Search Results (66)

The role of rhizosphere bacteria in facilitating plant invasion is increasingly acknowledged, yet the influence of specific microbial functional traits remains insufficiently understood. This study addresses this gap by isolating two bacterial strains, Bacillus sp. ScRB44 and Pseudomonas sp. ScRB22, from the rhizosphere of the invasive weed Solidago canadensis. We assessed their nitrogen utilization capacity and indoleacetic acid (IAA) production capabilities to evaluate their ecological functions. Our three-stage experimental design encompassed strain promotion, nutrient stress, and competition phases. Bacillus sp. ScRB44 demonstrated robust IAA production and significantly improved the nitrogen utilization efficiency, significantly enhancing S. canadensis growth, especially under nutrient-poor conditions, and promoting a shift in biomass allocation toward the roots, thereby conferring a competitive advantage over native species. Conversely, Pseudomonas sp. ScRB22 exhibited limited functional activity and a negligible impact on plant performance. These findings underscore that the ecological impact of rhizosphere bacteria on invasive weeds is closely linked to their specific growth-promoting functions. By enhancing stress adaptation and optimizing resource allocation, certain microorganisms may facilitate the establishment of invasive weeds in adverse environments. This study highlights the significance of microbial functional traits in invasion ecology and suggests novel approaches for microbiome-based invasive weed management, with potential applications in agricultural soil health improvement and ecological restoration. Full article

Eco-enzymatic stoichiometry provides a basis for understanding soil ecosystem functions, with implications for land management and ecological protection. Long-term climatic factors and human interferences have caused significant land-use transformations in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau region, affecting various ecological functions, such as soil nutrient cycling and chemical element balance. It is currently unclear how large-scale land-use conversion affects soil ecological stoichiometry. In this study, 763 soil samples were collected across three land-use types: farmland, grassland, and forest land. In addition, changes in soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity and stoichiometry were determined. The soil available phosphorus (SAP) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were the highest in farmland soil. Bulk density, pH, SAP, TP, and NO₃⁻-N were lower in forest soil, whereas NH₄⁺-N, available nitrogen, soil organic carbon (SOC), available potassium, and the soil nutrient ratio increased. Land-use conversion promoted soil β-1,4-glucosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, mostly in forest soil. The eco-enzymatic C:N ratio was higher in farmland soils but grassland soils had a higher enzymatic C:P and N:P. Soil microorganisms were limited by P nutrients in all land-use patterns. C limitation was the highest in farmland soil. The redundancy analysis indicated that the ecological stoichiometry in farmland was influenced by TN, whereas grass and forest soils were influenced by SOC. Overall, the conversion of cropland or grassland to complex land-use types can effectively enhance soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and ecosystem functions, providing valuable insights for ecological restoration and sustainable land management in alpine regions. Full article

The possibility of hydrogen (H₂) production from sizing waste, specifically starch-based substrates, was investigated through dark fermentation. Modified starch substrates produced less (up to 54% without heating and 18% after heating) H₂ than natural ones. However, heating modified starch samples led to 18% higher H₂ production than unheated ones, suggesting that high temperatures activate more favorable metabolic pathways. The highest H₂ production (215 mL/g_{TVS_substrate}) was observed with unheated natural starch, where the classic butyric–acetic fermentation pathway predominated. This variant also generated the highest CO₂ levels (250 mL/g_{TVS_substrate}), confirming the correlation between H₂ and CO₂ production in these pathways. Modified starch substrates shifted fermentation towards fatty acid chain elongation, reducing CO₂ production. The proportion of CO₂ in the fermentation gases correlated strongly with H₂ production across all variants. A decrease in total volatile solids (TVS) indicated effective organic matter conversion, while varying dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels suggested different degradation rates. Nitrogen analysis (TN) revealed that the differences between variants were due to varying nitrogen processing mechanisms by microorganisms. These results highlight the potential of sizing waste as a substrate for bioH₂ production and offer insights for optimizing the process and developing industrial technologies for bioH₂ and other valuable products. Full article

