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Keywords = pulmonary surfactant

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20 pages, 2643 KiB  
Article
Modulation of Pulmonary Fibrosis by Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Phosphatidylethanolamine In Vitro and In Vivo
by Beatriz Tlatelpa-Romero, Luis G. Vázquez-de-Lara Cisneros, Olga Cañadas, Amaya Blanco-Rivero, Barbara Olmeda, Jesús Pérez-Gil, Criselda Mendoza-Milla, José Luis Martinez-Vaquero, Yair Romero, David Atahualpa Contreras-Cruz, René de-la-Rosa Paredes, Sinuhé Ruiz-Salgado, Roberto Berra-Romani, Alonso Antonio Collantes-Gutiérrez, María Susana Pérez-Fernández, María Guadalupe Hernández-Linares and Gabriel Guerrero-Luna
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157132 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 263
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterized by excessive collagen deposition and impaired lung function. Pulmonary surfactant may modulate fibroblast activity and offer therapeutic benefits. We developed a natural porcine pulmonary surfactant (NPPS) enriched with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and evaluated its biophysical and biological properties. Biophysical [...] Read more.
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterized by excessive collagen deposition and impaired lung function. Pulmonary surfactant may modulate fibroblast activity and offer therapeutic benefits. We developed a natural porcine pulmonary surfactant (NPPS) enriched with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and evaluated its biophysical and biological properties. Biophysical analysis showed that PE improved surfactant performance by increasing surface pressure and stability. In vitro, NPPS-PE reduced collagen expression and induced apoptosis in normal human lung fibroblasts; in addition, it decreased proliferation in fibroblasts stimulated with TGF-β. In vivo, NPPS-PE improved gas exchange and significantly reduced collagen deposition in bleomycin-treated mice. These findings suggest that NPPS-PE may be a promising therapeutic strategy for fibrosing lung diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Strategies for Fibrotic Conditions)
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20 pages, 2796 KiB  
Systematic Review
Comparative Efficacy and Safety Profile of the Combination of Pulmonary Surfactant and Budesonide vs. Surfactant Alone in the Management of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: An Updated Meta-Analysis
by Urooj Fatima, Naveera Naveed, Zahra Riaz, Emaan Khalid, Aemon Qamer, Shehmeen Baig, Roshaan Fatima, Asawir Hussain, Zoya Mustunsar, Ayesha Khan, Sadia Mangan, Mehak Kumari, Soban Ali Qasim, Ali Hasan and Raheel Ahmed
Medicina 2025, 61(8), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081329 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 286
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), resulting from a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant (PS), can cause alveoli to collapse. Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation and are effective in reducing pulmonary swelling. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the combination of PS [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), resulting from a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant (PS), can cause alveoli to collapse. Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation and are effective in reducing pulmonary swelling. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the combination of PS and budesonide in the management of NRDS. Materials and Methods: Publications between 21 May and 24 November were screened through PubMed, Cochrane and Embase. Data analysis was performed on RevMan 5.3 software. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the routes of administrations. Results: The use of budesonide along with pulmonary surfactant for treating NRDS revealed the following results: (1) a reduced duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −1.55 to −0.56, p < 0.0001); (2) reduced rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) occurrence (relative risk (RR) = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.86, p = 0.0003); (3) reduced duration for hospital admittance (SMD = −0.38, 95% CI = −0.64 to −0.11, p = 0.005). The occurrence of complications, i.e., sepsis, pneumothorax, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), rate of mortality, hyperglycemia and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), was not significantly different among the intervention and comparison group except for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and pulmonary hemorrhage, with their incidence being higher in the control group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: The combination of pulmonary surfactant and budesonide decreases the occurrence of BPD, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay and risk of pulmonary hemorrhage and PDA. It does not increase the risk of complications and death and is clinically safe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)
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22 pages, 2612 KiB  
Review
Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Premature Infants: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors and Clinical Management
by Sariya Sahussarungsi, Anie Lapointe, Andréanne Villeneuve, Audrey Hebert, Nina Nouraeyan, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Yogen Singh, Christine Sabapathy, Tiscar Cavallé-Garrido, Guilherme Sant’Anna and Gabriel Altit
Biomedicines 2025, 13(7), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13071744 - 16 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1898
Abstract
Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a life-threatening complication predominantly affecting preterm infants, particularly those with very low birth weight (VLBW) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Typically occurring within the first 72 h of life, PH is characterized by acute respiratory deterioration and significant morbidity [...] Read more.
Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a life-threatening complication predominantly affecting preterm infants, particularly those with very low birth weight (VLBW) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Typically occurring within the first 72 h of life, PH is characterized by acute respiratory deterioration and significant morbidity and mortality. This review synthesizes current evidence on the multifactorial pathogenesis of PH, highlighting the roles of immature pulmonary vasculature, surfactant-induced hemodynamic shifts, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Key risk factors include respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA), sepsis, coagulopathies, and genetic predispositions. Diagnostic approaches incorporate clinical signs, chest imaging, lung ultrasound, and echocardiography. Management strategies are multifaceted and include ventilatory support—particularly high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)—surfactant re-administration, blood product transfusion, and targeted hemostatic agents. Emerging therapies such as recombinant activated factor VII and antifibrinolytics show promise but require further investigation. Preventive measures like antenatal corticosteroids and early indomethacin prophylaxis may reduce incidence, particularly in high-risk populations. Despite advancements in neonatal care, PH remains a major contributor to neonatal mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment. Future research should focus on individualized risk stratification, early diagnostic tools, and optimized treatment protocols to improve outcomes. Multidisciplinary collaboration and innovation are essential to advancing care for this vulnerable population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Neonatal Pulmonary Biology)
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9 pages, 195 KiB  
Article
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes from a Matched Case–Control Study
by Anucha Thatrimontrichai, Pattima Pakhathirathien, Manapat Praditaukrit, Gunlawadee Maneenil, Supaporn Dissaneevate, Ploypailin Jantarawongpisal and Jenjira Saechan
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4759; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134759 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 609
Abstract
Background/Objectives: To identify the risk factors and clinical outcomes of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in a resource-limited setting. Methods: We conducted a 1:4 matched case–control study in a Thai neonatal unit [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: To identify the risk factors and clinical outcomes of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in a resource-limited setting. Methods: We conducted a 1:4 matched case–control study in a Thai neonatal unit between 2014 and 2023. Neonates born at a gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks and with a birth weight (BW) < 1500 g were included. Neonates who died in the delivery room or had major congenital anomalies were excluded. Matching was based on GA, BW, year of birth, and endotracheal intubation at birth. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Over the 10-year study period, the incidence of PPHN among VLBW neonates was 4.6% (31/667). After matching, there were 31 cases and 124 controls. In univariable analysis, PPHN was significantly associated with lower 1 min and 5 min Apgar scores; however, no significant association remained in multivariable analysis. PPHN was significantly associated with composite adverse outcomes—including mortality and major morbidities (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41–23.40), mortality alone (aOR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.06–7.63), major morbidities (aOR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.29–6.95), and severe neurological injury (aOR = 4.44, 95% CI: 1.56–12.59). Daily hospital costs were also higher in PPHN cases, with an average increase of 97.1 USD. Conclusions: In VLBW infants, PPHN was associated with a lower Apgar score and surfactant administration. PPHN was significantly linked to adverse outcomes, particularly mortality, major morbidities, and severe neurological injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Diseases)
12 pages, 2964 KiB  
Article
Inhibiting the Interaction Between Phospholipase A2 and Phospholipid Serine as a Potential Therapeutic Method for Pneumonia
by Jianyu Wang, Huanchun Xing, Lin Wang, Zhongxing Xu, Xin Sui, Yuan Luo, Jun Yang and Yongan Wang
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(7), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47070516 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 300
Abstract
Pneumonia is a severe lower respiratory tract infection. This study demonstrates that phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a potential biomarker for pneumonia, contributes to alveoli damage by hydrolyzing pulmonary surfactant phospholipids. This process impairs gas exchange and generates hemolytic phospholipids that disrupt cellular membranes, exacerbating [...] Read more.
