Search Results (43)

In this paper, several optimized design results of the HTGR-based 10 MWth Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE) (Experimental Power Reactor), so far conducted, are reviewed and compared from the neutronics, reactor types, refueling schemes, and fuel cycle points of view. The review covers the multipass and once-through-then-out (OTTO) pebble-bed cores, as well as block/prismatic type cores with several fuel shuffling options. As for the fuel cycle, uranium and thorium fuels are considered. The fuel burnup performance and power distribution are evaluated and compared among other important design parameters. Reactor physics codes, nuclear data libraries, and calculation models and procedures used for the design and analysis are reviewed, and challenges for future improvements are discussed. Full article

Serrin’s works provided a new perspective on classical thermodynamics through his statements of the first law and the accumulation function, and of the second law and the accumulation theorem, as well as the subsequent result by Huilgol that the work accomplished in a thermal cycle implies an inequality where the important temperatures of the thermal cycle and an integral similar to that of Clausius appears. Based on these pioneering works, explicit forms of the accumulation function have been derived for the Otto, Diesel, Stirling and Ericsson cycles. In this paper, a more straightforward derivation than that made by Huilgol is presented to obtain the inequality for the work accomplished in a cycle, following the theoretical framework of Serrin and Huilgol, and explicitly introducing that the temperature ranges in which the system exchanges heat are finite. This paper clearly shows the natural physical fact that heat exchange processes in a system have two defined extreme temperatures, corresponding to the beginning and end of the process, which can be equal in the isothermal limiting case. The derivation of the accumulation function for the ideal air-standard Brayton cycle is provided for the first time, extending Serrin’s thermodynamic framework, where the temperature constraints of the adiabatic compression and expansion processes under which it operates are analyzed. Finally, a practical example is included to illustrate the behavior of the accumulation function of the ideal air-standard Brayton cycle. Full article

Endoreversible engine cycles are a cornerstone of finite-time thermodynamics. We show that endoreversible Stirling engines operating with a one-component plasma as a working medium run at maximal power output with the Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency. As a main result, we elucidate that this is actually a consequence of the fact that the caloric equation of state depends only linearly on temperature and only additively on volume. In particular, neither the exact form of the mechanical equation of state nor the full fundamental relation are required. Thus, our findings immediately generalize to a larger class of working plasmas, far beyond simple ideal gases. In addition, we show that for plasmas described by the photonic equation of state, the efficiency is significantly lower. This is in stark contrast to endoreversible Otto cycles, for which photonic engines have an efficiency larger than the Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency. Full article

We present a comprehensive theoretical investigation about the operational regions of quantum systems, specifically examining their roles as working media functioning between two thermal reservoirs in quantum thermal machines (QTMs). This study provides relevant and novel insights, including a complete spectrum of QTMs within the operational region of these quantum systems, and introduces new QTM designs never before described in the literature. Additionally, this work introduces a standardized and cohesive classification scheme for QTMs, ensuring robustness in nomenclature and operational distinctions, which enhances both theoretical understanding and practical application. Notably, one of these designs directly addresses the need for a more appropriate explanation of the operation of a laser (or maser) as a QTM. Initial calculations were performed to achieve results applicable to any quantum system subjected to rules analogous to those used in classical thermal machine studies. These results were then used to analyze two-level quantum systems as the working medium of QTMs in the Otto cycle. In particular, we analyzed two specific quantum systems: the laser and a spinless electron in a one-dimensional quantum ring, yielding consistent and innovative results. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the operation and classification of QTMs, establishing a clear and unified framework for their nomenclature while opening new avenues for the design and enhancement of these devices. Full article

This work presents an experimental study of the performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine operating in the Otto cycle with a high volumetric compression ratio (17:1). The engine was initially fueled with the standard ethanol used in Brazil, with 7% distilled water (E93W07); we then studied the effects of using different ethanol-in-water mixtures, or ‘wet ethanol’, with 17%, 27%, 37%, and 47% distilled water concentrations. The tests were carried out with power loads of 5.0–25.0 kW at 5.0 kW intervals and with power loads of 27.5–35.0 kW at 2.5 kW intervals, whether by adding up the loads or by taking them away. The ignition timing was changed to evaluate each load imposed on the engine to avoid knocking. Specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), carbon dioxide emissions (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and total hydrocarbon content (THC), as well as the internal pressure in the cylinder and the heat release rate, were measured, and the results are compared. The results show a reduction in CO and NO_x and an increase in THC emissions. However, there were no significant changes in CO₂ emissions when the distilled water percentage in ethanol increased. Regarding the brake thermal efficiency, it was observed that it remained approximately constant for all blends, with the same load being applied to the engine shaft, reaching a maximum value of 35%. The results obtained confirm the technical feasibility of operating an internal combustion engine in the Otto cycle with a high volumetric compression ratio using ethanol with up to 47% distilled water without significant loss of performance. Full article

