Search Results (698)

This study investigates the combined effect of electrodeposited gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and AuNP–polypyrrole (PPy)-modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae on electrochemical glucose sensing. AuNPs were deposited onto electrode surfaces by cyclic voltammetry, and the resulting interfaces were characterized using atomic force microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. AFM analysis confirmed increased surface roughness and height variability after deposition, indicating substantial restructuring of the electrode interface. Electrochemical measurements showed that AuNP deposition altered interfacial charge storage and transfer and increased the measured charge-transfer resistance. Glucose sensing was evaluated in a ferricyanide-mediated system using yeast layers with or without AuNP and PPy modification over a 0–60 mM concentration range. All configurations exhibited saturating, non-linear glucose responses described by Hill fitting. Among the evaluated yeast-modified electrodes, the AuNP–PPy modified yeast produced the strongest glucose-induced current increase and the best low-concentration performance, achieving a limit of detection of 0.540 mM, compared with 1.016 mM and 1.330 mM for single-modified layers and 3.360 mM for unmodified yeast. These results show that combining AuNP electrodeposition with AuNP–PPy yeast modification improves interfacial properties and enhances mediator-assisted electrochemical glucose sensing. Full article

In this work, a polypyrrole–tungsten disulfide (PPy–WS₂) nanocomposite was synthesized through oxidative polymerization and evaluated as an electrode material for supercapacitors. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the successful integration of WS₂ within the PPy matrix. Electrochemical testing revealed a high specific capacitance of 816 F g⁻¹ at a scan rate of 1 mVs⁻¹, together with excellent cycling durability. To further assess device-level performance, an asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled using the PPy–WS₂ nanocomposite as the positive electrode, activated carbon as the negative electrode, and a PVA/KOH gel electrolyte. The device achieved an energy density of 41.6 Wh kg⁻¹ and a power density of 1500 W kg⁻¹, while maintaining 105% of its capacitance after 2500 charge–discharge cycles. The prototype was also able to power a light-emitting diode, highlighting its practical potential. These findings demonstrate that the synergistic coupling between polypyrrole and tungsten disulfide substantially improves electrochemical behaviour, positioning the PPy–WS₂ nanocomposite as a promising candidate for advanced energy storage applications. Full article

Polypyrrole-based functional composites are increasingly explored and extensively adopted for energy storage, sensing, and environmental applications due to their tunable electronic properties, chemical versatility, and mechanical stability. However, rational optimization of these composites requires a unified understanding of electronic, mechanical, thermal, and chemical behavior at the atomic scale, which underlies their multifunctional behavior, and remains fragmented. Notably, Density Functional Theory (DFT) provides indispensable atomistic insight into the electronic, mechanical, thermal, and chemical interactions that govern the performance of multifunctional materials. To bridge these gaps, this review presents a comprehensive assessment of recent DFT and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) studies that elucidate the electronic, mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics of polypyrrole and its hybrid composites. Key theoretical descriptors, including electronic structure modulation, charge transfer behavior, adsorption energetics, interfacial binding energies, hydrogen bond formation, and charge redistribution, are critically assessed to establish structure–property relationships across diverse functional systems. Considerable attention is given to interfacial interactions, doping strategies, and composite architectures that govern durability, conductivity, and chemical stability. By consolidating current atomistic insights and identifying existing limitations, this review provides a coherent framework for rational material design. Notably, it presents the first systematic quantification of dopant steric effects in PPy multifunctional composites, linking atomistic-scale modifications to the optimization of functional properties in next-generation applications. Full article

Conducting polymers (CPs) have become cornerstone materials in electrochemical sensors and biosensors due to their mixed ionic–electronic conduction, mechanical softness, and intrinsic biointerface compatibility. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the field, tracing the evolution of CP-based devices from classical poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polyaniline (PANI), and polypyrrole (PPy) electrodes to emerging nanostructured, hybrid, wearable, and transient systems. We discuss fundamental charge-transport mechanisms, doping strategies, structure–property relationships, and the role of morphology and biofunctionalization in dictating sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Particular emphasis is placed on reliability challenges—including drift, dopant leaching, environmental degradation, and biofouling—and on the current lack of standardized metrology, which hampers cross-study comparability. We propose a framework for rigorous calibration, reference electrode design, and data reporting, enabling quantitative benchmarking across materials and architectures. To support meaningful cross-platform comparison, representative performance envelopes—including conductivity, limit of detection, sensitivity, selectivity strategies, and operational stability—are critically benchmarked across major CP families and sensing modalities. Finally, we explore future directions such as organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors, biohybrid and living polymer interfaces, Artificial Intelligence-driven modeling, and sustainable transient electronics. Full article