Pneumonia is a severe lower respiratory tract infection. This study demonstrates that phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a potential biomarker for pneumonia, contributes to alveoli damage by hydrolyzing pulmonary surfactant phospholipids. This process impairs gas exchange and generates hemolytic phospholipids that disrupt cellular membranes, exacerbating pulmonary injury. Experimental evidence demonstrates that PLA2 inhibitors significantly alleviate cellular damage in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary inflammation. These findings reveal a key mechanistic role of PLA2 in pneumonia pathogenesis and suggest novel therapeutic strategies. The results may provide more effective clinical interventions and guide further research in related fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)
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21 pages, 3474 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Model of Acute Pulmonary Damage Induced by the Phospholipase A2-Rich Venom of the Snake Pseudechis papuanus
by Daniela Solano, Alexandra Rucavado, Teresa Escalante, Edith Bastos Gandra Tavares, Suellen Karoline Moreira Bezerra, Clarice Rosa Olivo, Edna Aparecida Leick, Julio Alejandro Rojas Moscoso, Lourdes Dias, Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério, Stephen Hyslop and José María Gutiérrez
Toxins 2025, 17(6), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17060302 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 664
Abstract
An experimental model of acute pulmonary damage was developed based on the intravenous injection of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-rich venom of Pseudechis papuanus (Papuan black snake) in mice. Venom caused pulmonary edema, with the accumulation of a protein-rich exudate, as [...] Read more.
An experimental model of acute pulmonary damage was developed based on the intravenous injection of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-rich venom of Pseudechis papuanus (Papuan black snake) in mice. Venom caused pulmonary edema, with the accumulation of a protein-rich exudate, as observed histologically and by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In parallel, venom induced an increase in all of the pulmonary mechanical parameters evaluated, without causing major effects in terms of tracheal and bronchial reactivity. These effects were abrogated by incubating the venom with the PLA2 inhibitor varespladib, indicating that this hydrolytic enzyme is responsible for these alterations. The venom was cytotoxic to endothelial cells in culture, hydrolyzed phospholipids of a pulmonary surfactant, and reduced the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs. The pretreatment of mice with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME reduced the protein concentration in the BALF, whereas no effect was observed when mice were pretreated with inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), bradykinin, or neutrophils. Based on these findings, it is proposed that the rapid pathological effect of this venom in the lungs is mediated by (a) the direct cytotoxicity of venom PLA2 on cells of the capillary–alveolar barrier, (b) the degradation of surfactant factor by PLA2, (c) the deleterious action of nitric oxide in pulmonary tissue, and (d) the cytotoxic action of free hemoglobin that accumulates in the lungs as a consequence of venom-induced intravascular hemolysis. Our findings offer clues on the mechanisms of pathophysiological alterations induced by PLA2s in a variety of pulmonary diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Venoms)
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34 pages, 2275 KiB  
Review
A State-of-the-Art Review on Recent Biomedical Application of Polysaccharide-Based Niosomes as Drug Delivery Systems
by Andreea-Teodora Iacob, Andra Ababei-Bobu, Oana-Maria Chirliu, Florentina Geanina Lupascu, Ioana-Mirela Vasincu, Maria Apotrosoaei, Bianca-Stefania Profire, Georgiana-Roxana Tauser, Dan Lupascu and Lenuta Profire
Polymers 2025, 17(11), 1566; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17111566 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 839
Abstract
The development of nanocarriers for drug delivery has drawn a lot of attention due to the possibility for tailored delivery to the ill region while preserving the neighboring healthy tissue. In medicine, delivering drugs safely and effectively has never been easy; therefore, the [...] Read more.
