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Keywords = pile-up pulse

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28 pages, 2766 KiB  
Article
Parameter Analysis of Pile Foundation Bearing Characteristics Based on Pore Water Pressure Using Rapid Load Test
by Jing-Jie Su, Xue-Liang Zhao, Qing Guo, Wei-Ming Gong, Yu-Chen Wang and Tong-Xing Zeng
Infrastructures 2025, 10(7), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10070159 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
A novel approach for determining the bearing capacity of pile foundations using rapid load testing is suggested to rectify the inaccuracies arising from the presumption of a constant damping coefficient and excess pore water pressure during the evaluation of pile foundation bearing capacity [...] Read more.
A novel approach for determining the bearing capacity of pile foundations using rapid load testing is suggested to rectify the inaccuracies arising from the presumption of a constant damping coefficient and excess pore water pressure during the evaluation of pile foundation bearing capacity in soil. This research focuses on the characteristics associated with the segmented damping coefficient of pile foundations and the permeability coefficient of sand at the pile terminus, resulting in a long pulse vibration equation derived from dynamic effects. A numerical model incorporating the damping coefficient and permeability coefficient is developed, yielding the time history features of load, displacement, and acceleration. The findings indicate that (1) the long pulse vibration equation, predicated on dynamic effects, aligns more closely with the actual bearing capacity of pile foundations than traditional detection theory; (2) in the rapid load test method, the maximum load applied to sand pile foundations occurs prior to peak displacement, while the ultimate bearing capacity, after accounting for inertial forces, corresponds to the maximum displacement value; (3) the permeability coefficient significantly influences the ultra-static pore water pressure, and the testing error regarding the bearing capacity of low permeability sand pile foundations using the rapid loading method is elevated. Full article
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19 pages, 1098 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning Based Pile-Up Correction Algorithm for Spectrometric Data Under High-Count-Rate Measurements
by Yiwei Huang, Xiaoying Zheng, Yongxin Zhu, Tom Trigano, Dima Bykhovsky and Zikang Chen
Sensors 2025, 25(5), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051464 - 27 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 747
Abstract
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is essential in nuclear science, enabling the identification of radioactive materials through energy spectrum analysis. However, high count rates lead to pile-up effects, resulting in spectral distortions that hinder accurate isotope identification and activity estimation. This phenomenon highlights the need for [...] Read more.
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is essential in nuclear science, enabling the identification of radioactive materials through energy spectrum analysis. However, high count rates lead to pile-up effects, resulting in spectral distortions that hinder accurate isotope identification and activity estimation. This phenomenon highlights the need for automated and precise approaches to pile-up correction. We propose a novel deep learning (DL) framework plugging count rate information of pile-up signals with a 2D attention U-Net for energy spectrum recovery. The input to the model is an Energy–Duration matrix constructed from preprocessed pulse signals. Temporal and spatial features are jointly extracted, with count rate information embedded to enhance robustness under high count rate conditions. Training data were generated using an open-source simulator based on a public gamma spectrum database. The model’s performance was evaluated using Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence, Mean Squared Error (MSE) Energy Resolution (ER), and Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM). Results indicate that the proposed framework effectively predicts accurate spectra, minimizing errors even under severe pile-up effects. This work provides a robust framework for addressing pile-up effects in gamma-ray spectroscopy, presenting a practical solution for automated, high-accuracy spectrum estimation. The integration of temporal and spatial learning techniques offers promising prospects for advancing high-activity nuclear analysis applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectral Detection Technology, Sensors and Instruments, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 2045 KiB  
Article
An Optimized SVR Algorithm for Pulse Pile-Up Correction in Pulse Shape Discrimination
by Xianghe Liu, Bingqi Liu, Mingzhe Liu, Yufeng Tang, Haonan Li and Yao Huang
Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7545; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237545 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1071
Abstract
Pulse pile-up presents a significant challenge in nuclear radiation measurements, particularly in neutron-gamma pulse shape discrimination, as it causes pulse distortion and diminishes identification accuracy. To address this, we propose an optimized Support Vector Regression (SVR) algorithm for correcting pulse pile-up. Initially, the [...] Read more.