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas with intensive emissions from acidic soil. This study explored the impact of the disruption of the microbial balance from microbial inhibitors (streptomycin and cycloheximide) on soil’s N₂O emission and nitrogen (N) dynamics. Under all the conditions examined, biotic processes accounted for 96–98% of total N₂O emissions. High concentrations of streptomycin (6 and 10 mg g⁻¹) reduced N₂O emissions from 2.24 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ to 1.93 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 2.12 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively, whereas lower concentrations (2 and 4.5 mg g⁻¹) increased emissions from 2.24 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ to 2.95 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 3.27 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. Lower cycloheximide (2 and 4.5 mg g⁻¹) significantly enhanced N₂O emissions, reaching 9.15 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 5.68 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively, whereas higher dosages (6 mg g⁻¹ and 10 mg g⁻¹) inhibited N₂O emissions, reducing them to 5.55 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 4.84 μg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions generally decreased with increasing inhibitor dosages but significantly increased at 2 mg g⁻¹ and 4.5 mg g⁻¹ streptomycin. The inhibitors also altered soil N and carbon (C) dynamics, increasing ammonium (NH₄⁺-N), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that N₂O emission was negatively correlated with cycloheximide dosage (R = −0.68, p < 0.001), NH₄⁺-N (R = −0.31, p < 0.001) and DOC content (R = −0.57, p < 0.05). These findings highlight the consequences of microbial disruption on N₂O emission and the complex microbial interactions in acidic soils. High concentrations of microbial inhibitors effectively reduce N₂O emissions by suppressing key microbial groups in nitrification and denitrification. Conversely, lower concentrations may prompt compensatory responses from surviving microorganisms, resulting in increased N₂O production. Future research should focus on sustainable management strategies to mitigate N₂O emissions while preserving the soil’s microbial community. Full article

Excessive nitrogen fertilizer use has resulted in growing nitrate contamination of groundwater. In this study, an in situ bioelectrochemical reactor (isBER) reinforced with woodchips was developed for the treatment of actual nitrate-contaminated groundwater. During the 75-day experiment, the denitrification performance, grid permeability, and microbial community structure were investigated under different flow rates and current densities. The reactor achieved a remarkable nitrate removal efficiency of 97.6% ± 0.4% and a rate of 2.09 ± 0.14 mg-N/(L·h). These results were obtained at a temperature of 18.5 ± 0.8 °C, a current density of 350 mA/m², and a flow rate of 10 cm/d. Notably, the reactor can adapt to a wide flow-rate range of 5~20 cm/d and the operation proceeded smoothly without any blockages. Furthermore, the cathode module demonstrated enrichment of hydrogen autotrophic denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas) and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria (Brucella, Enterobacteriaceae). Conversely, the anode module exhibited relatively high enrichment levels of aerobic microorganisms and lignin-degrading bacteria (Cellvibrio). The research results can provide novel insights and technical support for in situ remediation of groundwater nitrate contamination. Full article

Soil microorganisms are essential for maintaining the function and health of agricultural ecosystems. However, the responses of microbial communities to long-term changes in land use have been insufficiently explored. Hence, based on a 15 years of field experiments in the northeast Mollisol region of China, we applied the Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to study the effects of different land use types, including conventional tillage (CT), bare land (BL), no tillage (NT), natural vegetation restoration (NVR), and afforestation (AF), on bacterial communities along the soil profile (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm) and co-occurrence networks and identified their relationships with soil physicochemical properties. The findings indicated that the land use type as well as soil depth affected the diversity and structure of bacterial communities significantly. There was no marked difference in the diversity of bacterial communities between CT and NT at different soil depths, except for a depth of 20–30 cm. In NT, NVR, and AF, the relative abundance of Actinomycetota and Firmicutes was higher than that in CT. Conversely, CT showed a remarkably higher abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota than BL, NT, NVR, and AF. Compared with CT and BL, increased stability and complexity of the community co-occurrence networks was identified for NT, NVR, and AF. Additionally, the diversity and composition of bacterial communities were correlated with the soil’s total nitrogen (TN), pH as well as total organic carbon (TOC). Our study revealed the potential mechanism by which long-term land use changes affected the distribution of soil bacterial communities, which was of high importance for sustainable development of agriculture and optimal management of land resources. Full article