The development of nanocarriers for drug delivery has drawn a lot of attention due to the possibility for tailored delivery to the ill region while preserving the neighboring healthy tissue. In medicine, delivering drugs safely and effectively has never been easy; therefore, the creation of surfactant-based vesicles (niosomes) to enhance medication delivery has gained attention in the past years. Niosomes (NIOs) are versatile drug delivery systems that facilitate applications varying from transdermal transport to targeted brain delivery. These self-assembling vesicular nano-carriers are formed by hydrating cholesterol, non-ionic surfactants, and other amphiphilic substances. The focus of the review is to report on the latest NIO-type formulations which also include biopolymers from the polysaccharide class, highlighting their role in the development of these drug delivery systems (DDSs). The NIO and polysaccharide types, together with the recent pharmaceutical applications such as ocular, oral, nose-to brain, pulmonary, cardiac, and transdermal drug delivery, are all thoroughly summarized in this review, which offers a comprehensive compendium of polysaccharide-based niosomal research to date. Lastly, this delivery system’s limits and prospects are also examined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Materials, 3rd Edition)
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14 pages, 786 KiB  
Article
Modeling Human Airway Epithelial Barrier Penetration Using Birch Bet v 1 and Alder Aln g 1 Pollen Allergens During Sensitization Process
by Daria N. Melnikova, Andrey E. Potapov, Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova and Ivan V. Bogdanov
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115169 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 473
Abstract
Pollen allergy is rated as a major public health problem, causing significant morbidity and adversely affecting the quality of people’s lives. The airway epithelium serves as the first line of defense in the respiratory system, playing a crucial role in orchestrating immune responses [...] Read more.
Pollen allergy is rated as a major public health problem, causing significant morbidity and adversely affecting the quality of people’s lives. The airway epithelium serves as the first line of defense in the respiratory system, playing a crucial role in orchestrating immune responses to allergens. In this work, we studied the important transport steps in the major alder pollen allergen Aln g 1 through the human airway epithelium in comparison with those of the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, we showed that both allergens can destroy liposomes with a composition modeling the adult human pulmonary surfactant. Using a polarized Calu-3 monolayer, we showed similar efficiencies of Aln g 1 and Bet v 1 transport through the artificial epithelial barrier. Using qPCR, we showed that Aln g 1 upregulates the expression of IL-33, TSLP, IL-1β, CXCL8 in epithelial cells, playing an important role in the sensitization process. The obtained results may improve our understanding of the primary sensitization mechanisms with the involvement of the PR-10 family of lipid-binding allergens. Full article
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16 pages, 679 KiB  
Case Report
Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutation of the ABCA3 Gene in a Patient with Neonatal-Onset Interstitial Lung Disease
by Gregorio Serra, Veronica Notarbartolo, Vincenzo Antona, Caterina Cacace, Maria Rita Di Pace, Daniela Mariarosa Morreale, Marco Pensabene, Ettore Piro, Ingrid Anne Mandy Schierz, Maria Sergio, Giuseppina Valenti, Mario Giuffrè and Giovanni Corsello
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(11), 3704; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113704 - 25 May 2025
Viewed by 711
Abstract
Background: Children’s interstitial and diffuse lung diseases, commonly referred to as “chILDs”, include around 200 rare conditions that disrupt normal lung function. They are classified, based on etiopathogenesis, into several subgroups, having a varied and multifaceted clinical presentation depending on the type of [...] Read more.
