Search Results (3,512)

Lightweight polymer composites with effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding are of increasing interest for advanced electronic and aerospace applications; however, conventional glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) exhibit inherently low electrical conductivity, limiting their shielding performance. In this study, a hierarchical hybrid conductive architecture was developed by integrating graphene-coated multiaxial glass fiber fabrics with carbon black (CB)-reinforced epoxy matrices to enhance EMI shielding behavior in the X-band (8–12 GHz). Graphene coatings were deposited onto glass fibers via a surfactant-assisted ultrasonic dispersion method, while carbon black (0–1 wt.%) was incorporated into the epoxy matrix using ultrasonication-assisted mixing. Multilayer composites were fabricated using a vacuum bagging process. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the composites retained a predominantly amorphous epoxy/glass fiber matrix while exhibiting broad carbon-related diffraction features associated with disordered graphitic domains. Electrical conductivity measurements indicated that all composites remained in the insulating regime (~10⁻⁹ S/m), suggesting that a fully interconnected conductive network was not established within the investigated filler range. Despite the absence of a continuous conductive network, measurable EMI shielding performance was achieved. The composite containing 0.25 wt.% CB exhibited the highest shielding effectiveness, reaching approximately 12 dB at ~11.2 GHz. Analysis of the shielding contributions showed that absorption contributions (SEA) were consistently higher than reflection contributions (SER) across the studied frequency range. Morphological observations revealed that well-dispersed CB at low loading facilitated the formation of localized conductive domains that may contribute to tunneling-assisted polarization and interfacial charge accumulation. At higher CB contents, particle agglomeration reduced dispersion quality and limited effective pathway formation, while dynamic mechanical analysis indicated enhanced stiffness at low CB loading. FTIR results confirmed the absence of new chemical bonding, indicating that CB acts as a physically dispersed conductive filler. Overall, the results show that effective EMI shielding can be achieved in electrically insulating composites through the combined effect of hierarchical structural design and localized conductive features. This approach provides a practical pathway for developing lightweight EMI shielding materials with controlled filler loading and preserved structural integrity for aerospace and electronic applications. Full article

Emerging sustainability demands and calls for lowering materials’ environmental impact have directed authors to examine a class of polymers characterised as covalent adaptable networks and referred to as vitrimers. In this study, composite plates were made using vitrimer resin as the matrix material and continuous unidirectional flax fibre fabrics as the reinforcement. A specific early-stage composite part production method is proposed to make the multi-ply flax/vitrimer composite plate. The development of natural fibre–reinforced vitrimer composites is of clear research interest as a promising approach towards sustainable and recyclable novel material systems. Specimens prepared with all the plies oriented 0° exhibited a 129.4 MPa tensile strength and a 12.4 GPa tensile modulus, indicating a 334% increase in tensile strength when compared to the average value of 29.8 MPa obtained for neat vitrimer specimens and a 1140% improvement in the tensile modulus compared to the 1.0 GPa reached for neat vitrimer. The specimens whose plies were oriented 90° are found to deliver a tensile strength of 12.2 MPa and a 1.3 GPa tensile modulus. Applying the classical composite material micromechanics equation to calculate the 0°-direction tensile modulus demonstrated a good agreement with the experimentally obtained value—a 9.6% difference was discovered. Proper fibre/matrix interfacial adhesion was detected when the flax/vitrimer specimens’ surfaces after fracture were examined under scanning electron microscope. The research findings on tensile mechanical properties reveal that the observed flax/vitrimer composites may be potential candidates for replacing typical synthetic fibre–reinforced materials rated for automotive applications and intended for in-plane loaded parts, particularly some inner-body vehicle elements. Full article

