Search Results (4,806)

Background: To investigate the effect of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] on serum metabolomics in obese type 2 diabetic (T2DM) mice. Methods: Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet and intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) to establish an obese T2DM model. Mice were randomized into control, T2DM and T2DM+Ang-(1-7) groups (n = 6). Body weight and blood glucose were recorded weekly. At 10 weeks, blood glucose, serum inflammatory factors, lipid profiles, and pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion were detected; serum metabolite alterations were analyzed via untargeted metabolomics. Results: 1. Ang-(1-7) intervention decreased blood glucose (p < 0.05) and CRP levels (p < 0.01), and alleviated dyslipidemia (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), as well as β-cell morphology and insulin expression in obese T2DM mice. 2. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis suggested that Ang-(1-7) may alleviate abnormal amino acid metabolic pathways by regulating levels of metabolites such as L-valine, L-proline, L-histidine, and glutamic acid. This intervention also tended to reduce multiple lipid metabolites, including Omega-3 Arachidonic Acid Ethyl Ester, phosphatidylcholine, and glycerophosphocholine, thereby participating in the modulation of lipid metabolism balance. KEGG enrichment analysis further indicated that Ang-(1-7) was involved in the regulation of protein digestion and the absorption pathway, as well as the HIF-1 signaling pathway related to oxidative stress, bile acid metabolism pathway, and other signaling pathways, and improving the insulin secretion pathway, pyrimidine metabolism, and TCA cycle energy metabolism pathway. Conclusions: Ang-(1-7) may partially improve metabolic disturbances in obese T2DM mice, which is potentially associated with the modulation of multiple metabolic processes, including amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, insulin secretion, and TCA cycle energy metabolism. Full article

Background: Physical inactivity among Saudi Arabian adolescents is a critical public health concern due to its contribution to the rising prevalence of overweight, obesity, and non-communicable diseases. Despite this, the motivational profiles and perceived barriers that differentiate athletic from non-athletic adolescents remain understudied in the Saudi literature, particularly within the school Physical Education (PE) context. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the present study examined the factors preventing and motivating Saudi adolescents to engage in physical activity (PA) and discusses findings in terms of their implications for PE teachers and school-based intervention. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 124 male high school students in Riyadh (mean age: 16.79 ± 0.66 years). Participants were categorized as either athletes (n = 70) or non-athletes (n = 54) based on pre-defined engagement criteria: athletes were required to report vigorous-intensity sport participation on three or more days per week for a minimum of 60 min per session. Anthropometric measurements, lifestyle behaviors (diet, screen time, sleep), motivations, and barriers were assessed using the validated Arab Teens Lifestyle Study (ATLS) questionnaire. Independent samples t-tests and chi-square tests were used to compare between-group differences; effect sizes are reported. Result: Non-athletes had a significantly higher mean BMI (29.40 ± 6.77 kg/m²) and waist circumference (98.65 ± 21.63 cm) compared to athletes (BMI: 22.19 ± 4.44 kg/m²; waist: 78.84 ± 9.51 cm; both p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in screen time, sleep duration, or dietary habits. The primary motivations for PA among athletes were health benefits (27.1%), recreation (25.7%), and competition (20.0%), reflecting an autonomous motivational profile consistent with SDT. Among non-athletes, the predominant barriers were the lack of suitable facilities (25.9%) and the absence of an exercise partner (22.2%); reflecting unmet SDT needs for competence and relatedness respectively, while only 9.3% cited having a lack of time. Conclusions: Non-athletic participants face a significant health disadvantage characterized by higher rates of overweight and central obesity. In contrast to global trends, where academic commitments dominate barriers to PA, the principal barriers in this population are environmental and social, reflecting unmet psychological needs that PE teachers are uniquely positioned to address. Rather than focusing solely on infrastructure, PE promoters should implement need-supportive teaching practices, including competence-building tasks and cooperative peer structures, to foster the intrinsic motivational profile observed in the athletes and promote long-term PA adherence among non-athletic students, in alignment with the health objectives of Saudi Vision 2030. Full article

