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14 pages, 2950 KiB  
Article
Does Massage Gun or Foam Roller Use During a Warm-Up Improve Performance in Trained Athletes?
by Lachlan Ormeno and Matthew Driller
Sports 2025, 13(9), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090282 - 22 Aug 2025
Viewed by 35
Abstract
Self-myofascial release tools like foam rollers and massage guns are being integrated into athlete warm-ups with increasing frequency, but evidence on their acute effects is limited. Sixteen healthy, trained athletes (23.2 ± 1.3 years; four female) completed three warm-up conditions in a randomised, [...] Read more.
Self-myofascial release tools like foam rollers and massage guns are being integrated into athlete warm-ups with increasing frequency, but evidence on their acute effects is limited. Sixteen healthy, trained athletes (23.2 ± 1.3 years; four female) completed three warm-up conditions in a randomised, crossover design separated by >48 h: dynamic warm-up plus foam rolling (FOAM), dynamic warm-up plus massage gun (GUN), and dynamic warm-up alone (CON). After each intervention, participants completed a countermovement jump (CMJ; height and reactive strength index [RSImod]), a 10/5 repeated jump test (RJT), a 20 m sprint, and a knee-to-wall ankle mobility test. Perceived soreness and fatigue were recorded. Linear mixed models and Cohen’s d were used to assess between-condition differences. Relative to CON, FOAM and GUN were associated with reduced CMJ height (d = −0.29 to −0.36) and RSImod (d = −0.40 to −0.52; p’s < 0.05). GUN was associated with significantly impaired sprint time (d = 0.34). There were modest improvements in ankle mobility (left side) following FOAM (d = 0.23, p < 0.05) and lower levels of muscle soreness compared to CON (p < 0.05). Despite some improvements in ankle mobility and muscle soreness with foam rolling, both foam rolling and massage gun use may acutely impair aspects of physical performance compared to a dynamic warm-up alone. Full article
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13 pages, 8245 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Millisecond Percussion Drilling in Titanium Alloy
by Liang Wang, Long Xu, Changjian Wu, Yefei Rong and Kaibo Xia
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3719; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153719 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 320
Abstract
This study addresses the challenge of drilling film-cooling holes in the turbine blades of aircraft engines. Titanium alloy TC4 was selected as the experimental material. The laser-drilling process was simulated with ANSYS to determine optimal parameters, which were subsequently applied in machining trials. [...] Read more.
This study addresses the challenge of drilling film-cooling holes in the turbine blades of aircraft engines. Titanium alloy TC4 was selected as the experimental material. The laser-drilling process was simulated with ANSYS to determine optimal parameters, which were subsequently applied in machining trials. An impact-drilling method was then used to evaluate how pulse width, pulse energy, and pulse count affect micro-hole entrance and exit diameters, taper, and roundness. Simulations revealed that pulse energy and pulse count predominantly govern entrance and exit diameters, whereas pulse count and pulse width exert a stronger influence on taper. Experiments confirmed that entrance and exit diameters increased as pulse energy rose from 2.0 J to 2.8 J; taper increased as pulse width widened from 0.6 ms to 1.4 ms; and entrance diameter, exit diameter, and taper all grew as pulse count rose from 40 to 60. Pulse width and pulse count also significantly affected hole roundness. Full article
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16 pages, 4746 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Millisecond Laser Percussion Drilling of Heat-Resistant Steel
by Liang Wang, Changjian Wu, Yefei Rong, Long Xu and Kaibo Xia
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3699; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153699 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 351
Abstract
Millisecond lasers, with their high processing efficiency and large power, are widely used in manufacturing fields such as aerospace. This study aims to investigate the effects of different processing parameters on the micro-hole processing of 316 heat-resistant steel using millisecond lasers. Through the [...] Read more.