With the rapid development of the hydrogen economy, Type IV composite pressure vessels have emerged as the core components of on-board hydrogen storage systems. However, accurate fatigue life prediction remains a critical bottleneck limiting their design optimization and safe operation. Existing methods often exhibit prediction errors exceeding ±50% due to the inherent scatter, anisotropy, and complex service environments of composites. This study proposes an improved simulation method for fatigue life prediction of Type IV cylinders. Systematic tension–tension fatigue tests were conducted on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates at four ply angles (0°, ±15°, ±30°, ±45°) and PA6 liner at three temperatures (−30 °C, 25 °C, 82 °C) to establish comprehensive S-N curve databases. The results reveal that ply angle is the predominant factor governing CFRP fatigue performance, while temperature significantly influences PA6 behavior, and failure mode transitions from fiber fracture to matrix-dominated damage as ply angle increases. A fatigue analysis model was developed in nCode, incorporating the ply fatigue Algorithm to characterize the anisotropic fatigue behavior of CFRP overwraps. Full-scale validation on Type IV cylinders under cyclic pressure (2–87.5 MPa) confirmed the method’s effectiveness, achieving prediction errors of 11.5% and 35.3% for the two failed specimens, with failure locations well predicted. This study provides a rapid and reliable engineering calculation method and data support for the anti-fatigue design, safety assessment, and life management of Type IV cylinders. Full article

Femtosecond laser surface texturing offers a promising route to tailor the functionality of bio-based wood coatings, yet the interplay between coating composition and laser processing remains poorly understood. In this study, bio-based epoxy coatings with eventual micronized wax additives were textured using a femtosecond laser to investigate the effects of laser processing parameters on pattern formation and resulting hydrophobicity. The epoxy coatings containing PE, PE/PTFE, HDPE, and rice bran waxes at 1, 5, and 7 wt.-% were characterized in terms of morphology, roughness, wettability, and chemical stability, followed by systematic variation of pulse repetition rate and laser power. The results reveal that the ablation threshold strongly depends on intrinsic coating properties. Ablation resistance increases with surface roughness and wax melting enthalpy, reflecting the role of phase transition energy in laser–matter interaction. The wax-filled coatings exhibit a transition from melting-dominated behavior at low energy input to ablation-dominated behavior at a higher energy. Laser texturing enhances hydrophobicity in parallel with theoretical values calculated from the Cassie–Baxter wetting model, with the highest hydrophobicity achieved for coatings combining intrinsic hydrophobicity and stable pattern formation. Chemical analysis confirms limited degradation of the epoxy matrix without significant carbonization, while wax additives provide partial thermal shielding. Overall, this work demonstrates clear options for tailoring surface morphology and wettability of hydrophobic polymer coatings through controlled femtosecond laser processing. Full article

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are extensively used in aerospace, civil engineering, and defense applications because of their low density, high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and structural design flexibility. However, prolonged exposure to hygrothermal conditions, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and thermo-oxidative environments can progressively damage these materials, leading to mechanical degradation and shortened service life. This review examines environmental aging in FRP composites at the levels of the polymer matrix, fiber/matrix interface, and reinforcing fibers. Representative predictive models, finite element methods, and experimental characterization techniques are summarized, together with the evolution of mechanical properties under different aging conditions. Hygrothermal degradation is mainly associated with moisture diffusion, matrix swelling, and interfacial debonding, whereas UV and thermo-oxidative aging are largely governed by photo-oxidation and thermally activated free-radical reactions. These processes may induce chain scission, crosslinking, matrix embrittlement, and interface damage. Under coupled environmental exposure, degradation is not simply additive because moisture transport, oxidation kinetics, and failure pathways may interact. Future research should emphasize multiscale characterization, anti-aging modification, interface engineering, protective coatings, and reliability-oriented lifetime prediction. Full article

Second-generation bioethanol technology is based on renewable raw materials with an unlimited potential for replenishment. However, the production cost of second-generation bioethanol is still higher than that of the first-generation. Biomass pretreatment is a key challenge, and solving it will improve the technology efficiency. In this study, Miscanthus × giganteus from the Russian breeding stock was subjected to pretreatments with dilute HNO₃ under atmospheric pressure. Pretreatments were carried out either as a single stage (HNO₃) or as two stages ((i) HNO₃ followed by NaOH, and (ii) NaOH followed by HNO₃). Classical delignification with NaOH was also performed for comparison. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with delayed inoculation (dSSF) was then performed under identical conditions, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-3136 as the microbial producer. Two-stage pretreatments were found to excel in purity, pulp composition, pulp conversion, bioethanol yield during fermentation, and raw bioethanol purity (impurities decreased by a factor of 21 compared to NaOH delignification). However, fermentation indicators are not the only critical aspect in bioethanol production technology. The complete cycle from Miscanthus × giganteus feedstock to the target bioethanol product was evaluated. The single-stage pretreatment with HNO₃ performed best among the tested conditions. The HNO₃ pretreatment achieved a 50% yield of pulps and a maximal bioethanol yield of 267 L/t, which is 44% higher compared to NaOH delignification. Furthermore, the HNO₃ pretreatment enables savings in resources and electric power, as well as full commercial utilization of all polymers of the lignocellulosic matrix of the feedstock. Full article