Previous studies have demonstrated that phloretic acid (PA), a phenolic compound, exerts beneficial effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging. However, its effects on obesity and associated metabolic abnormalities, including dyslipidemia and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), remain unclear. To evaluate the effects of PA on these obesity-related metabolic alterations and explore the underlying mechanisms, male C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups and fed for 10 weeks with a low-fat diet (10 kcal% fat), a high-fat diet (HFD, 60 kcal% fat), or an HFD containing 0.02% (w/w) PA. PA-supplemented mice showed no significant weight loss and fat loss. However, PA supplementation significantly reduced circulating levels of free fatty acid, triglyceride, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) while increasing HDL-C levels in HFD-fed mice. It also reduced hepatic lipid deposition and alleviated hepatocellular injury. These effects were accompanied by the coordinated modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, including reduced lipogenesis and cholesterol esterification, enhanced fatty acid oxidation, and increased bile acid synthesis and excretion. Furthermore, PA attenuated hepatic oxidative stress and suppressed systemic and hepatic inflammation. These observations suggest that PA may counteract HFD-induced MASLD by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism, and that its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may also contribute to these metabolic improvements. Full article

Background: Children with obesity-related asthma exhibit poorer symptom control and more frequent exacerbations than their normal-weight peers, but the underlying metabolic mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to identify drivers of obesity-related asthma through untargeted plasma metabolomic and lipidomic profiling. Methods: Plasma was obtained from normal weight (NW) asthmatic (n = 95) and non-asthmatic (n = 67) and overweight/obese (OO) asthmatic (n = 99) and non-asthmatic (n = 100) children (6–17 years). We assessed metabolic and lipidomic differences between asthmatics and controls within each BMI group using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), examined overlap with the adult Qatar Biobank cohort, and mapped metabolic–clinical interactions using Gaussian Graphical Models. Results: In the fitted OPLS-DA models, separation between asthmatic and control groups was stronger in the NW group (R²Y = 0.72/0.52) than in OO (R²Y = 0.65/0.63) children. Asthma was associated with altered tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates, ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins (SM) in NW, and with phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylethanolamines in OO. Integrating metabolomic, lipidomic, and clinical data revealed connections between altered SMs and interleukins, and TCA intermediates and electrolytes, all associated with elevated leptin in NW. An increased residual volume to total lung capacity ratio in OO was associated with phospholipid shifts. The overall dynamics in lipid metabolism with asthma, conditioned on BMI, was also observed in the adult Qatar Biobank cohort. Conclusions: Among NW children with asthma, we found enhanced TCA cycle activity and inflammation linked to altered SM metabolism, whereas in OO, the findings suggest oxidative stress arising from chronic obesity-related inflammation. These data reveal BMI-specific metabolic mechanisms of pediatric asthma that might inform precision approaches to disease management. Full article

Background: Obesity often affects kidney health. Irisin, a myokine released during exercise, may exert renoprotective effects. This study examined the effects of swimming-induced irisin on kidney health in obese rats. Materials and methods: Sixty male rats were divided into four groups: control non-trained, obese non-trained, control trained, and obese trained. Obesity was induced using a high-fat diet, and an 8-week swimming program was implemented. Measurements included body and kidney weights, renal function markers (serum urea, creatinine, and urinary albumin), lipid profile, fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Levels of skeletal muscle irisin and PGC-1α were measured by ELISA, and citrate synthase activity was assessed spectrophotometrically. Renal tissue analysis included phospho-AMPKα1 (measured by ELISA), Complex I activity, ATP, Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (measured spectrophotometrically), and PGC-1α mRNA expression (qRT-PCR). Renal tissues were examined under a light microscope for histopathological evaluation, followed by semi-quantitative scoring of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions, morphometric analysis of glomerular tuft area, and a composite score of cleaved caspase-3 immunoexpression. Results: Exercise increased skeletal muscle levels of irisin, PGC-1α, and citrate synthase activity. It also activated renal AMPK, improved mitochondrial function, increased PGC-1α mRNA levels, and reduced renal oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and restored superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in obese rats. These changes were associated with improved renal function, reduced tubular injury and apoptosis in obese rats, partial restoration of the glomerular tuft area, lower lesion scores, and reduced cleaved caspase-3 immunoexpression. Conclusions: These findings suggest that irisin may mediate the renoprotective effects of exercise through the AMPK–PGC-1α pathway, highlighting swimming as a beneficial non-pharmacological intervention and supporting a potential adjunct role for irisin in managing obesity-related CKD. Full article