The catalyst in methanol oxidation plays a pivotal role in direct fuel cell reaction. The aim of this work is to study the influence of polypyrrole polymer (PPy) added in the carbon Vulcan support for the methanol oxidation reaction. The catalytic active phase synthesized was nickel-based materials, which have been demonstrated to exhibit remarkable chemical stability in alkaline solutions. The metallic-active phase was supported at the PPy-carbon Vulcan matrix. PPy is a conductor polymer and the research of electric conduction in synergy with a carbon Vulcan and a Ni catalyst is scarcely reported. The morphology characterization of composite catalytic material was carried out by XRD, XPS, and TEM techniques. In turn, the catalytic activity of the composite is characterized by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed the influence of PPy on the charge transfer resistance (Rch. t.). The results indicate that a decrease in the Rch. t. was associated with an increase in methanol oxidation; therefore, higher amounts of charge transfer is produced. Furthermore, the DEMS technique corroborates the EIS results, confirming elevated conversion toward oxidation products. In turn, the selectivity of the composite-catalytic support on the methanol oxidation was elucidated using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Full article

Conductive hydrogels that simultaneously exhibit high mechanical robustness, reliable electrical conductivity, and interfacial adhesion are highly desirable for flexible sensing applications; however, achieving these properties in a single system remains challenging due to intrinsic structure–property trade-offs. Herein, a multifunctional conductive hydrogel (ASP hydrogel) is developed based on a polyacrylamide (PAM)/sodium alginate (SA) double-network architecture using a gallic acid (GA)–Fe³⁺–pyrrole (Py) coupling strategy. In this design, GA provides metal-coordination sites for Fe³⁺, while Fe³⁺ simultaneously serves as an oxidant to trigger the in situ polymerization of pyrrole, enabling the homogeneous integration of polypyrrole (PPy) conductive networks within the hydrogel matrix. The resulting ASP hydrogel exhibits a markedly enhanced fracture strength of 2.95 MPa compared with PAM (0.26 MPa) and PAM–SA (0.22 MPa) hydrogels, together with stable electrical conductivity and reproducible strain-dependent electrical responses. Moreover, the introduction of dynamic metal–phenolic coordination and hydrogen-bonding interactions endows the hydrogel with intrinsic self-healing capability and strong adhesion to diverse substrates. Rather than relying on simple filler incorporation, this work demonstrates an integrated network design that balances mechanical strength, conductivity, and adhesion, providing a versatile material platform for flexible strain sensors and wearable electronics. Full article

Conductive polymers (CPs), such as polypyrrole (PPy), have shown promising properties for use as electro-responsive bioactive scaffolds for tissue regeneration. PPy can be synthesized by chemical electrosynthesis and doped with biomolecules such as hyaluronic acid (HA). Taking advantage of the electrochemical synthesis versatility, nanofibers for surface-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes can be used as templates to produce tridimensional HA-doped PPy scaffolds. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CTS) electrospun nanofibers deposited on ITO electrodes were used as a 3D template for the in situ electrosynthesis of HA-doped PPy to produce a bioactive scaffold for tissue engineering. The final material gathers the advantages of each biopolymer, the porous morphology of the nanofiber, and the conductivity of the electrosynthetized polymer. Furthermore, the biological activity of the NF-PVA/CTS@PPy:HA composite was evaluated in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts by MTT, resulting in a cell viability of 146 ± 40% and wound-healing capacity of 97 ± 1.9% at 24 h of culture. Full article

Flexible and wearable pressure sensors are essential for monitoring of human motion and are distinguished by their increased sensitivity and outstanding mechanical robustness. In this study, we systematically engineered a flexible and wearable pressure sensor with a multilayer conductive architecture, arranging a sponge substrate coated in a consecutive manner with a barium zirconium titanate thin film, followed by polypyrrole, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and eventually polydimethylsiloxane. The foundation of additional conductive pathways is enabled via the utilization of a porous framework and the hierarchical arrangement, causing the achievement of an excellent sensitivity of 9.71 kPa⁻¹ (0–9 kPa), a rapid 40 ms response time, and a fast 60 ms recovery period, combined with a particularly low detection limit (125 Pa) and an extended pressure range from 0 to 225 kPa. Furthermore, the integration of a rough and porous barium zirconium titanate/barium titanate thin film is expected to deliver a voltage output (1.25 V) through piezoelectric working mechanisms. This study possesses the potential to provide an innovative architecture design for advancing the development of future electronic devices for health and sports monitoring. Full article