Quantum heat engines (QHEs) are established by applying the principles of quantum thermodynamics to small−scale systems, which leverage quantum effects to gain certain advantages. In this study, we investigate the quantum Otto cycle by employing the dipole−dipole coupled polar molecules as the working substance of QHE. Here, the molecules are considered to be trapped within an optical lattice and located in an external electric field. We analyze the work output and the efficiency of the quantum Otto heat engine (QOHE) as a function of various physical parameters, including electric field strength, dipole−dipole interaction and temperatures of heat baths. It is found that by adjusting these physical parameters the performance of the QOHE can be optimized effectively. Moreover, we also examine the influences of the entanglement and relative entropy of coherence for the polar molecules in thermal equilibrium states on the QOHE. Our results demonstrate the potential of polar molecules in achieving QHEs. Full article

Identifying and analyzing the engine performance and emission characteristics under the condition of performance decay is of significant reference value for fault diagnosis, condition-based maintenance, and health status monitoring. However, there is a lack of relevant research on the currently popular marine large two-stroke dual fuel (DF) engines. To fill the research gap, a detailed zero-/one-dimensional (0D/1D) model of a marine two-stroke DF engine employing the low-pressure gas concept is first established in GT-Power (Version 2020) and validated by comparing the simulation and measured results. Then, three typical types of turbocharger performance decays are defined including turbine efficiency decay, turbine nozzle ring area decay, and turbocharger shaft mechanical efficiency decay. Finally, the three types of decays are introduced to the engine simulation model and parametric runs are performed in both diesel and gas modes to identify and analyze their impacts on the performance and emission characteristics of the investigated marine DF engine. The results reveal that turbocharger performance decay has a significant impact on engine performance parameters, such as brake efficiency, engine speed, boost pressure, etc., as well as CO₂ and NOx emissions, and the specified limit value on certain engine operational parameters will be exceeded when turbocharger performance decays to a certain extent. The changing trend of engine performance and emission parameters as turbocharger performance deteriorates are generally consistent in both operating modes but with significant differences in the extent and magnitude, mainly due to the distinct combustion process (Diesel cycle versus Otto cycle). Furthermore, considering the relative decline in brake efficiency, engine speed drop, and relative increase in CO₂ emission, the investigated engine is less sensitive to the turbocharger performance decay in gas mode. The simulation results also imply that employing a variable geometry turbine (VGT) is capable of improving the brake efficiency of the investigated marine DF engine. Full article

The present work addresses the production of nitrogen oxides in ICEs burning hydrogen mixed with methane. A mathematical model that allows the calculation of nitrogen oxide emissions from such combustion was built; this model uses the extended chemical kinetic mechanism of Zeldovich. Numerical simulations were carried out on the production of NO, varying the following variables: proportion of H₂ to CH₄, the equivalence ratio of the reactant mixture, the compression ratio, and the engine speed. The essential purpose was to assess how NO production is affected by the mentioned variables. The main assumptions were (i) Otto cycle; (ii) instantaneous combustion; (iii) chemical equilibrium reached just at the end of combustion; (iv) the formation of NO only during the expansion stroke of pistons. Results were obtained for various proportions of hydrogen and methane, various equivalence ratios, speeds of rotation, and compression ratios of an engine. In short, the results obtained in the current work show that the lowering of the equivalence ratio leads to a lower concentration of NO; that increasing the compression ratio also lowers the concentration of NO; that NO production occurs until shortly after the beginning of the expansion stroke; and finally, that the NO concentration in the engine exhaust is not very sensitive to the H₂/CH₄ ratio in the fuel mixture. Full article

In this work, we lay the foundations for computing the behavior of a quantum heat engine whose working medium consists of an ensemble of non-harmonic quantum oscillators. In order to enable this analysis, we develop a method based on the Schrödinger picture. We investigate different possible choices on the basis of expanding the density operator, as it is crucial to select a basis that will expedite the numerical integration of the time-evolution equation without compromising the accuracy of the computed results. For this purpose, we developed an estimation technique that allows us to quantify the error that is unavoidably introduced when time-evolving the density matrix expansion over a finite-dimensional basis. Using this and other ways of evaluating a specific choice of basis, we arrive at the conclusion that the basis of eigenstates of a harmonic Hamiltonian leads to the best computational performance. Additionally, we present a method to quantify and reduce the error that is introduced when extracting relevant physical information about the ensemble of oscillators. The techniques presented here are specific to quantum heat cycles; the coexistence within a cycle of time-dependent Hamiltonian and coupling with a thermal reservoir are particularly complex to handle for the non-harmonic case. The present investigation is paving the way for numerical analysis of non-harmonic quantum heat machines. Full article

We study the work fluctuations in ergotropic heat engines, namely two-stroke quantum Otto engines where the work stroke is designed to extract the ergotropy (the maximum amount of work by a cyclic unitary evolution) from a couple of quantum systems at canonical equilibrium at two different temperatures, whereas the heat stroke thermalizes back the systems to their respective reservoirs. We provide an exhaustive study for the case of two qutrits whose energy levels are equally spaced at two different frequencies by deriving the complete work statistics. By varying the values of temperatures and frequencies, only three kinds of optimal unitary strokes are found: the swap operator $U_1$, an idle swap $U_2$ (where one of the qutrits is regarded as an effective qubit), and a non-trivial permutation of energy eigenstates $U_3$, which indeed corresponds to the composition of the two previous unitaries, namely $U_3=U_2{U}_1$. While $U_1$ and $U_2$ are Hermitian (and hence involutions), $U_3$ is not. This point has an impact on the thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TURs), which bound the signal-to-noise ratio of the extracted work in terms of the entropy production. In fact, we show that all TURs derived from a strong detailed fluctuation theorem are violated by the transformation $U_3$. Full article