Millisecond lasers, with their high processing efficiency and large power, are widely used in manufacturing fields such as aerospace. This study aims to investigate the effects of different processing parameters on the micro-hole processing of 316 heat-resistant steel using millisecond lasers. Through the control variable method, the study examines the impact of pulse energy, pulse count, and pulse width on the quality of micro-holes, including the entrance diameter, exit diameter, and taper. Furthermore, combined with orthogonal experiments and COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 simulations, the study explores the influence of pulse width on the formation of blind holes. The experimental results show that when the pulse energy is 2.2 J, the taper is minimal (2.2°), while the taper reaches its peak (2.4°) at 2.4 J pulse energy. As the pulse count increases to 55–60 pulses, the exit diameter stabilizes, and the taper decreases to 1.8°. Blind holes begin to form when the pulse width exceeds 1.2 ms. When the pulse width is 1.2 ms, pulse energy is 2.4 J, and pulse count is 50, the entrance diameter of the blind hole reaches its maximum, indicating that longer pulse widths result in more significant energy reflection and thermal accumulation effects. COMSOL simulations reveal that high-energy pulses cause intense melt ejection, while longer pulse widths exacerbate thermal accumulation at the micro-hole entrance, leading to blind hole formation. This study provides important process references for laser processing of through-holes and blind holes in heat-resistant steel. Full article
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16 pages, 1690 KiB  
Article
Effect of Photobiomodulation on Post-Endodontic Pain Following Single-Visit Treatment: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
by Glaucia Gonçales Abud Machado, Giovanna Fontgalland Ferreira, Erika da Silva Mello, Ellen Sayuri Ando-Suguimoto, Vinicius Leão Roncolato, Marcia Regina Cabral Oliveira, Janainy Altrão Tognini, Adriana Fernandes Paisano, Cleber Pinto Camacho, Sandra Kalil Bussadori, Lara Jansiski Motta, Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez Duran, Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari, Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes and Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini Horliana
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(8), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15080347 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 400
Abstract
The evidence for photobiomodulation in reducing postoperative pain after endodontic instrumentation is classified as low or very low certainty, indicating a need for further research. Longitudinal pain assessments over 24 h are crucial, and studies should explore these pain periods. Background/Objectives: This [...] Read more.
The evidence for photobiomodulation in reducing postoperative pain after endodontic instrumentation is classified as low or very low certainty, indicating a need for further research. Longitudinal pain assessments over 24 h are crucial, and studies should explore these pain periods. Background/Objectives: This double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the effect of PBM on pain following single-visit endodontic treatment of maxillary molars at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Primary outcomes included pain at 24 h; secondary outcomes included pain at 4, 8, and 12 h, pain during palpation/percussion, OHIP-14 analysis, and frequencies of pain. Methods: Approved by the Research Ethics Committee (5.598.290) and registered in Clinical Trials (NCT06253767), the study recruited adults (21–70 years) requiring endodontic treatment in maxillary molars. Fifty-eight molars were randomly assigned to two groups: the PBM Group (n = 29), receiving conventional endodontic treatment with PBM (100 mW, 333 mW/cm2, 9 J distributed at 3 points near root apices), and the control group (n = 29), receiving conventional treatment with PBM simulation. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale. Results: Statistical analyses used chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests, with explained variance (η2). Ten participants were excluded, leaving 48 patients for analysis. No significant differences were observed in postoperative pain at 24, 4, 8, or 12 h, or in palpation/percussion or OHIP-14 scores. Pain frequencies ranged from 12.5% to 25%. Conclusions: PBM does not influence post-treatment pain in maxillary molars under these conditions. These results emphasize the importance of relying on well-designed clinical trials to guide treatment decisions, and future research should focus on personalized dosimetry adapted to the anatomical characteristics of the treated dental region to enhance the accuracy and efficacy of therapeutic protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Precision Anesthesia and Pain Management)
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18 pages, 4696 KiB  
Article
A Deep-Learning Framework with Multi-Feature Fusion and Attention Mechanism for Classification of Chinese Traditional Instruments
by Jinrong Yang, Fang Gao, Teng Yun, Tong Zhu, Huaixi Zhu, Ran Zhou and Yikun Wang
Electronics 2025, 14(14), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14142805 - 12 Jul 2025
Viewed by 462
Abstract
Chinese traditional instruments are diverse and encompass a rich variety of timbres and rhythms, presenting considerable research potential. This work proposed a deep-learning framework for the automated classification of Chinese traditional instruments, addressing the challenges of acoustic diversity and cultural preservation. By integrating [...] Read more.