At present, composite phase change materials are widely studied for battery thermal management. However, to ensure the battery’s thermal safety, it is necessary not only to control the temperature during regular operation, but also to prevent sudden thermal runaway. This basic function depends on the flame-retardant properties of the composite phase change materials. In this study, a hexagonal double-layer hollow nanocage S2 with defect orientation was prepared and combined with carbon nanotubes (PNT) derived from polypyrrole (PPy) tubes to form a high adsorption mixture. Multifunctional composite phase change material PNT/S2@PEG/TEP was prepared by adsorbing and coating polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG-8000) and triethyl phosphate (TEP) with microfibrillated cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as the skeleton. The characterization shows that its thermal conductivity is 0.65 W/m·K and its phase transition enthalpy is 146.1 J/g, demonstrating its excellent thermal regulation. Microcalorimetric testing (MCC) confirmed its flame-retardant ability, attributed to the strong adsorption of PNT/S2 on PEG-8000 and TEP, the improvement in PNT’s thermal conductivity, and the contribution of CNF to flexibility. This composite phase change material, with excellent comprehensive properties, has broad application prospects in thermal safety for electronic equipment, significantly expanding its practical scope. Full article

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a key oxidant for green chemical processes, yet its catalytic utilization and activation efficiency remain limited by material instability and uncontrolled radical release. Here, we report a dual-functional, hollow conductive polymer nanostructure that enables selective modulation of H₂O₂ reactivity through interfacial physicochemical design. Hollow polypyrrole nanospheres functionalized with carboxyl groups (PPy@PyCOOH) were synthesized via a one-step Fe²⁺/H₂O₂ oxidative copolymerization route, in which H₂O₂ simultaneously served as oxidant, template, and reactant. The resulting structure exhibits enhanced hydrophilicity, rapid redox degradability (>80% optical loss in 60 min (82.5 ± 4.1%, 95% CI: 82.5 ± 10.2%), 10 mM H₂O₂, pH 6.5), and strong electronic coupling to reactive oxygen intermediates. Subsequent tannic acid–copper (TA–Cu) coordination produced a conformal metal–polyphenol network that introduces a controllable Fenton-like catalytic interface, achieving a 50% increase in ROS yield (1.52 ± 0.08-fold vs. control, 95% CI: 1.52 ± 0.20-fold) while maintaining stable photothermal conversion under repeated NIR cycles. Mechanistic analysis reveals that interfacial TA–Cu complexes regulate charge delocalization and proton–electron transfer at the polymer–solution boundary, balancing redox catalysis with energy dissipation. This work establishes a sustainable platform for H₂O₂-driven redox and photo-thermal coupling, integrating conductive polymer chemistry with eco-friendly catalytic pathways. Full article

This research examines the electrochemical polymerization of 3-Methyl-4-phenylpyrrole on carbon microfibers and compares its electrode performance with similar structures utilizing Poly-pyrrole and Poly-3-Phenylpyrrole on carbon microfibers. For technological considerations, going beyond a rate of 90 mV/s for the electrochemical deposition of the 3-Methyl-4-phenylpyrrole polymer is not advisable. By examining the Nyquist diagram, it is noted that the highest phase angle, exceeding 80°, occurs for the carbon–polymer structure created at a deposition rate of 70 mV/s, displaying the most pronounced capacitive behavior. Similar results at a deposition rate of 70 mV/s regarding SEM and AFM images were noted, revealing a structure that resembles the shape of the deposited polymer granules as “droplets” with a reduced average roughness level, at under 60 nm, and achieving a layer thickness of over 0.7 μm. Considering the results from cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance, it was observed that the carbon micro-fiber structure coated with 3-Methyl-4-phenylpyrrole polymer shows superior capacitive behavior when compared to similar structures using pyrrole and 3-Phenyl-pyrrole polymers. 3-Methyl-4-phenylpyrrole also showed a lower admittance value than 3-Phenyl-pyrrole, and presented the highest capacitance, leading to a maximum increase of +27.3% in relation to pyrrole, emphasizing the significance of studying this PPy derivative for energy storage applications. Full article