Background: Dining out has become increasingly prevalent in China, which is associated with higher intakes of energy, fat and sodium, elevating the risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases. However, evidence on color-coded nutrition labels for onsite prepared meals remains scarce. This study aimed to examine consumers’ perceptions of Dish-Choice, a three-color-coded onsite label, in comparison with the standard Nutrition Facts Label (NFL), to evaluate subjective perceptions of this novel label. Methods: A self-controlled trial was conducted among 3008 diners from canteens in Shanghai, with completing questionnaires twice: first on NFL perceptions, then three months later on Dish-Choice. Logistic regression and paired-sample comparison were used for analysis. Results: Compared with the NFL, Dish-Choice was associated with higher perceptual scores, with greater changes in overweight/obese, males, lower socio-economic status (SES) groups and those with poor dietary quality. Conclusions: The Dish-Choice label elicits more positive perceptual responses across multiple perceptual constructs. It is particularly well-received among vulnerable populations with lower health literacy, including men, lower-SES groups, and individuals with poor dietary habits. This supports its potential as a public health tool for on-site dining settings, though further research is needed to confirm its impact on actual food choices. Full article

Obesity and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) are closely linked and constitute a growing public health concern. In this work, we evaluated the antiobesity effect of an enantiomerically enriched mixture of 3′,4′-di-O-acetyl-cis-khellactone (DOAcK), a natural product derivative obtained by asymmetric synthesis. This molecule is a derivative of praeruptorin, a major component found in Arracacia tolucensis as well as many other species from the Apiaceae family. A comprehensive evaluation of DOAcK was conducted using both experimental and theoretical methods. DOAcK showed significant effects in animal models, with additional evidence of diminished expression of PPARγ. Finally, we conducted molecular modeling to elucidate the putative interaction between DOAcK and PPARγ, uncovering the significant role of the so-called Ω-loop, near the ligand binding domain. In summary, these positive findings of DOAcK demonstrate that the use of this natural product could be helpful in preventing NAFLD and obesity. Full article

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and newer dual-incretin therapies have become central to the treatment of diabetes mellitus and obesity, with benefits extending beyond glycemic control. Their expanding use has prompted growing interest in their potential ocular effects. Experimental data support plausible protective mechanisms, including reduction in oxidative stress and neuroprotective effects on retinal and optic nerve tissues. Clinical evidence, however, remains heterogeneous. In diabetic retinopathy, the main concern appears to be transient early worsening associated with rapid glycemic improvement rather than direct retinal toxicity. A potential semaglutide-associated signal for non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy has raised concern, although the absolute risk appears low and causality remains unproven. Emerging studies also suggest possible beneficial associations with glaucoma, ocular surface diseases, and certain retinal vascular outcomes, whereas the evidence regarding age-related macular degeneration and cataract remains conflicting or preliminary. Overall, ocular outcomes associated with incretin-based therapies seem to reflect a complex interplay among drug-specific pharmacology, systemic metabolic changes, and individual patient susceptibility rather than a class effect. Baseline ophthalmic assessment and individualized follow-up may be advisable in selected high-risk patients. Further prospective ophthalmology-focused studies are needed to clarify long-term safety and identify the patients most likely to benefit or develop adverse events. Full article