Chinese traditional instruments are diverse and encompass a rich variety of timbres and rhythms, presenting considerable research potential. This work proposed a deep-learning framework for the automated classification of Chinese traditional instruments, addressing the challenges of acoustic diversity and cultural preservation. By integrating two datasets, CTIS and ChMusic, we constructed a combined dataset comprising four instrument families: wind, percussion, plucked string, and bowed string. Three time-frequency features, namely MFCC, CQT, and Chroma, were extracted to capture diverse sound information. A convolutional neural network architecture was designed, incorporating 3-channel spectrogram feature stacking and a hybrid channel–spatial attention mechanism to enhance the extraction of critical frequency bands and feature weights. Experimental results demonstrated that the feature-fusion method improved classification performance compared to a single feature as input. Meanwhile, the attention mechanism further boosted test accuracy to 98.79%, outperforming baseline models by 2.8% and achieving superior F1 scores and recall compared to classical architectures. Ablation study confirmed the contribution of attention mechanisms. This work validates the efficacy of deep learning in preserving intangible cultural heritage through precise analysis, offering a feasible methodology for the classification of Chinese traditional instruments. Full article
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20 pages, 19379 KiB  
Article
The Success of Endodontic Treatments Performed by Dental Residents in Advanced Education in General Dentistry Program: A 10-Year Retrospective Study
by Nisreen Al Jallad, Eli Sun, Tongtong Wu, Shasha Cui, Amer Basmaji, Radhika Thakkar, Shahenda Aboelmagd, Neha Naik, Konstantina Tzouma, Jin Xiao and Hans Malmstrom
Dent. J. 2025, 13(7), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13070306 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1541
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the success rates of NSRCT performed by AEGD residents and to identify predictive factors associated with clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on cases treated between 2012 and 2021. Eligible cases [...] Read more.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the success rates of NSRCT performed by AEGD residents and to identify predictive factors associated with clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on cases treated between 2012 and 2021. Eligible cases included fully developed permanent teeth that underwent NSRCT and received a final restoration by general dentistry residents, with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up. Data collected included demographic information, medical history, clinical symptoms, radiographic findings, instrumentation, type and timing of final restorations, and patient satisfaction scores. Treatment success was defined as the absence of symptoms and either the resolution or stability of periapical radiolucency. Patient satisfaction and pain levels were also analyzed. Results: AEGD residents achieved radiographic and clinical RCT success rates of 93.3% and 91.5%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the presence of an intact restoration was significantly associated with increased odds of tooth retention (odds ratio [OR] = 3.4, p < 0.001), while post placement in a straight root was also a significant predictor of survival (OR = 4.2, p = 0.02). Conversely, pre-existing radiolucency (OR = 0.37, p = 0.018) and the use of a metal post (OR = 0.23, p = 0.012) were significantly associated with lower odds of tooth retention. Worse periodontal health was significantly associated with increased odds of pain on percussion, with a 74.19% increase in odds per worsening category (OR = 1.74, p = 0.002). Patient satisfaction was significantly higher when restorations remained intact, with esthetic satisfaction increasing by a factor of 3.08 (OR = 3.08, p < 0.001) and functional satisfaction increasing by a factor of 3.9 (OR = 3.9, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Endodontic treatments performed by AEGD residents demonstrated high success rates and favorable patient-reported outcomes. Restoration integrity, periodontal health, and post and final restoration selection play critical roles in treatment success and patient satisfaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Education: Innovation and Challenge)
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15 pages, 966 KiB  
Article
Foam Rolling or Percussive Massage for Muscle Recovery: Insights into Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
by Sebastian Szajkowski, Jarosław Pasek and Grzegorz Cieślar
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030249 - 29 Jun 2025
Viewed by 2743
Abstract
Background: Pain manifestations as well as increased muscle tone and stiffness noted in the course of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) are reflected in altered values of the biomechanical and visco-elastic parameters of muscles. This study aimed to compare the effects of soft tissue [...] Read more.