In recent years, there has been an increase in the emission of tire wear particle (TWP) microplastics from wastewater treatment plants into the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of TWPs in wastewater flowing into a biological reactor on the transcription of the 16S rRNA gene and the key genes responsible for nitrogen metabolism, amoA, nirK and nosZ, in aerobic granular sludge. The laboratory experiment was carried out in sequencing aerobic granular sludge reactors operated in an 8 h cycle into which TWP microplastics were introduced with municipal wastewater at a dose of 50–500 mg TWPs/L. The ammonia removal rate and the production of oxidized forms of nitrogen increased with the TWP dose. Gene transcript abundance analysis showed that the presence of rubber and substances leached from it promoted the activity of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (160% increase), while the transcription of genes related to denitrification conversions was negatively affected. The activity of nitrite reductase gradually decreased with increasing TWP concentration in wastewater (decreased by 33% at 500 mg TWPs/L), while nitric oxide reductase activity was significantly inhibited even at the lowest TWP dose (decreased by 58% at 500 mg TWPs/L). The data obtained indicate that further studies are needed on the mechanisms of the effects of TWPs on the activities of the most important groups of microorganisms in wastewater treatment to minimize the negative effects of TWPs on biological wastewater treatment. Full article

Preventing loss of nitrogen during aerobic manure composting is a critical challenge, and introducing microbial agents with specific functions offers a promising solution. This study aimed to explore how Bacillus subtilis F2 (a thermotolerant nitrifying bacterium) affects nitrogen conservation, microbial dynamics, and nitrogen conversion-associated gene abundance during pig manure composting. Relative to the uninoculated controls, adding F2 markedly raised the germination index, nitrate content, and total nitrogen in the final compost, resulting in reduced nitrogen loss. The inoculation led to a distinct succession of bacterial communities, enriching microorganisms associated with fermentation and hydrocarbon degradation, while the fungal communities did not change significantly between the control and treated compost. Furthermore, inoculation markedly increased amoA gene levels and decreased nirK abundance during the cooling and maturation phases. Significant relationships were detected between nitrogen content, microbial composition, and nitrogen conversion genes in correlation analyses. In summary, the addition of F2 is recommended for bolstering nitrogen retention in the context of composting. Full article

The utilization of aerospace mutagenesis in plant breeding is a novel, efficient technology. This study investigates the effects of aerospace mutagenesis on tea tree growth, soil nutrient conversion, and soil microbial community structure and function. The results showed that aerospace mutagenized tea trees showed increased leaf area, 100-bud weight, and yield. The rhizosphere soil of mutagenized tea tree displayed an increase in microorganisms, enhanced carbon and nitrogen cycling capacity, and significant increases in nutrient conversion and antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, the content of available nutrients was also increased. Aerospace mutagenesis showed an increase in the abundance of soil-characteristic microorganisms (Solirubrobacterales bacterium, Capillimicrobium parvum, Mycobacterium colombiense, Mycobacterium rhizamassiliense, and Conexibacter woesei), and enhancement of the intensity of metabolic pathways, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, carbon metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, and biosynthesis of cofactors of soil microorganisms. Interaction network and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) equation analysis showed that after aerospace mutagenesis, soil-characteristic microorganisms positively affected soil microbial functions, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, respiration intensity, and soil enzyme activities; furthermore, it improved available nutrient content and tea tree growth. This study provides an important reference for the cultivation and management of aerospace mutagenized tea trees and microbial regulation of tea tree growth. Full article