The rapid growth in the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) and fused-deposition-modeled (FDM) polylactic acid (PLA) has generated substantial non-biodegradable and thermoplastic waste streams, creating urgent needs for scalable recycling and valorization strategies. This study develops and evaluates an integrated route that chemically recovers carbon fibers (CFs) from CFRP waste and converts them into high-performance reinforcements for recycled PLA matrices. CFRP fragments were pre-swollen in acetic acid (120 °C, 1 h), then depolymerized by means of oxidation with 1 M KMnO₄ (100 °C, 2 h), washed, dried (100 °C, 24 h), and size-reduced by means of cryogenic milling. Recycled CFs (treated) and untreated CFRP fragments were blended with 3D-printing PLA waste at 10, 20 and 30 wt.% via melt mixing (175 °C, 5 min, 70 rpm) and molded into ASTM D638 dog-bone specimens. Materials were characterized via XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM and mechanical testing. XRD and Raman confirmed retention of the graphitic backbone after treatment; FTIR and Raman revealed oxygen-containing surface functionalization consistent with oxidation, while SEM showed effective removal of epoxy and improved fiber surface cleanliness. Compared with neat PLA (tensile strength 45.4 MPa; modulus 2.6 GPa; elongation 6.3%), composites reinforced with chemically recycled CFs exhibited marked mechanical enhancement: at 30 wt.% treated CF, the tensile strength increased to 102.6 MPa (+126%), elastic modulus to 11.7 GPa (+350%), and toughness to 250.3 MPa, while ductility decreased to 2.9%. Equivalent composites with untreated CFRP exhibited smaller gains (30 wt.%: tensile 87.3 MPa; modulus 10.3 GPa), highlighting the benefit of epoxy removal and surface activation for fiber–matrix adhesion. The proposed chemical recycling pathway is operationally simple and cost-effective, produces reusable CFs with preserved graphitic structure and enhanced surface chemistry, and enables the fabrication of high-performance, waste-derived PLA composites suitable for structural and engineering applications. This work demonstrates a viable waste-to-value approach that advances circularity for both CFRP and 3D-printing polymer waste streams. Full article

Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí), a palm fruit native to the Amazon basin, has attracted growing global scientific interest over the past decade owing to its distinctive phytochemical richness and broad functional potential. This narrative review synthesizes research published between 2015 and 2025 on açaí’s nutritional composition, biological activities, food technological applications, processing innovations, by-product valorization, and sustainability challenges. Açaí pulp contains a distinctive nutrient matrix—including anthocyanins (particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside), polyphenols, oleic and linoleic fatty acids, and dietary fiber—underpinning antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and antiobesity effects demonstrated primarily in in vitro and animal models, with human clinical evidence still limited. Processing strategies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, nanoencapsulation, freeze-drying, and supercritical CO₂ extraction have advanced bioactive stability and bioaccessibility, enabling açaí’s incorporation into dairy products, functional beverages, biodegradable packaging, reformulated meat products, and edible films. Processing residues—seeds and pomace—are increasingly repurposed into nutraceuticals, biosorbents, and bio-based polymers, reinforcing the species’ circular bioeconomy potential. Food safety risks, particularly Trypanosoma cruzi contamination in minimally processed products, require standardized mitigation protocols. Key remaining challenges include the absence of validated bioaccessibility methodologies, the scarcity of human clinical trials, and the need for scalable processing technologies suitable for smallholder production contexts. Overall, açaí emerges as a model bioresource at the convergence of nutrition science, food technology, and environmental sustainability. Full article