Background: Pain manifestations as well as increased muscle tone and stiffness noted in the course of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) are reflected in altered values of the biomechanical and visco-elastic parameters of muscles. This study aimed to compare the effects of soft tissue mobilization with foam rolling and percussive massage on symptoms of DOMS induced by a standardized muscle fatigue protocol. Methods: Healthy volunteers (n = 60) were divided into three groups: FR group—foam rolling (n = 20), PM group—percussive massage (n = 20) and CON group—control/passive rest (n = 20). The fatigue protocol for the gastrocnemius muscle was carried out for development of DOMS in subsequent days. Therapeutic procedures were applied to participants for 3 consecutive days. The results of therapy were assessed by means of myotonometry, performed five times (before, three times during the treatment procedure, and after the end of the procedure). Results: Foam rolling significantly reduced the onset and duration of increased muscle tone (p = 0.006) and stiffness (p < 0.001), unlike percussive massage. The control group exhibited higher tone and stiffness after 48 h, at the peak of DOMS-related pain symptoms. Only foam rolling improved elasticity (decrement, p < 0.001), while visco-elastic properties (relaxation, creep) varied inversely with tone and stiffness. Foam rolling led to significantly lower stiffness (day 2) and reduced decrement and relaxation (day 4) compared to the control. Neither therapy was more effective than passive rest for pain relief during the observation period. Conclusions: Foam rolling and percussive massage accelerate recovery of muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity after DOMS as compared to passive rest but offer no added benefit for pain relief. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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17 pages, 1096 KiB  
Article
Subchronic Intranasal Administration of NeuroEPO Reduces Long-Term Consequences of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Male Rats
by Félix Iván López-Preza, Maria de los Angeles Nuñez-Lumbreras, Iliana Sosa-Testé, Alonso Fernández-Guasti, Luis Concha, Teresita Rodríguez-Obaya and Luisa Rocha
Antioxidants 2025, 14(6), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14060710 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1072
Abstract
Current treatments fail to prevent long-term consequences induced by a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of repetitive intranasal administration of NeuroEPO (a derivative of erythropoietin) on long-term alterations after a severe TBI induced by the application [...] Read more.
Current treatments fail to prevent long-term consequences induced by a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of repetitive intranasal administration of NeuroEPO (a derivative of erythropoietin) on long-term alterations after a severe TBI induced by the application of a lateral fluid percussion in male rats. A otal of 30–31 days after the trauma, TBI+vehicle group showed sensorimotor dysfunction (Neuroscore, p < 0.0009; beam walking test, p < 0.0001 vs. Sham+vehicle group) and depressive-like behavior suggested by increased immobility (p = 0.0009 vs. baseline) during the forced swim test. Rats also showed increased production of malondialdehyde (a marker of oxidative damage), increased catalase activity (an antioxidant enzyme), and atrophy of brain areas evaluated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging 31 days after the trauma. TBI+NeuroEPO group received intranasal administration of NeuroEPO (0.136 mg/kg) starting 3 h post-TBI and continued every 8 h for four days. This group showed less sensorimotor dysfunction (Neuroscore, p = 0.020; beam walking test, p = 0.001, vs. TBI+vehicle group) and normal immobility behavior (p = 0.998 vs. Sham+vehicle group). Levels of malondialdehyde and catalase as well as the volume of brain structures of this group were like the Sham+vehicle group. These findings support the potential of NeuroEPO as a therapeutic agent to reduce long-term consequences of TBI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Signaling in Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration)
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9 pages, 624 KiB  
Article
Pain Localization Shift During the Convalescence Period of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture
by Oded Hershkovich, Mojahed Sakhnini and Raphael Lotan
Geriatrics 2025, 10(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10030071 - 24 May 2025
Viewed by 647
Abstract
Introduction: Vertebral Compression Fractures (VCF) are the most common vertebral fractures, usually osteoporotic, with rising incidence. The natural history of VCFs-related pain remains unclear, and treatment protocols are still being evaluated, ranging from conservative to surgical. Patient-reported measures have been proven inaccurate and [...] Read more.