In order to explore the effects of planting two economic crops in Moso plantations on the composition of soil phosphorus-functional microbial community, this study collected soil samples of Persimmon and Tea-oil plantations cultivated on the original bamboo soil for 3 years for comparison. Soil physical and chemical measurements and metagenomic sequencing were used to evaluate the effects of crop cultivation on the diversity of soil phosphorus-functional microorganisms. Results show that (1) Moso forests are converted to different crops after the soil pH values decline, and other physical and chemical properties of soil and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) content rise. (2) Soil microbial community structure changed with crop planting. The number of phosphorus-functional bacteria in Persimmon soil was higher than Tea-oil and Moso soils, with the total number of phosphorus-functional bacteria and unique phosphorus-functional bacteria in Persimmon soil being the highest. (3) The relative abundance of phoU, phoR, ugpA, ugpB, gcd and ppaC genes was significantly increased, while the abundance of pstA, pstB and pstC genes was decreased by crop replanting. (4) The dominant phosphorus-functional microorganisms under different crop cultivation were closely related to basic soil properties. Bradyrhizobium and Camellia abundances were significantly positively correlated with soil total phosphorus (TP), while Sphingomonas was significantly negatively correlated with soil TP. Soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil total nitrogen (TN) and soil MBP were positively correlated with the ppx–gppA gene. AP, EC and TN were positively correlated with the phoB gene, while TN and MBP were negatively correlated with the phoP gene. These results suggested that land use patterns could directly change soil environmental conditions, thereby affecting phosphorus-functional microbial communities. In conclusion, the conversion of Moso plantations to commercial crops is beneficial for the optimization of the soil system, promoting the activation and release of soil phosphorus to maintain the dynamic balance of soil microbial community. Full article

Biological nitrogen (N) fixation has been advocated in agricultural fields due to being considered a more sustainable way to introduce N into agrosystems than industrial N fertilizers. In this study, a foliar spray inoculant containing the microorganism Methylobacterium symbioticum was applied. This microorganism is known for fixing N in the phyllosphere, regardless of the cultivated species. This study was conducted in three rainfed olive orchards over three years. In two orchards managed according to European Union (EU) integrated production rules, the experiment was organized as a factorial design with inoculant (applied at two levels, yes and no) and N fertilization (applied to the soil at three levels, 0, 40, and 80 kg ha⁻¹ of N). The third trial, managed according to EU organic farming rules, was organized in a completely randomized design with three treatments: with (yes) and without (no) inoculant and with a treatment involving a seaweed extract, also for foliar application. The microbiological inoculant did not consistently influence olive yield or N concentration in leaves across the three trials. Conversely, N application to the soil significantly influenced N concentration in leaves and olive yield. In one of the trials, in the third year of the study, soil N application (80 kg ha⁻¹) resulted in an olive yield of ~eight times higher than the unfertilized control treatment. The seaweed extract also did not lead to significant differences in leaf mineral composition or olive yield compared with the other treatments. These findings from the on-farm research highlight the importance of accurately determining the conditions under which commercial products can deliver effective results. It is crucial to acknowledge that these products involve expenses not only in their acquisition but also in their application. Full article