Background: Children’s interstitial and diffuse lung diseases, commonly referred to as “chILDs”, include around 200 rare conditions that disrupt normal lung function. They are classified, based on etiopathogenesis, into several subgroups, having a varied and multifaceted clinical presentation depending on the type of genetic mutation present. Methods and Results: We describe the case of a late preterm newborn presenting soon after birth with respiratory distress syndrome poorly responsive to surfactant administration, in whom a targeted gene panel analysis for pulmonary congenital diseases, performed using next-generation sequencing (NGS), revealed a novel compound heterozygous variant of the ATP-Binding-Cassette-Subfamily-A-Member-3 (ABCA3) gene. A review of the literature on the subject completes our work. Conclusions: Molecular genetic analysis has become crucial for a more targeted therapeutic treatment, along with the only current curative treatment option that is lung transplantation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Respiratory Medicine)
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19 pages, 649 KiB  
Review
Interstitial Lung Diseases and Lung Cancer: A Review on Similarities, Common Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approach
by Gioele Castelli, Elisabetta Cocconcelli, Giuliana Grimaudo, Irene Di Leo, Serena Bellani, Giordano Fiorentù, Giacomo Giulianelli, Nicol Bernardinello, Elisabetta Balestro and Paolo Spagnolo
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050213 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 1264
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) prevalence and survival are increasing due to improvement in scientific research together with clinical complications typical of advanced disease. Lung cancer (LC) is described as a possible event occurring in lung parenchyma in the context of fibrotic abnormalities that [...] Read more.
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) prevalence and survival are increasing due to improvement in scientific research together with clinical complications typical of advanced disease. Lung cancer (LC) is described as a possible event occurring in lung parenchyma in the context of fibrotic abnormalities that worsen patients’ prognosis. This growth of malignant cells on a fibrotic background has also been called scar-cinoma. For this reason, not only an early diagnosis but also personalized decisions on the best treatment approach should be considered for each patient in a multidisciplinary discussion, since in some cases chemotherapy or surgery could be detrimental for patients with pulmonary fibrosis. LC and lung fibrosis may share common pathogenetic mechanisms like an altered healing process in response to repeated tissue damage from environmental exposure in genetically susceptible individuals. Smoking history and air pollution together with mutations in telomere and surfactant protein genes lead to the production of cytokines and nitro derivatives in the microenvironment that facilitate the carcinomatous transformation during fibrogenesis. The evolution of LC therapy and the implementation of immunotherapy acting on targetable immune checkpoints have raised interest in evaluating ILD-LC actionable mutations. The main pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical presentations and treatment implications are presented in this review. Full article
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12 pages, 3416 KiB  
Article
Potential Utility of Combined Presepsin and LDH Tracking for Predicting Therapeutic Efficacy of Steroid Pulse Therapy in Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Pilot Study
by Yuichiro Takeshita, Yasuo To, Masako To, Naho Furusho, Yusuke Kurosawa, Toru Kinouchi, Mitsuhiro Abe, Jiro Terada, Yuji Tada and Seiichiro Sakao
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 3068; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093068 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 486
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The usefulness of presepsin, which is released from macrophages, in acute exacerbation of interstitial lung diseases (AE-ILDs) is unknown. We aimed to investigate the utility of monitoring presepsin with other AE-ILD markers before and after steroid pulse therapy in AE-ILDs. Methods [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The usefulness of presepsin, which is released from macrophages, in acute exacerbation of interstitial lung diseases (AE-ILDs) is unknown. We aimed to investigate the utility of monitoring presepsin with other AE-ILD markers before and after steroid pulse therapy in AE-ILDs. Methods: This pilot single-center retrospective observational study involved 16 patients with AE-ILDs, including the AE of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and rapidly progressive connective tissue disease-associated ILD. Patients who survived 90 days were assigned to the survival group (n = 9). The remaining patients were classified in the non-survivor group (n = 7). To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of steroid pulse therapy, specific serum markers were selected—presepsin, as a novel AE-ILD marker, and surfactant protein D, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as classical AE-ILD markers. Results: Thirteen out of sixteen patients with AE-ILDs showed high presepsin levels (presepsin ≥ 470 pg/mL) before steroid pulse therapy. The post-/pre-presepsin ratio and the post-/pre-LDH ratio, calculated by dividing the presepsin and LDH levels after therapy by the levels before therapy, respectively, showed a positive correlation (r = 0.579, p = 0.021). As a result of this correlation, the post-/pre-presepsin–LDH index was created, obtained from the “post-/pre-presepsin ratio” multiplied by the “post-/pre-LDH ratio”. In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for non-survival, the post-/pre-presepsin–LDH index showed good discrimination as a prognostic marker for a poor outcome (AUC: 0.873, 95% confidence interval: 0.655–0.999). Conclusions: Tracking presepsin and LDH simultaneously may be useful for determining treatment response to steroid pulse therapy in the clinical management of AE-ILDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Respiratory Medicine)