Introduction: Vertebral Compression Fractures (VCF) are the most common vertebral fractures, usually osteoporotic, with rising incidence. The natural history of VCFs-related pain remains unclear, and treatment protocols are still being evaluated, ranging from conservative to surgical. Patient-reported measures have been proven inaccurate and carry significant biases. This study examines maximal tenderness location (MTL) to palpation and percussion on physical examination during VCF healing and the postoperative period. Methods: A prospective study included 40 patients treated for VCFs per the NICE guidelines (2013) from 2019 to 2021. Treatment was either conservative (n = 12) or surgical (n − 28), Balloon Kyphoplasty (BKP). All patients’ MTL were recorded in EMR (Electronic Medical Record) on every visit. BKP was offered for severe ongoing pain after a recent, unhealed vertebral fracture despite optimal pain management, progressive fracture collapse, or lack of union. Follow-up was six months. Pain evolution was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, Log-Rank tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, t-tests, and logistic regression models. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 12 patients were treated conservatively, and 28 underwent BKP for T12-L2 VCFs, accounting for 75% of fractures, mostly single-level fractures. All initially suffered MTL over the VCF; BKP patients showed local VCF pain resolution after 3.5 weeks following surgery while lasting seven weeks under conservative treatment. Lumbosacral pain was more prevalent following BKP (OR = 4, p = 0.05) and developed earlier. Conclusions: This study is novel in relating physical examination findings to fracture age and treatment provided, suggesting that VCFs-related pain is a time-related shift from local fracture pain to lumbosacral pain. Patient-reported pain scales may not reliably distinguish between these varying pain patterns. These findings suggest that only local VCF pain should be considered for surgical treatment. Future studies evaluating VCF outcomes should address physical examination and not rely solely on patient-reported metrics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Rehabilitation)
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19 pages, 2584 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning-Enhanced Spectrogram Analysis for Anatomical Region Classification in Biomedical Signals
by Abdul Karim, Semin Ryu and In cheol Jeong
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5313; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105313 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 1161
Abstract
Accurate classification of biomedical signals is essential for advancing non-invasive diagnostic techniques and improving clinical decision-making. This study introduces a deep learning-augmented spectrogram analysis framework for classifying biomedical signals into eight anatomically distinct regions, thereby addressing a significant deficiency in automated signal interpretation. [...] Read more.
Accurate classification of biomedical signals is essential for advancing non-invasive diagnostic techniques and improving clinical decision-making. This study introduces a deep learning-augmented spectrogram analysis framework for classifying biomedical signals into eight anatomically distinct regions, thereby addressing a significant deficiency in automated signal interpretation. The proposed approach leverages a fine-tuned ResNet50 model, pre-trained on ImageNet, and adapted for a single-channel spectrogram input to ensure robust feature extraction and high classification accuracy. Spectrograms derived from palpation and percussion signals were preprocessed into grayscale images and optimized through data augmentation and hyperparameter tuning to enhance the model’s generalization. The experimental results demonstrate a classification accuracy of 93.37%, surpassing that of conventional methods and highlighting the effectiveness of deep learning in biomedical signal processing. This study bridges the gap between machine learning and clinical applications, enabling an interpretable and region-specific classification system that enhances diagnostic precision. Future work will explore cross-domain generalization, multi-modal medical data integration, and real-time deployment for clinical applications. The findings establish a significant advancement in non-invasive diagnostics, demonstrating the potential of deep learning to refine and automate biomedical signal analysis in clinical practice. Full article
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19 pages, 9805 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Rock-Breaking Mechanism by Spherical Tooth Impact in Granite Formation
by Jing Zhou, Kunkun Li, Hao Wu, Yuan Dong and Bairu Xia
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3649; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073649 - 26 Mar 2025
Viewed by 430
Abstract
With the increasing depth of mining operations and the emergence of complex geological conditions, pneumatic down-the-hole (DTH) hammers have become an efficient drilling technology. This method utilizes high-pressure air to drive hammering actions for rock fragmentation. However, the layout and durability of tungsten [...] Read more.