Urban landscape lakes are increasingly at risk of nitrogen-induced eutrophication. Microbial nitrogen transformation plays a crucial role in reducing nitrogen levels in these lakes. However, the relationships between microbial communities, nitrogen functional genes, and nitrogen dynamics in water and sediment, along with their underlying mechanisms, remain unclear. In this study, we systemically investigated the spatial distributions of physicochemical indicators in the overlying water and sediment in a typical urban landscape lake, Zizhuyuan Park, and the microbial communities and nitrogen cycling genes in the surface sediments of the lake connection (CO), side (SI), and center (CE) were evaluated via macrogenetic sequencing technology to analyze their relationships with environmental factors. The results revealed that the concentrations of TN, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺ in the lake water were within the ranges of 1.36~2.84, 0.98~1.92, and 0.01~0.29 mg·L⁻¹, respectively. The concentrations of TN, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺ in the sediments ranged from 1.17~3.47 g·kg⁻¹, 0.88~1.94 mg·kg⁻¹, and 5.61~10.09 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively. The contents of NH₄⁺ in water, TN and NO₃⁻ in sediments were significantly different in spatial distribution (p < 0.05). At the CE site, the Shannon diversity index was the highest and differed significantly from the values at the SI and CO sites (p < 0.01).The sediments of Central Lake contained a total of 36 phyla and 1303 genera of microorganisms. Proteobacteria (62.88–64.83%) and Actinobacteria (24.84–26.62%) accounted for more than 85% of the microorganisms. Nitrospirae, Ignavibacteriae, and Bacteroidetes were significantly different (p < 0.05) at the CE, and Planctomycetes were significantly different (p < 0.05) at the CO. The functional gene nrfA exhibited the highest abundance, followed by napA, nosZ, nirS, hao, ureC, norB, nifH, nirK, hdhA, nifB, and amoA. The abundances of hao and nifH differed significantly at various locations in Central Lake (p < 0.05). The key nitrogen transformation processes in the sediments, ranked by contribution rate, were DNRA, denitrification, nitrification, ammoniation, nitrogen fixation, and anammox. The six nitrogen processes showed significant differences (p < 0.01) in spatial distribution. The pH, TN, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, C/N ratio of the sediment, and NH₄⁺ in the lake water impact the microbial community and nitrogen conversion process. The sediment should be cleaned regularly, and the water cycle should be strengthened in urban landscape lakes to regulate microorganisms and genes and ultimately reduce nitrogen and control eutrophic water. This study can provide a reference for improving and managing lake water environments in urban landscapes. Full article

To investigate the differences in soil hydrolytic enzyme activity and enzyme stoichiometry among different mangrove communities, as well as the driving factors behind these variations, we will explore their implications for nutrient limitations of soil microbes and the availability of soil nutrients. This study will focus on the Rhizophora stylosa communities (RS), Aegiceras corniculatum communities (AC), and RS-AC mixed communities (MF) within the Hainan Xinying Bay mangrove conservation area, using adjacent bare flats (BF) as a control group. We will analyse soil enzyme activity and physicochemical properties in at soil depths of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm across different mangrove communities to uncover the synergistic changes between these variables. The results indicate the following. (1) Except for acid phosphatase (ACP), the enzyme activities and their stoichiometric ratios in different mangrove soil communities differ significantly. In the layer of soil 0~20 cm, β-glucosidase (BG) activity is markedly diminished in the MF community relative to the other communities. Conversely, the activities of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) are the most elevated in MF. In the 20~40 cm soil layer, the activity of cellulase (CBH) was found to be highest in the MF community, while the activities of BG and NAG in MF were significantly lower than those in other communities. Overall, the activity of the five enzymes decreased with increasing soil depth. (2) The ratios of ln (BG + CBH)/ln (NAG + LAP) and ln (BG + CBH)/ln (ACP) in different soil layers indicated that MF was significantly lower than other communities; in the 0~20 cm soil layer, the ln (NAG + LAP)/ln (ACP) ratio was highest in MF and lowest in RS, while no significant differences were observed between BF and AC. In the 20~40 cm soil layer, no significant differences in ln (NAG + LAP)/ln (ACP) ratios were found among the different communities. (3) The vector angles of the soil enzymatic stoichiometry in the three different mangrove communities and light beaches are all less than 45°. (4) The soil enzyme C:N:P ratio, after logarithmic transformation, measures at 1:1.36:1.28, deviating from the global average (1:1:1). This, in combination with the enzymatic stoichiometry, suggests that nitrogen and phosphorus both constrain the soil microorganisms in this study region, with nitrogen constraining them more strongly. Redundancy analysis indicates that the soil TK content is a primary driver regulating soil enzyme activity and its stoichiometric ratios. From the perspective of accelerating nutrient cycling and alleviating nutrient limitation, this study found that increasing exogenous inputs of nitrogen and potassium can alleviate nitrogen and phosphorus limitation in the mangrove ecosystem of Xinying Bay. These findings provide a basic theoretical basis for restoring and maintaining a healthy tropical mangrove ecosystem. Full article