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23 pages, 2184 KiB  
Review
Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathogenesis: Updates and Perspectives
by Pankush, Khushboo Bharti, Rohit Pandey, Namita Srivastava, Shashank Kashyap, Deepak Kumar, Lokender Kumar, Sunil K. Suman and Sanjay K. S. Patel
Immuno 2025, 5(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno5020013 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 3015
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, debilitating condition that affects the lungs and airways. It is characterized by persistent bronchitis, a condition exemplified by the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the hypersecretion of mucus, emphysema, and the destruction of the airway [...] Read more.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, debilitating condition that affects the lungs and airways. It is characterized by persistent bronchitis, a condition exemplified by the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the hypersecretion of mucus, emphysema, and the destruction of the airway parenchyma. The combination of these conditions leads to persistent tissue damage, pulmonary fibrosis, and ongoing inflammation of the airways. The inflammatory response in COPD is a complex process that is orchestrated by a wide range of immune cells. These include lung epithelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and T and B lymphocytes, among others. These cells work together to produce a wide range of inflammatory biomarkers that are involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. Some of the key inflammatory biomarkers that have been identified in COPD include a variety of cytokines, the C-reactive protein/serum albumin ratio, fibrinogen, soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, club/clara cells in the lungs with a molecular weight of 16 kDa, surfactant protein D, adiponectin, reactive oxygen species, and proteases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of immune cells and key inflammatory biomarkers in the development and progression of COPD. It will delve into the intricacies of the inflammatory response in COPD, exploring the various cell types and biomarkers that are involved in this process. By understanding the underlying mechanisms that drive COPD, we can better develop targeted treatments that can help to alleviate the symptoms of COPD. Full article
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20 pages, 860 KiB  
Review
The Therapeutic Potential of Myo-Inositol in Managing Patients with Respiratory Diseases
by Cristina Quecchia and Andrea Vianello
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 2185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052185 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 2008
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are major health concerns worldwide. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are the third leading cause of death worldwide and some of the most common are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, occupational lung diseases, and pulmonary hypertension. Despite having different etiology and [...] Read more.
Respiratory diseases are major health concerns worldwide. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are the third leading cause of death worldwide and some of the most common are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, occupational lung diseases, and pulmonary hypertension. Despite having different etiology and characteristics, these diseases share several features, such as a persistent inflammatory state, chronic oxidative stress, impaired mucociliary clearance, and increased alveolar surface tension. CRDs are not curable; however, various forms of treatment, that help restore airway patency and reduce shortness of breath, can improve daily life for people living with these conditions. In this regard myo-inositol may represent a valid therapeutic adjuvant approach due to its properties. Being a redox balancer, an inflammation modulator, and, most importantly, a component of pulmonary surfactant, it may improve lung function and counteract symptoms associated with respiratory diseases, as recently evidenced in patients with COPD, COVID-19, asthma, and bronchiectasis. The aim of this review is to evaluate the potential therapeutic role of myo-inositol supplementation in the management of patients with respiratory diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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61 pages, 3804 KiB  
Review
Nanosuspension Innovations: Expanding Horizons in Drug Delivery Techniques
by Shery Jacob, Fathima Sheik Kather, Sai H. S. Boddu, Mahesh Attimarad and Anroop B. Nair
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17010136 - 19 Jan 2025
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3161
Abstract
Nanosuspensions (NS), with their submicron particle sizes and unique physicochemical properties, provide a versatile solution for enhancing the administration of medications that are not highly soluble in water or lipids. This review highlights recent advancements, future prospects, and challenges in NS-based drug delivery, [...] Read more.