Pulse pile-up presents a significant challenge in nuclear radiation measurements, particularly in neutron-gamma pulse shape discrimination, as it causes pulse distortion and diminishes identification accuracy. To address this, we propose an optimized Support Vector Regression (SVR) algorithm for correcting pulse pile-up. Initially, the Dung Beetle Optimizer (DBO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) are integrated to refine the correction process, with performance evaluated using charge comparison methods (CCM) for pulse shape discrimination. Leveraging prior knowledge from simulated data, we further analyze the relationships between various types of pulse pile-ups, including their combinations, inter-peak distances, and the accuracy of corrections. Extensive experiments conducted in a mixed neutron-gamma radiation field using plastic scintillators demonstrate that the proposed method effectively corrects pulse pile-up and accurately discriminates between neutron and gamma. Moreover, our approach significantly improves the fidelity of pulse shape discrimination and enhances the overall reliability of radiation detection systems in high-interference environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)
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14 pages, 3615 KiB  
Article
Properties of Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramics, and VITA ENAMIC® Hybrid Ceramic Dental Materials Following Ultra-Short Femtosecond (30 fs) Laser Irradiation
by Victor L. Lagunov, Bakhtiar Ali, Laurence J. Walsh, Andrew B. Cameron, Igor V. Litvinyuk, Maksym Rybachuk and Roy George
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7641; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177641 - 29 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2074
Abstract
This study investigated the dose-dependent changes in the chemical composition of three dental ceramic materials—zirconia, lithium disilicate (LD), and VITA ENAMIC® hybrid composite (VITA En)—following irradiation with an ultra-short femtosecond (fs) laser (800 nm, 30 fs, 1 kHz) [...] Read more.
This study investigated the dose-dependent changes in the chemical composition of three dental ceramic materials—zirconia, lithium disilicate (LD), and VITA ENAMIC® hybrid composite (VITA En)—following irradiation with an ultra-short femtosecond (fs) laser (800 nm, 30 fs, 1 kHz) in an ambient air environment using average laser power (76 mW) and scanning speeds (50, 100, and 200 mm/s), simulating dental treatment processes. The chemical composition of the ablated regions was analyzed using energy dispersive spectroscopy. All irradiated samples showed increased carbon content (by up to 42%) and reduced oxygen (by up to 33%). The observed increase in C content is likely attributed to a combination of surface reactions, adsorption of carbon from the ambient environment, and carbon deposition from the laser-induced plasma, all facilitated by the high-energy conditions created by fs-laser pulses. Scanning electron microscopy revealed ablation with progressive controlled melting and recrystallization, with an absence of pile-up features typically associated with significant thermal damage. These findings demonstrate that ultra-short fs-laser irradiation induces highly controlled, dose-dependent changes in the chemical composition and surface morphology of dental ceramic materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Laser Dental Science and Biophotonics)
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3 pages, 415 KiB  
Abstract
Morpho-Mechanical Characterization and Removal Strategy of Pile-Ups in AFM-Based Nanolithography
by Paolo Pellegrino, Isabella Farella, Lorenzo Vincenti, Mariafrancesca Cascione, Valeria De Matteis, Fabio Quaranta and Rosaria Rinaldi
Proceedings 2024, 97(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024097069 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 996
Abstract
Nowadays, mechanical AFM-based nanolithography has emerged as the most promising nanolithography technique, allowing the patterning of nanostructures on polymer layers with a sub-nanometer resolution. In such a stimulating context, we developed the Pulse-AFM method to obtain continuous structures with a controlled depth profile, [...] Read more.