Background/Objective: Childhood obesity induces physiological changes that alter drug distribution and clearance; however, these patients are often excluded from clinical trials, creating a critical safety gap for high-alert medications (HAM). The Objective was to evaluate HAM dosing strategies and pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations in overweight and obese pediatric patients. Methods: A systematic review was conducted and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023452126). A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL (1990–March 2026) identified studies reporting dosing strategies or PK of HAM in obese or overweight pediatric patients. Studies were included if they reported dosing recommendations or PK parameters. Eligible designs comprised prospective and retrospective, randomized and non-randomized, observational (cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional), case series, case reports, and narrative and systematic reviews. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using validated tools, and results were synthesized qualitatively. Results: Of 5801 records, 91 studies were included, providing evidence for only 27% of the evaluated HAM. Total body weight (TBW) appeared to be appropriate for insulin and vancomycin, although close monitoring was required. TBW-based dosing was associated with approximately 20% overexposure for enoxaparin, supporting the use of fat-free mass (FFM) or reduced dosing strategies. Increased clearance may justify higher doses for amlodipine and consideration of adult-equivalent dosing for metformin in adolescents. For gentamicin, FFM appeared to be the most appropriate descriptor, while adjusted body weight was used for valproic acid. In anesthetics and sedatives, reduced TBW-based dosing may be considered for propofol, whereas ideal body weight (IBW) or FFM were generally preferred for ketamine and dexmedetomidine. Analgesics such as fentanyl and morphine may require IBW- or FFM-based dosing, and maintenance dosing of paracetamol may require adjustment. Conclusions: Evidence remains limited and heterogeneous, with no standardized dosing approach. Model-informed strategies—such as population PK (PopPK) and physiologically based PK model (PBPK) approaches—may be useful for hypothesis generation and exploring PK variability; however, their clinical applicability is constrained by the limited and heterogeneous evidence base, and they should be considered exploratory. Full article

Background/Objectives: Communicating genetic risk has been proposed as a motivational tool for weight control, but evidence remains limited. Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial among 53 overweight or obese young adults in South Korea. Participants were randomized to receive either their obesity-related genetic results with tailored lifestyle recommendations (intervention, n = 27) or genetic results limited to beauty traits (control, n = 26). Body weight and body composition were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 18 months. Primary outcome was change in body weight; secondary outcomes included body fat mass, body fat percentage, and skeletal muscle mass. Analyses used general linear and mixed models. Exploratory analyses examined effects among participants carrying ≥2 risk alleles across FTO, MC4R, and BDNF. Results: Overall, body weight and composition changes did not differ significantly between groups at 6 or 18 months. In exploratory subgroup analysis conducted among participants with obesity-related genetic risk, body weight increased in the intervention group (model-adjusted mean change, 2.68 kg; 95% CI, 2.28 to 3.09) but decreased in the control group (model-adjusted mean change, −11.58 kg; 95% CI, −1.99 to −1.18) over 18 months. Among participants with obesity-related genetic risk in the intervention group, those who reported behavior changes after receiving their genetic test results experienced modest weight reductions over 6 months compared with non-changers. Conclusions: Disclosure of obesity-related genetic information with tailored advice did not improve weight outcomes overall, but may benefit a subset of genetically susceptible individuals. Larger trials are warranted. Full article

Multiple interacting risk factors can influence the origin of asthma. Asthma is characterized by different clinical phenotypes, each of which includes different endotypes. There are four main clinical asthma phenotypes: (1) early-onset mild allergic asthma; (2) early-onset allergic moderate-to-severe remodeled asthma; (3) late-onset non-allergic eosinophilic asthma; and (4) late-onset non-eosinophilic non-allergic asthma. The main endotypes of asthma are T-helper (Th)-2 low and Th-2 high. The identification of asthma endotypes might help precision-based care move toward the personalized management of airway inflammation. In this scenario, it is important to know how the risk factors affect the pathophysiology of asthma. Accordingly, we focus our attention on the impact of obesity and air pollutants and how these risk factors together with epigenetic alterations influence the asthma phenotype/endotype and the pathogenesis of airway diseases. Our aim is to disseminate the progress of studies in this area by reporting recent observations on the topic. Finally, we believe that data/observations enclosed in this review suggest the need of further epidemiological studies to be useful to examine simultaneously the effect of more than one risk factor on clinical and biologic parameters of asthma. Full article