With the increasing depth of mining operations and the emergence of complex geological conditions, pneumatic down-the-hole (DTH) hammers have become an efficient drilling technology. This method utilizes high-pressure air to drive hammering actions for rock fragmentation. However, the layout and durability of tungsten carbide buttons significantly affect the rate of penetration (ROP). This study focuses on optimizing the button arrangement for large-diameter reverse circulation pneumatic DTH hammers to improve drilling efficiency. A numerical model incorporating zero-thickness cohesive elements was developed to simulate rock fracturing. A comparative analysis of 16 mm and 22 mm buttons under varying drilling pressures (1–1.8 kN) and impact energies (20–40 J) was conducted. Key metrics, including penetration depth, fragmentation range, stress-affected zone, and specific energy consumption, were analyzed. The results indicate that 22 mm buttons under 35 J impact energy and 1.4 kN drilling pressure exhibit superior performance, with optimal circumferential (47.2 mm) and radial (51.2 mm) spacing determined through stress superposition analysis. This configuration enhances the weakened rock strength zone, providing critical guidance for DTH hammer design. Full article
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23 pages, 1124 KiB  
Article
Method for Resonant Frequency Attenuation in Dynamic Audio Equalizer
by Dilan Uriostegui-Hernandez, Juan Pablo Francisco Posadas-Durán, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Alberto Jorge Rosales-Silva, Erick Velázquez-Lozada, Laura Cleofas-Sánchez and Armando Adrián Miranda-González
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063038 - 11 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1190
Abstract
The attenuation of resonant frequencies across the entire spectrum of an audio signal is important because it helps to eliminate the harshness, sibilance, clear muddiness, boominess, and proximity effect of any sound source. This paper presents a method for the attenuation of resonant [...] Read more.
The attenuation of resonant frequencies across the entire spectrum of an audio signal is important because it helps to eliminate the harshness, sibilance, clear muddiness, boominess, and proximity effect of any sound source. This paper presents a method for the attenuation of resonant frequencies across the entire spectrum of an audio signal. A spectrum obtained by the Fast Fourier Transform is segmented into bands—one-third octave bands and Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth-scale bands—in order to obtain the maximum value per band. Additionally, a curve representing the general shape of the spectrum is generated using the standard deviation to create a threshold curve for detecting resonant frequencies. The array with maximum values per bands and the array with the threshold curve are used to detect the resonant frequencies and calculate the attenuation for each filter. Subsequently, the coefficients of a second-order section of IIR-Peak filters are calculated for processing the input signal. Twenty audio files from different sources are utilized to test the algorithm. The output produced is then compared to that produced by the commercially available Soothe2 and RESO plug-ins. The Root Mean Square Level and the Loudness Units Full Scale integrated metrics are reported. The proposed plug-in output is more attenuated than the output from commercial plug-ins under factory conditions. The average RMS attenuation is −2.32 dBFS, while Soothe2 and RESO exhibit −1.27 dBFS and −1.10 dBFS, respectively. The attenuation per octave band over time is calculated using the Wavelet Transform. Finally, an annotator agreement used as a subjective result is made with 40 people related to audio and music in order to verify if the attenuation generated by the present work at resonant frequencies agrees with subjective opinion. The octave band analysis and annotator agreement show that the proposed plug-in performs better on audio from vocal, percussion, and guitar ensembles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Acoustics and Vibrations)
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11 pages, 228 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Laser Pulpotomy vs. Conventional Vital Pulpotomy in Primary Teeth: A Comparative Clinical Analysis
by Jasna Simonoska, Roko Bjelica, Aleksandar Dimkov, Jasmina Simjanovska, Dragana Gabrić and Elizabeta Gjorgievska
Children 2025, 12(3), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12030341 - 8 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1599
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Vital pulpotomy involves the partial removal of the coronal pulp tissue in cases of vital pulp exposure, aiming to maintain the health and function of the remaining radicular pulp. The first aim of this study was to compare the effects of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Vital pulpotomy involves the partial removal of the coronal pulp tissue in cases of vital pulp exposure, aiming to maintain the health and function of the remaining radicular pulp. The first aim of this study was to compare the effects of two different methodological approaches towards vital pulpotomy of the primary teeth—conventional and laser pulpotomy; thereafter, the aim was to perform a comparison of the effects of the application of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) versus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA); then, we analyzed and compared clinical