Nowadays, mechanical AFM-based nanolithography has emerged as the most promising nanolithography technique, allowing the patterning of nanostructures on polymer layers with a sub-nanometer resolution. In such a stimulating context, we developed the Pulse-AFM method to obtain continuous structures with a controlled depth profile, either constant or variable, on a polymer layer. However, those nanostructures are contoured by polymer pile-ups that limit their integration into high-tech devices. Since pile-up removal is still an open challenge, AFM force–distance curve analysis was performed to characterize the stiffness of bulges, and an effective strategy to easily remove pile-ups while preserving the shape and morphology of nanostructures was then developed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of XXXV EUROSENSORS Conference)
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13 pages, 6047 KiB  
Article
An Ultra-Throughput Boost Method for Gamma-Ray Spectrometers
by Wenhui Li, Qianqian Zhou, Yuzhong Zhang, Jianming Xie, Wei Zhao, Jinglun Li and Hui Cui
Energies 2024, 17(6), 1456; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061456 - 18 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
(1) Background: Generally, in nuclear medicine and nuclear power plants, energy spectrum measurements and radioactive nuclide identification are required for evaluation of strong radiation fields to ensure nuclear safety and security; thereby, damage is prevented to nuclear facilities caused by natural disasters or [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Generally, in nuclear medicine and nuclear power plants, energy spectrum measurements and radioactive nuclide identification are required for evaluation of strong radiation fields to ensure nuclear safety and security; thereby, damage is prevented to nuclear facilities caused by natural disasters or the criminal smuggling of nuclear materials. High count rates can lead to signal accumulation, negatively affecting the performance of gamma spectrometers, and in severe cases, even damaging the detectors. Higher pulse throughput with better energy resolution is the ultimate goal of a gamma-ray spectrometer. Traditionally, pileup pulses, which cause dead time and affect throughput, are rejected to maintain good energy resolution. (2) Method: In this paper, an ultra-throughput boost (UTB) off-line processing method was used to improve the throughput and reduce the pileup effect of the spectrometer. Firstly, by fitting the impulse signal of the detector, the response matrix was built by the functional model of a dual exponential tail convolved with the Gaussian kernel; then, a quadratic programming method based on a non-negative least squares (NNLS) algorithm was adopted to solve the constrained optimization problem for the inversion. (3) Results: Both the simulated and experimental results of the UTB method show that most of the impulses in the pulse sequence from the scintillator detector were restored to δ-like pulses, and the throughput of the UTB method for the NaI(Tl) spectrometer reached 207 kcps with a resolution of 7.71% @661.7 keV. A reduction was also seen in the high energy pileup phenomenon. (4) Conclusions: We conclude that the UTB method can restore individual and piled-up pulses to δ-like sequences, effectively boosting pulse throughput and suppressing high-energy tailing and sum peaks caused by the pileup effect at the cost of a slight loss in energy resolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Nuclear Energy Technology)
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26 pages, 10479 KiB  
Article
A Bidirectional Grid-Friendly Charger Design for Electric Vehicle Operated under Pulse-Current Heating and Variable-Current Charging
by Ningzhi Jin, Jianjun Wang, Yalun Li, Liangxi He, Xiaogang Wu, Hewu Wang and Languang Lu
Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010367 - 30 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2639
Abstract
Low-temperature preheating, fast charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities are important factors for the further development of electric vehicles (EVs). However, for conventional two-stage chargers, the EV charging/discharging instructions and grid instructions cannot be addressed simultaneously for specific requirements, pulse heating and variable-current charging [...] Read more.
Low-temperature preheating, fast charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities are important factors for the further development of electric vehicles (EVs). However, for conventional two-stage chargers, the EV charging/discharging instructions and grid instructions cannot be addressed simultaneously for specific requirements, pulse heating and variable-current charging can cause high-frequency power fluctuations at the grid side. Therefore, it is necessary to design a bidirectional grid-friendly charger for EVs operated under pulse-current heating and variable-current charging. The DC bus, which serves as the medium connecting the bidirectional DC–DC and bidirectional DC–AC, typically employs capacitors. This paper analyzes the reasons why the use of capacitors in the DC bus cannot satisfy the grid and EV requirements, and it proposes a new DC bus configuration that utilizes energy storage batteries instead of capacitors. Due to the voltage-source characteristics of the energy storage batteries, EV instructions and grid instructions can be flexibly and smoothly scheduled by using phase-shift control and adaptive virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control, respectively. In addition, the stability of the control strategy is demonstrated using small signal modeling. Finally, typical operating conditions (such as EV pulse preheating, fast charging with variable current, and grid peak shaving and valley filling) are selected for validation. The results show that in the proposed charger, the grid scheduling instructions and EV charging/discharging instructions do not interfere with each other, and different commands between EVs also do not interfere with each other under a charging pile with dual guns. Without affecting the requirements of EVs, the grid can change the proportion of energy supply based on actual scenarios and can also obtain energy from either EVs or energy storage batteries. For the novel charger, the pulse modulation time for EVs consistently achieves a steady state within 0.1 s; thus, the pulse modulation speed is as much as two times faster than that of conventional chargers with identical parameters. Full article
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19 pages, 5813 KiB  
Article
Research on High Robustness Underwater Target Estimation Method Based on Variational Sparse Bayesian Inference
by Libin Du, Huming Li, Lei Wang, Xu Lin and Zhichao Lv
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(13), 3222; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15133222 - 21 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1929
Abstract
Pulse noise (such as glacier fracturing and offshore pile driving), commonly seen in the marine environment, seriously affects the performance of Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation methods in sonar systems. To address this issue, this paper proposes a high robustness underwater target estimation method based [...] Read more.