The current research presents the synthesis, characterization, and application of a novel gas sensor based on polypyrrole/strontium titanate (PPy/STO) nanocomposites for the selective detection of CO₂. Utilizing chemical oxidative polymerization, PPy and PPy/STO nanocomposites with varying STO (10–50) wt.% were synthesized and characterized. The structural and morphological analysis confirms the formation of spherical structure and well-dispersed PPy nanoparticles with increasing crystallinity and interaction of STO in PPy chain particle compactness as the STO content increases. The integration of perovskite STO within the conducting polymer matrix enhances the electronic structure, porosity, and surface area of the composite, promoting improved gas sensing performance. Electrical impedance spectroscopy reveals that the composites exhibit a frequency-dependent dielectric response and conduction attributed to charge carrier mobility and interfacial polarization effects. PPy/STO 20% exhibits highest conductivity and dielectric constants of 0.03604 Scm⁻¹ and 1.074 × 10⁴, respectively. Real-time CO₂ sensing experiments conducted at 50 °C demonstrate good sensitivity, stability, and rapid response/recovery characteristics, particularly for the PPy/STO 10% and 40% composites. These findings highlight the potential of PPy/STO nanocomposites as flexible, lightweight, and efficient materials for portable CO₂ gas sensors, addressing the growing needs for environmental and health monitoring. Full article

The rapid advancement of flexible electronics has propelled the development of lightweight, wearable piezoresistive sensors that integrate high sensitivity, excellent mechanical properties, and multifunctionality, making them a research hotspot. This work presents a flexible and lightweight multifunctional polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite hydrogel film, which is constructed based on a synergistic conductive network of cuttlefish ink-derived carbon nanospheres (CNPs) and polypyrrole (PPy). Within this composite, the CNPs and PPy form an interpenetrating conductive network throughout the PVA matrix, where PPy effectively suppresses the agglomeration of CNPs, thereby significantly enhancing the electron transport efficiency. This unique structure endows the material with improved flame retardancy and hydrophobicity while maintaining its lightweight characteristic. Consequently, the sensor demonstrates fast response (64 ms) and recovery times (66 ms) and a high sensitivity factor of 4.34 kPa⁻¹ within a pressure range of 11.2–16.8 kPa. Excellent stability is retained after nearly 6000 loading–unloading cycles, primarily attributed to the efficient response of the contact points and conductive pathways within the synergistic network under stress. Furthermore, this flexible sensor can not only reliably monitor human physiological activities (such as finger joint bending and facial expression changes) but also generate distinct current responses to subtle mouse-clicking actions, enabling tactile handwriting input. This study provides a novel strategy for constructing high-performance sensing materials by utilizing natural biomass-derived carbon materials and conductive polymers, highlighting the significant application potential of such lightweight, multifunctional hydrogel films in next-generation flexible electronic devices. Full article

Synergetic therapeutic study using multifunctional nanoplatforms has been developed as an innovative modality for effective cancer treatment to improve the clinical efficiency of anticancer drugs and reduce severe off-target side effects. Herein, an artificial nanoplatform (denoted as PPy-RhB-PDA-CD-LA) was prepared by grafting β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivatives and lactobionic acid (LA) on the surface of rhodamine B (RhB)-doped polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy-RhB NPs) using polydopamine (PDA) as the intermediate linker. Doxorubicin (DOX) was selected and successfully loaded onto the nanoplatforms with a high loading content of 327 mg/g. Furthermore, significant NIR light-triggered release of DOX was observed in a weak acidic tumor microenvironment. The nanoplatform exhibited superior photostability with a high photothermal effect of 51.7% under irradiation by a 808 nm laser and a competent temperature sensitivity (SR is 1.44% °C⁻¹) under a single wavelength excitation. MTT assay against SMMC-7721 cells clearly illustrated that the nanoplatform had low cytotoxicity at a high level (200 μg/mL) after 24 h and high therapeutic efficacy of chemo-phototherapy. Thus, it is highly promising for use in biomedical applications. Full article

The remarkable growth of high-frequency electronic systems has raised concerns about electromagnetic interference (EMI), emphasizing the need for lightweight and efficient shielding materials. In this study, ternary composites based on polypyrrole (PPy), graphene oxide (GO), and silver nanowires (AgNWs) were synthesized through chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole monomer and embedded into polycaprolactone (PCL) matrices to create flexible films. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of all components, with scanning electron microscopy showing granular PPy, sheet-like GO, and fibrous AgNWs, while spectroscopic studies indicated strong interfacial interactions without damaging the PPy backbone. Thermomechanical analysis revealed that GO increased stiffness and defined the glass transition, whereas AgNWs improved toughness and energy dissipation; their combined use resulted in balanced properties. EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) was tested in the X-band (8–12 GHz). Pure PPy exhibited poor shielding ability, while the addition of GO and AgNWs significantly enhanced performance. The highest EMI SE values were observed in PPy/GO–AgNWs composites, with an average SE of 16.05 dB at 20 wt% of the composite in the PCL matrix, equivalent to about 84.4% attenuation of incident waves. These results demonstrate that the synergistic integration of GO and AgNWs into PPy matrices enables the creation of lightweight, flexible films with advanced EMI shielding properties, showing great potential for next-generation electronic and aerospace applications. Full article