Due to the unique geographic location of A’er Xiang, there is a natural landscape where sandy land and lake-marsh wetlands coexist. However, the wetland degradation caused by the disturbance of anthropogenic activities has led to the change in land use. In this study, the spatial-temporal substitution method was used to select five sample plots: the original wetland converted to forest land for reuse area of five years and ten years; the original wetland converted to cropland for reuse area of five years and ten years; and the native wetland. It aims to investigate the variations in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and their stoichiometric characteristics of soil-microorganisms-extracellular enzymes before and after reuse, and to analyze potential interactions among these elements. The results indicated that following wetlands degradation, changes in land use for five years did not significantly affect the content of soil organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), or total phosphorus (TP). However, after ten years, both TOC and TN, except for TP, decreased significantly. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) contents in cropland were consistently higher than those in WL, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with longer conversion periods. In contrast, forest land values were lower than in WL and increased as the conversion period lengthened. The microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) content was ranked across the five sample sites as follows: 10 CL > 5 CL > 5 FL > 10 FL > WL. β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) activity was significantly increased after conversion to forest land and significantly decreased after conversion to cropland. β-1,4-N-glucosidase (NAG) and L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activities were ranked as follows among the five sites: 5 FL > WL > 5 CL > 10 FL > 10 CL. Phosphatase (PHOS) activity showed no significant changes post-conversion, though it was consistently lower compared to WL. Full article

As the global demand for high-quality tea increases, adopting sustainable agricultural practices is crucial to maintaining environmental health and improving crop productivity. Employing organic fertilizers has the potential to boost agricultural output and improve soil health, as well as curb the spread of pests and diseases. The purpose of this survey was to determine the impact of a range of organic fertilizer mixtures on both tea plants and rhizosphere soil characteristics in tea plantations. This study investigated the response of Jin Guanyin tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants to various organic fertilizer ratios: 2/3 chemical fertilizer + 1/3 organic fertilizer (JTC), 1/2 chemical fertilizer + 1/2 organic fertilizer (JHOC), 1/3 chemical fertilizer + 2/3 organic fertilizer (JTO), and organic fertilizer only (JOF), with chemical fertilizer alone (JCF) as the control. The experiment was conducted in Xingcun Town, Wuyishan, Fujian Province, China, on 13 October 2021. Key metrics measured included tea plant growth indicators, soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial functional diversity. Results show that JTC and JTO produce the largest leaf area and bud weight, significantly surpassing those in JCF. JCF demonstrated the longest new tip length and highest bud density, while JHOC achieved the highest chlorophyll content, significantly exceeding JCF. Soil analysis revealed that total nitrogen, available nitrogen, organic matter, and pH were highest in JOF, significantly overtaking JCF. Conversely, total phosphorus, available potassium, and available phosphorus levels were highest in JCF. JHOC also had the highest total potassium content compared to JCF. Soil enzyme activity assessments showed that polyphenol oxidase and urease activities peaked in JTC, significantly exceeding those in JCF. JHOC exhibited the highest acid phosphatase activity, while JTO exhibited the highest protease activity. Catalase activity was highest in JOF, both significantly surpassing JCF. Microbial functional diversity analysis indicated that combined organic fertilization improved soil microorganisms’ utilization of carbon sources, significantly enhancing the Shannon diversity index and evenness. Key carbon sources identified included $\mathsf{\alpha }$-cyclodextrin, D-galacturonic acid, and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid. Overall, JHOC emerged as the optimal fertilization strategy, yielding superior growth indicators, enhanced soil physicochemical properties, increased enzyme activity, and improved microbial functional diversity compared to JCF. This study has important value for guiding the rational application of fertilizers in tea gardens, improving the soil environment of tea gardens, enhancing the quality of tea leaves, and achieving sustainable tea production. Full article