Pulse noise (such as glacier fracturing and offshore pile driving), commonly seen in the marine environment, seriously affects the performance of Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation methods in sonar systems. To address this issue, this paper proposes a high robustness underwater target estimation method based on variational sparse Bayesian inference by studying and analyzing the sparse prior assumption characteristics of signals. This method models pulse noise to build an observation signal, completes the derivation of the conditional distribution of the observed variables and the prior distribution of the sparse signals, and combines Variational Bayes (VB) theory to approximate the posterior distribution, thereby obtaining the recovered signal of the sparse signals and reducing the impact of pulse noise on the estimation system. Our simulation results showed that the proposed method achieved higher estimation accuracy than traditional methods in both single and multiple snapshot scenarios and has practical potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Array Signal Processing for Target Imaging and Detection)
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14 pages, 3890 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Mitigation of Pulse-Pile-Up Artifacts in Plasma Pulse-Height X-ray Spectra
by Taosif. Ahsan, Charles P. S. Swanson, Chris Galea, Sangeeta P. Vinoth, Tony Qian, Tal Rubin and Samuel A. Cohen
Plasma 2023, 6(1), 58-71; https://doi.org/10.3390/plasma6010006 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3356
Abstract
Pulse pile-up in pulse-height energy analyzers increases when the incident rate of pulses increases relative to the inverse of the dead time per pulse of the detection system. Changes in the observed energy distributions with incident rate and detector-electronics-formed pulse shape then occur. [...] Read more.
Pulse pile-up in pulse-height energy analyzers increases when the incident rate of pulses increases relative to the inverse of the dead time per pulse of the detection system. Changes in the observed energy distributions with incident rate and detector-electronics-formed pulse shape then occur. We focus on weak high energy tails in X-ray spectra, important for measurements on partially ionized, warm (50–500 eV average electron energy), pure hydrogen plasma. A first-principles two-photon pulse-pile-up model is derived specific to trapezoidal-shaped pulses; quantitative agreement is found between the measurements and the model’s predictions. The model is then used to diagnose pulse-pile-up tail artifacts and mitigate them in relatively low count-rate spectra. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Plasma Sciences)
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12 pages, 3092 KiB  
Article
Experimental Facility to Study the Threshold Characteristics of Laser Action at the p-s-Transition of Noble Gas Atom upon Excitation by 6Li(n,α)3H Nuclear Reaction Products
by Erlan Batyrbekov, Mendykhan Khasenov, Yuriy Gordienko, Kuanysh Samarkhanov, Inesh E. Kenzhina, Andrey Kotlyar, Alexandr Miller, Valentin Tskhe and Vadim Bochkov
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12889; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412889 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3105
Abstract
Almost all experimental studies of the characteristics of nuclear-excited plasma formed by excitation of gaseous media with nuclear reactions products are conducted at pulsed nuclear reactors that differ in the composition and design of the core, the duration, flux and fluence of the [...] Read more.