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) represents one of the most aggressive malignancies of the hepatobiliary system, evolving along a continuum from chronic inflammation to preneoplastic lesions and invasive cancer. This progression is frequently associated with gallstones and chronic cholecystitis and shares common pathogenic mechanisms with systemic inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Despite its relatively low incidence, GBC is characterized by poor prognosis, largely due to late-stage diagnosis and limited understanding of its molecular underpinnings. Methods: We conducted an observational study including 60 adult patients with radiologically suspected gallbladder cancer (GBC). Patients with disseminated disease, ongoing oncologic treatment, or synchronous malignancies were excluded. Fasting venous blood samples were collected to evaluate tumor markers and biochemical parameters, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9. Surgical specimens were analyzed histopathologically and staged according to the European Society for Medical Oncology TNM classification system. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 26.0), with appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests applied based on data distribution, and a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Based on histological findings, patients were stratified into benign gallbladder disease (GBD) and GBC groups. CA 19-9 demonstrated higher mean serum levels with lower variability compared to CEA, suggesting superior sensitivity and diagnostic stability for gallbladder adenocarcinoma. In contrast, CEA levels exhibited greater fluctuation, limiting its reliability as a standalone biomarker. Importantly, the combined use of CA 19-9 and CEA improved diagnostic accuracy, supporting a multimarker approach for better clinical stratification. Our findings highlight the diagnostic value of CA 19-9 as a robust biomarker in GBC and support the integration of combined biomarker panels. Beyond tumor markers, the study identified a strong interplay between systemic inflammation and metabolic comorbidities, with obesity and hypertension significantly associated with chronic gallbladder pathology, and diabetes mellitus contributing to increased risk of acute inflammatory episodes. Elevated inflammatory markers, leukocytosis, and cholestatic enzyme alterations further supported the presence of a systemic inflammatory milieu. Multivariate analysis revealed that C-reactive protein (CRP), as a marker of systemic inflammation, was significantly influenced by a combination of clinical and biochemical variables, including age, hemoglobin, hypertension, amylase, CA 19-9, and CEA, explaining over 50% of its variability and up to 85% in advanced fibrotic changes. Additionally, platelet counts were significantly reduced in adenocarcinoma and correlated specifically with CA 19-9 levels, suggesting a potential link between tumor burden, inflammation, and platelet dynamics. Conclusions: Therefore, the observed associations between chronic inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and tumor marker expression suggest a potential link between gallbladder carcinogenesis and systemic cardiometabolic pathways, opening new perspectives for early detection and targeted therapeutic strategies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Children and young people (CYP) with long-term physical health conditions (LTCs) are at greater risk of psychosocial difficulties. Systematic reviews on adults with LTCs have supported acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in improving several psychosocial outcomes. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ACT for CYP-reported psychosocial outcomes among CYP with LTCs. It also examined the factors associated with the effects and the quantitative acceptability of the included ACT interventions. Methods: Eligible studies used a quantitative experimental design to evaluate ACT for CYP-reported psychosocial outcomes in CYP (≤18 years old) with LTCs. Only studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals, from any year, were included. CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Library, Embase (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid) and PsycInfo (Ovid) were systematically searched. Google Scholar and Web of Science were also searched, and forward and backward citation searching was completed for included papers. Research quality was appraised using Cochrane risk-of-bias tools. Results were narratively synthesised. Results: Sixteen studies (nine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and seven non-RCTs) from 19 reports met inclusion criteria, with 777 participants and five LTCs (chronic pain, diabetes, cancer, obesity and visual impairment). Findings provided preliminary support for the effectiveness of ACT on most CYP-reported psychosocial outcomes studied. Seven studies considered factors associated with intervention effects, with mixed findings. Acceptability was supported in the three studies that assessed it quantitatively. However, almost all studies had overall high/serious risk-of-bias ratings. Conclusions: There is preliminary evidence supporting potential benefits of ACT for improving psychosocial outcomes in CYP with LTCs, with limited but supportive findings for its acceptability. However, findings are constrained by high/serious risk of bias and small sample sizes. Larger, high-quality trials with active controls and longer follow-ups are needed to inform future care pathways. Registration: This systematic review was pre-registered (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023425918). Full article