Geopolymer concrete contains inorganic aluminosilicate polymer gels formed through the activation of industrial solid wastes. This study investigated the effects of fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) on the durability and microstructure of geopolymer concrete exposed to freeze–thaw cycles and single-side salt erosion. Five mixtures were prepared using Baioheng geopolymer cement, with FA replacement levels of 15% and 25% and SF replacement levels of 3% and 5%. Mechanical tests, freeze–thaw tests, single-side salt-freezing tests, SEM-EDS, XRD, and CT analysis were conducted to evaluate the relationship between macroscopic performance and inorganic polymer gel structure. The results showed that 25% FA reduced compressive strength and freeze–thaw resistance, mainly due to insufficient reaction products and increased defect connectivity. In contrast, 3% SF improved the 56 d compressive strength by 13.24%, maintained the relative dynamic elastic modulus at 86.64% after 100 freeze–thaw cycles, and limited the mass loss to 0.72%. SEM-EDS and XRD results indicated that appropriate SF addition increased the Si/Al ratio and promoted the formation of C-(A)-S-H/N-A-S-H-related gel products, leading to a denser inorganic polymer matrix. However, excessive SF weakened the improvement effect, possibly due to local heterogeneity and dispersion difficulty. These results indicate that controlling the composition and spatial distribution of inorganic aluminosilicate polymer gels is essential for improving the salt-frost durability of geopolymer concrete. Full article

Background: Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound derived from Nigella sativa L., exhibits promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties; however, its clinical application is limited by poor solubility and instability. Methods: In this study, three electrospun nanofiber systems based on different polymeric matrices, PVP (N1), PVP/HPβCD (N2), and PVP/PCL (N3), were developed as potential wound dressing materials for controlled TQ delivery. Results: All formulations produced uniform nanofibrous structures with TQ molecularly dispersed within the polymer matrix, as confirmed by SEM, XRPD, and FTIR analyses. The composition of the nanofibers significantly influenced their physicochemical and functional properties. The N2 system, containing hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), exhibited the smallest fiber diameter (~208 nm), the fastest drug release, and enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity due to improved TQ solubility. In contrast, the N3 system, incorporating polycaprolactone (PCL), formed thicker fibers (~1089 nm) and demonstrated sustained release behavior, the highest mucoadhesion, and the most pronounced wound-healing effect (90% closure after 24 h). Stability studies revealed that HPβCD significantly improved TQ resistance to thermal, humidity, and photolytic degradation, whereas the PVP-based system without stabilizers showed the lowest stability. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed that nanofiber performance is governed by two key factors: drug availability and sustained release combined with bioadhesion. Importantly, wound-healing efficiency correlated more strongly with the latter. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that rational design of polymer composition enables modulation of TQ delivery and biological response. Among the tested systems, PVP/PCL nanofibers appear to be the most promising candidates for wound-dressing applications due to their ability to provide sustained drug release and enhance tissue regeneration. Full article

Glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminates (GFRP) are increasingly used in structural applications where combined mechanical and environmental loading is unavoidable, such as in the aerospace, naval, automotive, and petrochemical industries. This study investigates the influence of aggressive environments on the impact response and damage mechanisms of GFRP laminates. Specimens were immersed in acidic (hydrochloric and sulphuric) and alkaline solutions (sodium hydroxide), oil (automotive engine and automotive brake fluid), and cementitious solutions (cement and metakaolin mortars) for a determined period to simulate severe service conditions. Low-velocity impact tests were subsequently performed to evaluate the residual impact performance in terms of absorbed energy, maximum force, and damage extent. The results demonstrate that environmental exposure significantly alters impact behavior, mainly through matrix plasticization, fiber-matrix interface degradation, and microcrack development. For shorter immersion times (12–30 days), the solutions are not highly aggressive, as the decrease in elastic energy remains below 15%, with cementitious solutions showing the lowest reductions even for longer exposure periods. In contrast, longer immersion times in alkaline solution, DOT4 oil, and metakaolin mortar lead to more severe deterioration, with elastic energy reductions between 30% and 40%, the most aggressive condition being immersion in NaOH for 36 days, which caused a 37.4% decrease. Alkaline and automotive brake fluid oil environments induced the most severe degradation, leading to reduced impact resistance and increased damage propagation. Full article