This paper develops a chemical model for a closed constant-volume combustion of a gaseous mixture of methane and hydrogen. Since the combustion is strongly dependent on temperature, pressure and fuel composition, these had chosen the actual corresponding thermodynamic systems in this kind of combustion, i.e., spark ignition (SI) reciprocating engines, to assess combustion parameters and flue gas composition. The actual cycles impose extra restrictive operational conditions through the engine’s-volumetric-compression ratio, the geometry of the combustion volume, the preparation method of the mixture of methane and hydrogen, (e.g., one fueling way of a homogeneous mixture obtained in a specific device or by two separate fueling ways for components), the cooling system and the delivered power. The chemical model avoided the unknown influences in order to accurately explain the influence of hydrogen upon constant-volume combustion and flue gas composition. The model adopted hypotheses allowing to generalize evaluated results, i.e., the isentropic compression and expansion processes, in closed constant-volume combustion caused by two successive steps that obey the energy and mass conservation laws, and the flue gas exhaust, which is also described by two steps, i.e., isentropic expansion through the flow section of exhaust valves followed by a constant pressure stagnation (this process, in fact, corresponds to a direct throttling process). The chemical model assumed the homogeneous mixtures of gases with variable heat capacity functions of temperatures, the Mendeleev—Clapeyron ideal gas state equation, and the variable chemical equilibrium constants for the chosen chemical reactions. It was assumed that the flue gas chemistry prevails during isentropic expansion and during throttling of exhaust flue gas. The chemical model allowed for evaluation of flue gas composition and noxious emissions. The numerical results were compared with those recently reported in other parallel studies. Full article

Approximately a century ago, Otto Warburg discovered that cancer cells use a fermentative rather than oxidative metabolism even though the former is more inefficient in terms of energy production per molecule of glucose. Cancer cells increase the use of this fermentative metabolism even in the presence of oxygen, and this process is called aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect. This alternative metabolism is mainly characterized by higher glycolytic rates, which allow cancer cells to obtain higher amounts of total ATP, and the production of lactate, but there are also an activation of protumoral signaling pathways and the generation of molecules that favor cancer progression. One of these molecules is succinate, a Krebs cycle intermediate whose concentration is increased in cancer and which is considered an oncometabolite. Several protumoral actions have been associated to succinate and its role in several cancer types has been already described. Despite playing a major role in metabolism and cancer, so far, the potential of succinate as a target in cancer prevention and treatment has remained mostly unexplored, as most previous Warburg-directed anticancer strategies have focused on other intermediates. In this review, we aim to summarize succinate’s protumoral functions and discuss the use of succinate expression regulators as a potential cancer therapy strategy. Full article

We examine the performance of a finite-time, endoreversible Otto heat engine with a working medium of monolayer or multilayered graphene subjected to an external magnetic field. As the energy spectrum of multilayer graphene under an external magnetic field depends strongly on the number of layers, so too does its thermodynamic behavior. We show that this leads to a simple relationship between the engine efficiency and the number of layers of graphene in the working medium. Furthermore, we find that the efficiency at maximum power for bilayer and trilayer working mediums can exceed that of a classical endoreversible Otto cycle. Conversely, a working medium of monolayer graphene displays identical efficiency at maximum power to a classical working medium. These results demonstrate that layered graphene can be a useful material for the construction of efficient thermal machines for diverse quantum device applications. Full article

The examination and choice of an alternate composite material for the high-voltage circuit of Otto cycle internal combustion engines—more commonly known as gasoline engines—are presented in the research that follows. To do this, multicriteria selection procedures are employed, and the outcomes are validated through the use of thermal character simulation software and standard laboratory tests. Nylon is the recommended material for Coils on Plug (COP) high-voltage insulators. Four of the six multicriteria selection techniques utilized in this study were found to be effective. It was discovered through the virtual simulation process that, even in the same environment with the same edge circumstances, the thermal behavior of the materials differs dramatically because the quadrants exhibit different behavior depending on the material. Given that nylon has a lower elasticity modulus than silicone, it was determined that the dimensions are crucial for the nylon Spark Plug Boot (SPB) to comply with the dielectric isolation process. It must have a minimal clearance in order to be related to the geometry of the spark plug and perform the perfect insulation in this manner. Full article

We study the performance of an endoreversible magnetic Otto cycle with a working substance composed of a single quantum dot described using the well-known Fock–Darwin model. We find that tuning the intensity of the parabolic trap (geometrical confinement) impacts the proposed cycle’s performance, quantified by the power, work, efficiency, and parameter region where the cycle operates as an engine. We demonstrate that a parameter region exists where the efficiency at maximum output power exceeds the Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency, the efficiency at maximum power achieved by a classical working substance. Full article