Almost all experimental studies of the characteristics of nuclear-excited plasma formed by excitation of gaseous media with nuclear reactions products are conducted at pulsed nuclear reactors that differ in the composition and design of the core, the duration, flux and fluence of the neutron pulse, the impulse repetition frequency, the volume and configuration of the irradiation space. This paper presents a description of the experimental (methodical and hardware) base of the National Nuclear Center of RK (Kurchatov) to conduct experiments on studying the threshold characteristics of laser action at the p-s-transition of noble gas atoms upon 6Li(n,α)3H nuclear reaction products excitation in conditions of a pulsed nuclear IGR reactor. To conduct in-pile reactor experiments, a special experimental facility was developed and constructed. The experimental facility functionally includes: in-pile experimental device, a gas–vacuum system, information and measurement system consisting of a system for registering and controlling the temperature of the device housing, and a system for registering optical radiation. The paper also briefly describes the methodology of in-pile reactor experiments on the pulsed nuclear reactor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optics and Lasers)
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10 pages, 3940 KiB  
Article
Effect of Pulsed Magnetic Field on the Microstructure of QAl9-4 Aluminium Bronze and Its Mechanism
by Yujun Hu, Hongjin Zhao, Junwei Li, Kefu Hu and Jing Qin
Materials 2022, 15(23), 8336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238336 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1919
Abstract
The effect of a pulsed magnetic field on the microstructure of a QAl9-4 aluminium bronze alloy was studied in this work. It was found that the dislocation density, grain boundary angle, and microhardness of the alloy significantly changed after the magnetic field treatment [...] Read more.
The effect of a pulsed magnetic field on the microstructure of a QAl9-4 aluminium bronze alloy was studied in this work. It was found that the dislocation density, grain boundary angle, and microhardness of the alloy significantly changed after the magnetic field treatment with a peak magnetic induction intensity of 3T, pulse duration of about 100 us, pulse interval of 10 s, and pulse time of 360. EBSD was used to test the KAM maps of the alloy microzone. It was found that the alloy’s dislocation density decreased by 10.88% after the pulsed magnetic field treatment; in particular, the dislocation in the deformed grains decreased significantly. The quantity of dislocation pile-up and the degree of distortion around the dislocation were reduced, which decreased the residual compressive stress on the alloy. Dislocation motion caused LAGB rotation, which reduced the misorientation of adjacent points inside the grain. The magnetic field induced the disappearance of deformation twins and weakened the strengthening effect of twins. The microhardness test results show that the alloy’s microhardness decreased by 8.06% after pulsed magnetic field treatment. The possible reasons for the magnetic field effect on dislocation were briefly discussed. The pulsed magnetic field might have caused the transition to the electronic energy state at the site of dislocation pinning, which led to free movement of the vacancy or impurity atom. The dislocation was easier to depin under the action of internal stress in the alloy, changing the dislocation distribution and alloy microstructure. Full article
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12 pages, 5407 KiB  
Article
Pile-Ups Formation in AFM-Based Nanolithography: Morpho-Mechanical Characterization and Removal Strategies
by Paolo Pellegrino, Isabella Farella, Mariafrancesca Cascione, Valeria De Matteis, Alessandro Paolo Bramanti, Lorenzo Vincenti, Antonio Della Torre, Fabio Quaranta and Rosaria Rinaldi
Micromachines 2022, 13(11), 1982; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13111982 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1866
Abstract
In recent decades, great efforts have been made to develop innovative, effective, and accurate nanofabrication techniques stimulated by the growing demand for nanostructures. Nowadays, mechanical tip-based emerged as the most promising nanolithography technique, allowing the pattern of nanostructures with a sub-nanometer resolution, high [...] Read more.
In recent decades, great efforts have been made to develop innovative, effective, and accurate nanofabrication techniques stimulated by the growing demand for nanostructures. Nowadays, mechanical tip-based emerged as the most promising nanolithography technique, allowing the pattern of nanostructures with a sub-nanometer resolution, high reproducibility, and accuracy. Unfortunately, these nanostructures result in contoured pile-ups that could limit their use and future integration into high-tech devices. The removal of pile-ups is still an open challenge. In this perspective, two different AFM-based approaches, i.e., Force Modulation Mode imaging and force-distance curve analysis, were used to characterize the structure of pile-ups at the edges of nanogrooves patterned on PMMA substrate by means of Pulse-Atomic Force Lithography. Our experimental results showed that the material in pile-ups was less stiff than the pristine polymer. Based on this evidence, we have developed an effective strategy to easily remove pile-ups, preserving the shape and the morphology of nanostructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Lithography Technologies)
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12 pages, 1400 KiB  
Article
Wavelet Analysis for Evaluating the Length of Precast Spliced Piles Using Low Strain Integrity Testing
by Elizaveta Loseva, Ilya Lozovsky, Ruslan Zhostkov and Vladimir Syasko
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 10901; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122110901 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2996
Abstract
The difficulties with the application of low strain integrity testing for evaluating the length of driven precast piles of two sections justify the need for new data acquisition and analysis techniques. The standard time domain analysis of the recorded signals may not allow [...] Read more.