and radiographic changes in pulpotomized teeth over a defined time period; finally, we determined the degree of efficiency of different methods of vital pulpotomy of the primary teeth. Methods: This study analyzed 40 primary molars, 20 teeth treated with conventional pulpotomy and 20 teeth submitted to laser pulpotomy. Additionally, two pulpotomy agents—Ca(OH)2 and MTA—were used. The following clinical parameters were examined: pain, percussion sensitivity, swelling, sinus tract presence and pathological mobility. Absence of apical radiolucency, external and internal root resorption, and periodontal ligament widening were key radiographic parameters of the success of the endodontic therapy. Results: The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two pulpotomy agents—Ca(OH)2 and MTA—and therefore both can be used as alternative pulpotomy agents in the primary teeth. Conclusions: The success rate of pulpotomy with Ca(OH)2 is similar to that of pulpotomy with MTA. The combination of laser pulpotomy and the use of MTA gave the best results according to all clinical and radiographic criteria examined and in all analyzed periods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Dentistry & Oral Medicine)
17 pages, 4042 KiB  
Article
Detecting Excitations of Pipes, Ropes, and Bars Using Piezo Sensors and Collecting Information Remotely
by Matteo Cirillo, Enzo Reali and Giuseppe Soda
Sensors 2025, 25(5), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051444 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 655
Abstract
An investigation of a non-invasive method to detect defects and localize excitations in metallic structures is presented. It is shown how signals generated by very sensitive piezo sensor assemblies, secured to the metallic elements, can allow for space localization of excitations and defects [...] Read more.
An investigation of a non-invasive method to detect defects and localize excitations in metallic structures is presented. It is shown how signals generated by very sensitive piezo sensor assemblies, secured to the metallic elements, can allow for space localization of excitations and defects in the analyzed structures. The origin of the piezo excitations are acoustic modes generated by light percussive excitations whose strength is of the order of tenths of a newton and that provide piezo signal amplitudes of a few hundred millivolts. Tests of the detection scheme of the excitations are performed on steel ropes, iron pipes, and bars with lengths in the range of 1–6 m with the sensor output signal shaped in the form of a clean pulse. It is shown that the signals generated by the piezo assemblies, when adequately shaped, can feed the input of an RF transmitter, which in turn transfers information to a remote receiver whose readout allows for remotely analyzing information collected on the metallic elements. Considering the voltage amplitude of the signals (of the order of 300 mV) generated by the piezo sensors as a result of very light percussive excitations, the low power required for transmitting data, and the low cost of the sensing and transmitting assembly, it is conceivable that our devices could detect excitations generated even tens of kilometers away and allow for setting up an array of sensors for controlling in real time the status of pipe networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensors)
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9 pages, 1756 KiB  
Case Report
Long-Term Follow-Up of a Patient with Ankylosis of a Primary Incisor Caused by Trauma: A Case Report
by Tatsuya Akitomo, Shuma Hamaguchi, Chieko Mitsuhata and Ryota Nomura
Reports 2025, 8(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8010027 - 26 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1187
Abstract
Introduction and Clinical Significance: Tooth ankylosis is a serious complication that can occur because of the replantation of an avulsed tooth. However, few reports have investigated the follow-up of replanted or ankylosed primary incisors because the replantation of primary teeth is not recommended [...] Read more.
Introduction and Clinical Significance: Tooth ankylosis is a serious complication that can occur because of the replantation of an avulsed tooth. However, few reports have investigated the follow-up of replanted or ankylosed primary incisors because the replantation of primary teeth is not recommended in the guidelines of the International Association of Dental Traumatology. Case Presentation: A boy aged 4 years and 8 months was referred to hospital for further evaluation of the maxillary right primary central incisor. It had been avulsed and replanted 2 years earlier. The tooth was positioned higher than the central incisor on the left side, and a metallic percussion sound was noted, leading to a diagnosis of tooth ankylosis. Long-term follow-up revealed the progression of ankylosis, and the tooth was finally extracted. At the age of 7 years and 6 months, permanent tooth eruption was detected, and no pathological finding was observed. Conclusions: In this case, root resorption of the replanted primary incisor was observed with age, but tooth ankylosis progressed, and natural exfoliation was difficult. The authors extracted the primary incisor appropriately, which aided the eruption of a successor permanent tooth. This report suggests the importance of patients visiting the dentist regularly after trauma to primary teeth and appropriate treatment by dentists to erupt the permanent teeth. Full article
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