Nanosuspensions (NS), with their submicron particle sizes and unique physicochemical properties, provide a versatile solution for enhancing the administration of medications that are not highly soluble in water or lipids. This review highlights recent advancements, future prospects, and challenges in NS-based drug delivery, particularly for oral, ocular, transdermal, pulmonary, and parenteral routes. The conversion of oral NS into powders, pellets, granules, tablets, and capsules, and their incorporation into film dosage forms to address stability concerns is thoroughly reviewed. This article summarizes key stabilizers, polymers, surfactants, and excipients used in NS formulations, along with ongoing clinical trials and recent patents. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of various methods for NS preparation is provided. This article also explores various in vitro and in vivo characterization techniques, as well as scale-down technologies and bottom-up methods for NS preparation. Selected examples of commercial NS drug products are discussed. Rapid advances in the field of NS could resolve issues related to permeability-limited absorption and hepatic first-pass metabolism, offering promise for medications based on proteins and peptides. The evolution of novel stabilizers is essential to overcome the current limitations in NS formulations, enhancing their stability, bioavailability, targeting ability, and safety profile, which ultimately accelerates their clinical application and commercialization. Full article
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17 pages, 2453 KiB  
Article
Development and Characterization of Novel Combinations and Compositions of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Formulations Loaded with Trans-Resveratrol for Pulmonary Drug Delivery
by Iftikhar Khan, Sunita Sunita, Nozad R. Hussein, Huner K. Omer, Abdelbary Elhissi, Chahinez Houacine, Wasiq Khan, Sakib Yousaf and Hassaan A. Rathore
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(12), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121589 - 12 Dec 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1850
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to fabricate, optimize, and characterize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with trans-resveratrol (TRES) as an anti-cancer drug for pulmonary drug delivery using medical nebulizers. Methods: Novel TRES-NLC formulations (F1–F24) were prepared via hot, high-pressure homogenization. One solid lipid (Dynasan [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to fabricate, optimize, and characterize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with trans-resveratrol (TRES) as an anti-cancer drug for pulmonary drug delivery using medical nebulizers. Methods: Novel TRES-NLC formulations (F1–F24) were prepared via hot, high-pressure homogenization. One solid lipid (Dynasan 116) was combined with four liquid lipids (Capryol 90, Lauroglycol 90, Miglyol 810, and Tributyrin) in three different ratios (10:90, 50:50, and 90:10 w/w), with a surfactant (Tween 80) in two different concentrations (0.5 and 1.5%), and a co-surfactant, soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC S-75; 50 mg). Results: Amongst the analyzed 24 TR-NLC formulations, F8, F14, and F22 were selected based on their physicochemical stability when freshly prepared and following storage (4 weeks 25 °C), as well as in terms of particle size (<145 nm), polydispersity index (PDI; <0.21) and entrapment efficiency (>96%). Furthermore, F14 showed greater stability at 4 and 25 °C for six months and exhibited enhanced aerosolization performance, demonstrating the greater deposition of TRES in the later stages of the next-generation impactor (NGI) when using an air-jet nebulizer than when using an ultrasonic nebulizer. The F14 formulation exhibited greater stability and release in acetate buffer (pH 5.4), with a cumulative release of 95%. Conclusions: Overall, formulation F14 in combination with an air-jet nebulizer was identified as a superior combination, demonstrating higher emitted dose (ED; 80%), fine particle dose (FPD; 1150 µg), fine particle fraction (FPF; 24%), and respirable fraction (RF; 94%). These findings are promising in the optimization and development of NLC formulations, highlighting their versatility and targeting the pulmonary system via nebulization. Full article
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