The difficulties with the application of low strain integrity testing for evaluating the length of driven precast piles of two sections justify the need for new data acquisition and analysis techniques. The standard time domain analysis of the recorded signals may not allow for distinguishing the desired responses from a pile toe and a splice. In this paper, we propose the use of a set of hammers of different weights and tip materials that will provide various sensitivities of the test to a pile splice. To further analyze the collected data, we study the distributions of phase angles obtained using complex continuous wavelet transform. The characteristic phase shifts that distribute from higher to lower frequencies can be interpreted as responses from a pile toe and a splice. To verify the proposed approaches, a series of numerical simulations were performed using the finite element method for the driven pile models with the different properties of a splice zone. Numerical simulation results show that the pile splices are clearly identified when using the shorter input pulses which can be generated by light hammers with a hard head material. The total length of a simulated pile with a 1 mm air gap between sections was undetectable by standard data analysis approaches and was evaluated when analyzing the wavelet phase angle distributions. Numerically validated data acquisition and analysis techniques were applied to field data analysis and allowed us to confidently identify the length of two-section piles grouped with a pile cap. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inspection and Monitoring Techniques for Bridges and Civil Structures)
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8 pages, 804 KiB  
Article
Hyphenated Extraction of Valuable Compounds from Aesculus carnea: Ultrasound Extraction with Pulsed Electric Field Pretreatment
by George Ntourtoglou, Fotini Drosou, Vassilis G. Dourtoglou, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Eleni Bozinou and Stavros I. Lalas
AgriEngineering 2022, 4(4), 847-854; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering4040054 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2464
Abstract
Wood-related procedures, such as lumberjacking and pruning, inevitably result in big piles of leaves, which are considered a major by-product. Extracting valuable compounds from natural by-products is an ongoing trend. In this work, the use of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) was evaluated as [...] Read more.
Wood-related procedures, such as lumberjacking and pruning, inevitably result in big piles of leaves, which are considered a major by-product. Extracting valuable compounds from natural by-products is an ongoing trend. In this work, the use of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) was evaluated as a pretreatment step, prior to the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Aesculus carnea leaves. In addition, various solvent systems were examined, as well as the time of pretreatment with PEF. According to the results, up to 33% more phenolic compounds can be extracted, under optimum conditions (30% ethanol in water as solvent and PEF pretreatment for 30 min, compared to the same solvent, without PEF). Moreover, PEF treatment time was not (i.e., 30 and 60 min) and no differences were recorded, suggesting that a lower treatment time can yield the same extraction of phenolic compounds. As such, the use of PEF is highly recommended in combination with ultrasound extraction, to maximize the yield of phenolic compounds extracted from the leaves of Aesculus carnea. Full article
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11 pages, 2836 KiB  
Article
Improvement in Trapezoidal Pulse Shaping Pile-Up in Nuclear Signal Processing
by Junlong Wu and Xianguo Tuo
Electronics 2022, 11(11), 1745; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111745 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2774
Abstract
In digital nuclear spectroscopy, trapezoidal shaping is widely used. Compared with traditional CR-RC4 semi-Gaussian shaping, it has a better energy resolution and higher counting rates, but does not void the pulse pile-up in the case of extreme counting rates. In this paper, a [...] Read more.
In digital nuclear spectroscopy, trapezoidal shaping is widely used. Compared with traditional CR-RC4 semi-Gaussian shaping, it has a better energy resolution and higher counting rates, but does not void the pulse pile-up in the case of extreme counting rates. In this paper, a new recursive algorithm is proposed that can improve the anti-pile-up ability, and is easy to implement in any DSP-based processor that is used in any digital pulse shaping filter section. The complete deduction and simulation are presented in this paper. Full article
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