Background: Southeast Asian Americans (SEAAs) experience a disproportionately high burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with incidence in several subgroups (i.e., Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese individuals) reaching up to nine times that of non-Hispanic Whites. HCC in SEAAs is largely driven by chronic hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Despite established screening guidelines, under-detection and delayed diagnosis remain common. Objective: To summarize epidemiologic patterns, risk factors, screening challenges, and potential interventions aimed at reducing HCC disparities among SEAAs. Design and Methods: This narrative review synthesized evidence from population based epidemiologic studies, community-based interventions, health services research, and policy analyses. Attention was given to studies reporting disaggregated SEAA subgroup data. Findings derived from SEAA specific studies were distinguished from evidence drawn from broader Asian American or general cirrhosis populations, with inferential steps explicitly noted where subgroup specific data were limited. Key Findings: HCC incidence varies widely across SEAA subgroups, with elevated HBV- and HCV-related HCC in Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian communities, and increasing MASLD-related HCC including among lean individuals who fall outside many surveillance frameworks. Screening and surveillance remain suboptimal, with fewer than 30% of patients with cirrhosis receiving recommended semiannual HCC surveillance and even lower uptake among SEAAs. Barriers include low HBV/HCV screening rates, limited disease awareness, language barriers, underinsurance, provider knowledge gaps, and lack of automated EHR-based reminders. Structural challenges such as poverty, transportation barriers, and limited access to specialty care further delay diagnosis. Proposed Interventions: Culturally tailored outreach programs, bilingual navigators, and community-based screening initiatives have demonstrated improved HBV/HCV testing and linkage to care. AI-enabled EHR tools may enhance identification of high-risk patients, streamline follow-up, and increase surveillance adherence. Expanded use of non-invasive fibrosis assessment and recognition of MASLD-related risk in non-obese individuals may support earlier detection. Policy priorities include mandatory Asian subgroup data disaggregation, expanded insurance coverage, and strengthened community-level healthcare infrastructure. Conclusions: SEAAs face a substantial and preventable HCC burden. A coordinated approach combining culturally tailored community engagement, improved provider support systems, and policy reforms is essential to improving early detection and reducing HCC disparities in this diverse population. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity is a chronic, relapsing disease with a widening gap between clinical need and the availability of specialist care. Artificial intelligence (AI) may enable earlier risk detection, more precise phenotyping, and scalable behavioural support across obesity treatment pathways. This narrative review synthesises contemporary AI applications across the obesity care continuum and evaluates their translational readiness. Methods: A targeted search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar (January 2024–January 2026) was conducted, complemented by citation chaining. Evidence was synthesised across four domains: (1) risk prediction and screening, (2) environmental and behavioural determinants, (3) multimodal phenotyping and precision stratification, and (4) AI-enabled lifestyle interventions and behavioural coaching (AIBC). Results: Electronic health record (EHR)-based models demonstrate clinically useful discrimination for early risk identification. Multimodal approaches refine stratification beyond body mass index (BMI)-centric classification. AI-enabled behavioural coaching (AIBC) platforms show emerging evidence of clinically meaningful weight loss, including non-inferiority to human coaching; however, long-term effectiveness, generalisability, and equity remain insufficiently established. Conclusions: AI is positioned to become a core enabler of personalised obesity pathways. Safe translation requires external validation, bias auditing, transparent reporting, human oversight, and post-deployment surveillance aligned with clinical guidelines and regulatory expectations. Full article