Machine learning (ML)-assisted design of epsilon-negative polymer nanocomposites requires a clear connection between experimentally controllable synthesis parameters, core–shell nanoparticle geometry, and the resulting effective optical response. The targeted optical response is unusual because the polymer film is predicted to exhibit near-zero or negative real effective permittivity in selected visible spectrum regions, arising from Ag core plasmonic polarizability, SiO₂-mediated dielectric spacing, nanoparticle filling factor, and effective medium coupling rather than from the intrinsic polymer matrix. In this study, a two-stage ML-assisted synthesis-to-optics framework is developed for Ag@SiO₂ core–shell nanoparticle/polymer composite films intended for visible spectrum effective permittivity screening. In the first stage, Stöber synthesis parameters, including water volume, ethanol volume, TEOS content, catalyst volume, reaction time, Ag nanoparticle size, and Ag nanoparticle concentration, were used to predict SiO₂ shell thickness. In the second stage, Ag core size, SiO₂ shell thickness, wavelength, and nanoparticle filling factor were used to screen the real effective permittivity of Ag@SiO₂/polymer nanocomposites within an effective medium design space. Using a duplicate-aware validation workflow, Gradient Boosting provided the strongest held-out test performance for shell thickness prediction, with a test R² of 0.8997, MAE of 7.1822 nm, RMSE of 8.8344 nm, and cross-validation R² of 0.5371 ± 0.4648. The relatively large cross-validation variability indicates that the model is useful for interpolation-based synthesis screening but should not be interpreted as fully robust across heterogeneous literature-derived data. For the optical response task, the highest held-out test performance was obtained by a Decision Tree model (test R² = 0.7586), but cross-validation results were unstable, indicating that the epsilon model should be interpreted as a design space screening tool rather than a generalizable predictor. Design window analysis identified candidate negative effective permittivity regions primarily at 400 nm and high nanoparticle filling factor, with predicted $\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\left({\epsilon }_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}\right)$ values ranging from −5.4229 to −0.2086 across selected windows. The main contribution of this work is the treatment of SiO₂ shell thickness as a bridge variable between Stöber-derived synthesis control and effective permittivity screening. Experimental validation remains necessary to confirm the predicted design windows, particularly because shell uniformity, Ag core polydispersity, nanoparticle aggregation, polymer dispersion, high-filling-factor feasibility, and effective medium validity can strongly influence the measured optical response. Full article

Modulating the physical crosslink architecture of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels without altering total polymer concentration or introducing exogenous components remains a central challenge in biomaterial design. Here, we present a source blending strategy in which porcine skin gelatin (PG) and salmon skin gelatin (SG), two gelatins with markedly different proline and hydroxyproline contents, are combined at seven compositional ratios (PG weight fractions 0–1.0) and subsequently functionalized to GelMA under standardized conditions (8% v/v methacrylic anhydride, 60 °C, 3 h). Near-complete degrees of substitution (95–98%) were achieved across all formulations, as confirmed by both TNBS and ¹H-NMR analyses. In the parent gelatin mixtures, increasing PG fraction progressively increased viscosity, elastic modulus (G′), gelation temperature (Tgel), and compression modulus at 4 °C, with DSC revealing independent SG (0–15 °C) and PG (20–40 °C) endothermic transitions that suggest partial hindrance of PG triple-helix formation by high SG fractions. These composition-dependent trends were preserved after functionalization to GelMA, albeit with attenuated physical crosslinking due to steric impairment by the methacrylate groups. Photocrosslinked GelMA hydrogels fabricated after pre-incubation at 4 °C exhibited systematically higher compression moduli and lower swelling degrees with increasing PG content, demonstrating that the PG/SG ratio provides an effective means for independently tuning hydrogel mechanics and mesh architecture. In vitro release assays using Rhodamine 6G further demonstrated that pre-incubation at 4 °C prior to photocrosslinking effectively modulates transport kinetics in SG-PG GelMA hydrogels. This strategy delayed characteristic release times and constrained Weibull shape parameters to the anomalous-transport regime (0.75 < β < 1), where diffusion is governed by network chain relaxation. This effect was most pronounced in the 0.4SG:0.6PG formulation, where lower SG content permitted unhindered triple-helix formation, as corroborated by DSC and compression studies. Ultimately, adjusting the pre-incubation temperature and gelatin source combination provides a straightforward, processing-additive-free strategy to achieve programmable release profiles via controlled matrix tortuosity. Full article

