve resource complementarity and spatial utilization. However, the ranking stability of selected hybrid concepts under changes in criterion weights, score assumptions, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods requires further examination. This study extends an existing two-stage concept-selection procedure by evaluating four shortlisted wave energy converter–hydrokinetic turbine configurations using stochastic weight-space sampling, criterion-wise weight sensitivity, cross-method consistency, and bounded score-perturbation analyses. A fixed normalized decision matrix is first evaluated using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method across three sets of 10,000 criterion-weight scenarios generated using normalized-uniform, Dirichlet α = 1, and Dirichlet α = 0.5 distributions. The same scenarios are then evaluated using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), with ranking consistency quantified using Spearman’s rank correlation and complete-ranking agreement. Score sensitivity is subsequently examined through bounded one-point perturbations of the Stage 2 criterion scores, with SAW and TOPSIS recalculated under equal criterion weights to identify dominance-breaking and rank-reversal conditions. The oscillating water column–Savonius configuration, W1H3, remains first-ranked under all three sampled weight distributions because its normalized criterion scores are equal to or higher than those of every competing configuration across all five criteria. Criterion-wise sensitivity analysis shows that W1H3 is not outranked over the investigated weight range, although it ties with the point absorber–Savonius configuration, W2H3, when the full weight is assigned to mooring synergy or control compatibility. A crossover between W2H3 and the oscillating water column–hybrid Savonius–Darrieus configuration, W1H4, occurs at a co-location-feasibility weight of 0.384615. Across the three weight-sampling distributions, SAW and TOPSIS achieve complete-ranking agreement of 65.91–87.08%, with mean Spearman rank correlations of 0.9318–0.9742; the remaining differences are confined to the ordering of W2H3 and W1H4. Bounded score perturbations show that single one-point score change is sufficient to break the dominance of W1H3 over W2H3, whereas four changes are required for W2H3 to attain a unique first rank under both methods. The results demonstrate that W1H3 is rank-stable under the investigated weight and method variations for the adopted decision matrix, while the score-perturbation analysis identifies the bounded score changes under which the preferred ranking may change. Full article

Urban stormwater poses a threat to urban safety and development. The systematic spatial planning of low-impact development (LID) facilities is increasingly recognized as a sustainable approach to enhancing urban flood resilience. Previous studies have largely focused on empirically-based design approaches or have employed uncoupled computational methods, resulting in a lack of accuracy in flood simulation results. In this study, a novel framework was proposed. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II was employed to perform multi-objective optimization of the spatial layout of LID facilities, and a coupled model of SWMM and TELEMAC was developed to simulate surface flooding based on the optimized schemes. Under three rainfall scenarios, three schemes on the Pareto Front—representing the lowest cost, the optimal compromise and the least overflow—were selected to investigate how scheme parameters and overflow are influenced by rainfall intensity and design preferences. The results indicate that scheme parameters and node overflow show greater variation under the influence of different design preferences than under different rainfall conditions. Taking the schemes selected in this study as examples, under the lowest-cost scheme, LID coverage was less than 10%, resulting in a limited reduction in node overflow; but when ‘minimum overflow’ was set as the design preference, node overflow was virtually eliminated, with peak water levels at flood-prone locations reduced to 0.05 m, 0.08 m and 0.10 m under 50-year, 100-year and 200-year storm conditions, respectively. The framework for urban flooding simulation and flood control scheme design proposed in this study is potentially applicable to comparable settings, subject to similar data availability and physical conditions, serving as a reference for enhancing urban resilience to flooding. Full article

Public owners selecting design-build (DB) teams for sustainable buildings must justify how proposal evidence, long-term asset performance, and procurement accountability support a preferred contractor. Prior contractor-selection and hybrid MCDM studies provide criteria and ranking tools, but they rarely connect public-building requirements, mandatory floors, proposal evidence anchors, weighting, scoring, and auditability before mathematical ranking. The aim of this study is to develop and numerically demonstrate an evidence-traceable SWOT-AHP-TOPSIS framework for sustainable DB contractor selection in California courthouse procurement. Here, California courthouse procurement refers to public-owner procurement of judicial courthouse facilities in California, United States, under public-building procurement rules and publicly available RFQ/RFP-related records. The framework fixes source-linked criteria, SWOT role definitions, benefit directions, evidence anchors, and compliance floors before criteria weights are obtained using AHP and alternatives are ranked using the TOPSIS method. The proof of concept derives 16 criteria from procurement guidance, California courthouse records, and the literature; reports local and global criteria weights obtained using AHP; and compares synthetic proposal archetypes. Under baseline illustrative weights, A1 ranks first (C* = 0.6548), followed by A3 (0.5804) and A2 (0.3294). Robustness checks using the disclosed matrices show conditional stability: vector, min–max, and linear-sum TOPSIS, equal-criterion weights, weighted-sum comparison, grouped +20% scenarios, comparison-set checks, and 10,000-run Monte Carlo perturbation retain A1 most frequently. The Monte Carlo run selected A1 first in 79.80% of simulations, A3 in 20.19%, and A2 in 0.01%, with top-two practical ties in 7.10% of runs. The results demonstrate arithmetic consistency, reproducibility, and interpretable ranking behavior under stated synthetic assumptions; they do not establish actual evaluator preferences, real proposal quality, award outcomes, or generalizability beyond California courthouse settings. Full article

Electromobility is central to urban decarbonisation, but its charging infrastructure must be sized under substantial uncertainty about user behaviour that varies across stations, time of day and user type. This study couples a hierarchical Bayesian model with an agent-based, discrete-event simulation of a charging network. It is fitted by Markov chain Monte Carlo to the public ACN-Data dataset (13,694 sessions across 52 stations; 16,468 user requests), with partial pooling across stations. Posterior parameters drive a 24 h simulation of 500 vehicles across nine configurations and 30 to 180 slots. Service success rises from 19% to 81% and mean waiting falls from 110 to 62 min; long workplace dwell times limit turnover, so capacity rather than energy binds. TOPSIS with a paired bootstrap selects 160 slots under balanced weighting, but that optimum holds for only a tenth of the weight simplex, and the recommendation spans 140–180 slots. Spreading the arrival peak at fixed hardware raises service from 67% to 83%, matching a 29% expansion. Spatially explicit assignment costs three percentage points when stations are evenly sited, and six when clustered. The framework makes the cost of over-provisioning explicit and preference-conditional rather than naming a single optimum, giving a reproducible basis for sustainable capacity planning. Full article