The increasing demand for high-performance and multifunctional polymer materials has driven interest in improving the mechanical properties of polymer components produced through additive manufacturing. This study aims to systematically investigate and comparatively evaluate the effects of low-content nanofiller incorporation on the structural, thermal, and mechanical performance of PLA-based materials produced via fused deposition modeling (FDM), with a focus on identifying filler-dependent behavior under different loading conditions. In this study, polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 0.5 wt.% graphene (Gr) and 0.5 wt.% silver (Ag) nanoparticles, added separately, were produced using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and comparatively investigated. Each nanofiller was incorporated individually into PLA-based filaments, and standard test specimens were fabricated via 3D printing. Structural, thermal, and mechanical properties were evaluated using tensile, compressive, and three-point bending tests, along with SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, DSC, and TGA analyses. The results showed that pure PLA exhibited typical brittle behavior and a single-stage thermal degradation profile. The tensile strength of pure PLA was 41.93 MPa, and the flexural strength was 70.76 MPa. The addition of 0.5 wt.% graphene led to noticeable improvements, particularly in flexural properties, while only a minimal (almost negligible) increase was observed in tensile strength, with tensile strength increasing to 42.24 MPa (+0.74%) and flexural strength increasing to 110.78 MPa (+56.6%). In contrast, 0.5 wt.% Ag exhibited mixed and load-dependent mechanical behavior, with slight improvements in flexural strength but reductions in tensile and compressive properties, where tensile strength decreased to 22.13 MPa (−47.2%) while flexural strength increased to 112.06 MPa (+58.3%). Structural and thermal analyses indicated that both nanofillers did not significantly alter the PLA matrix chemically, while contributing to controlled changes in material properties primarily through physical interactions. The novelty of this work lies in the comparative evaluation of graphene and silver nanoparticle reinforcement at a fixed low loading level within FDM-processed PLA, combined with a comprehensive and correlated analysis of mechanical, structural, and thermal behavior on the same specimen sets, enabling a clearer understanding of filler-dependent performance mechanisms in additively manufactured nanocomposites. Overall, it was concluded that low-rate nanofiller additions, when properly dispersed, may lead to selective improvements in the performance of PLA-based composites depending on filler type and loading mode, and show potential for advanced engineering applications such as lightweight structural components, functional sensors, and additive-manufactured parts requiring tailored mechanical performance and multifunctionality. Full article

Dissolving microneedles (DMN) could be considered as a minimally invasive alternative for transdermal delivery of naltrexone hydrochloride (NTX). In the present study, DMN patches with smart design were developed via a two-step micromoulding technique. The systems were composed of drug-free polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend microneedle tips, combined with a drug-loaded backing layer based on PVP and Poloxamer 407. The influence of polymer concentration in DMN tips and backing-layer composition on morphology, mechanical properties, drug release and permeation was evaluated. Mechanical studies revealed that intermediate polymer concentration (formulation MN-20%/2:1) provided superior structural integrity (13.57 ± 1.43% height reduction after compression) and efficient penetration up to the fourth Parafilm^® layer. Incorporation of NTX into the backing layer allowed for high drug loading, while a 2:1 PVP:P407 ratio provided higher toughness (1806 g/mm) as well as thermoresponsive and controlled drug release. In vitro permeation studies demonstrated significantly enhanced NTX delivery from DMN systems compared to simple matrix patches—an almost 4-fold increase in flux with 56% permeation of NTX up to 8 h. These findings highlight the importance of polymer composition in DMN design and demonstrate the potential of the developed systems as an effective platform for transdermal delivery of NTX. Full article