Search Results (60)

Bone regeneration remains difficult due to the complex bone microenvironment and the limited healing capacity of large defects. Biomimetic strategies offer promising solutions by using advanced 3D scaffolds guided by natural tissue cues. Recent advances in additive manufacturing, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering now allow the fabrication of hierarchical scaffolds that closely mimic native bone. Smart scaffold systems combine materials with biochemical and mechanical signals. These features improve vascularization, enhance tissue integration, and support better regenerative outcomes. Bio-inspired materials also help connect inert implants with living tissues by promoting vascular network formation and improving cell communication. Multiscale design approaches recreate bone nano- to macro-level structure and support both osteogenic activity and immune regulation. Intelligent and adaptive scaffolds are being developed to respond to physiological changes and enable personalized bone repair. This review discusses the current landscape of biomimetic scaffold design, fabrication techniques, material strategies, biological mechanisms, and translational considerations shaping next-generation bone regeneration technologies. Future directions focus on sustainable, clinically translatable biomimetic systems that can integrate with digital health tools for improved treatment planning. Full article

Temperature-responsive hydrogels are sophisticated stimuli-responsive biomaterials that undergo rapid, reversible sol–gel phase transitions in response to subtle thermal stimuli, most notably around physiological temperature. This inherent thermosensitivity enables non-invasive, precise spatiotemporal control of material properties and bioactive payload release, rendering them highly promising for advanced biomedical applications. This review critically surveys recent advances in the design, synthesis, and translational potential of thermo-responsive hydrogels, emphasizing nanoscale and hybrid architectures optimized for superior tunability and biological performance. Foundational systems remain dominated by poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), which exhibits a sharp lower critical solution temperature near 32 °C, alongside Pluronic/Poloxamer triblock copolymers and thermosensitive cellulose derivatives. Contemporary developments increasingly exploit biohybrid and nanocomposite strategies that incorporate natural polymers such as chitosan, gelatin, or hyaluronic acid with synthetic thermo-responsive segments, yielding materials with markedly enhanced mechanical robustness, biocompatibility, and physiologically relevant transition behavior. Cross-linking methodologies—encompassing covalent chemical approaches, dynamic physical interactions, and radiation-induced polymerization are rigorously assessed for their effects on network topology, swelling/deswelling kinetics, pore structure, and degradation characteristics. Prominent applications include on-demand drug and gene delivery, injectable in situ gelling systems, three-dimensional matrices for cell encapsulation and organoid culture, tissue engineering scaffolds, self-healing wound dressings, and responsive biosensing platforms. The integration of multi-stimuli orthogonality, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence-guided materials discovery is anticipated to deliver fully programmable, patient-specific hydrogels, establishing them as pivotal enabling technologies in precision and regenerative medicine. Full article

Hernia repair is among the most frequent procedures in general surgery, traditionally performed with synthetic meshes such as polypropylene. While effective in reducing recurrence, these materials are biologically inert and often trigger chronic inflammation, fibrosis, pain, and impaired abdominal wall function, with a significant impact on long-term quality of life. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, and relevant preclinical, clinical, and review articles were synthesized within a narrative review framework. Recent advances in tissue engineering propose a shift from passive reinforcement to regenerative strategies based on biomimetic scaffolds, nanomaterials, and nanocomposites that replicate the extracellular matrix, enhance cell integration, and provide controlled drug delivery. Nanotechnology enables localized release of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and pro-angiogenic agents, while electrospun nanofibers and composite scaffolds improve strength and elasticity. In parallel, 3D printing allows for patient-specific implants with tailored architecture and regenerative potential. Although preclinical studies show encouraging results, clinical translation remains limited by cost, regulatory constraints, and long-term safety uncertainties. Overall, these innovations highlight a transition toward personalized and regenerative hernia repair, aiming to improve durability, function, and patient quality of life. Full article

Surface engineering and architectural design represent key frontiers in total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) implant development. This narrative review examines biointegration strategies, focusing on porous structures, surface modification techniques, and emerging smart technologies. Optimal porous architectures with 300–600 µm pore sizes facilitate bone ingrowth and osseointegration, while functionally graded structures address regional biomechanical demands. Surface modification encompasses bioactive treatments (such as calcium phosphate coatings), topographical modifications (including micro/nanotexturing), antimicrobial approaches (utilizing metallic ions or antibiotic incorporation), and wear-resistant technologies (such as diamond-like carbon coatings). Multifunctional approaches combine strategies to simultaneously address infection prevention, enhance osseointegration, and improve wear resistance. Emerging technologies include biodegradable scaffolds, biomimetic surface nanotechnology, and intelligent sensor-based monitoring systems. While many innovations remain in the research stage, they demonstrate the potential to establish TAA as a comprehensive alternative to arthrodesis. Successful implant design requires integrated surface engineering tailored to the ankle joint’s demanding biomechanical and biological environment Full article

Nanotechnologies bring a rapid paradigm shift in hard and soft bone tissue regeneration (BTR) through unprecedented control over the nanoscale structures and chemistry of biocompatible materials to regenerate the intricate architecture and functional adaptability of bone. This review focuses on the transformative analyses and prospects of current and next-generation nanomaterials in designing bioactive bone scaffolds, emphasizing hierarchical architecture, mechanical resilience, and regenerative precision. Mainly, this review elucidated the innovative findings, new capabilities, unmet challenges, and possible future opportunities associated with biocompatible inorganic ceramics (e.g., phosphates, metallic oxides) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved synthetic polymers, including their nanoscale structures. Furthermore, this review demonstrates the newly available approaches for achieving customized standard porosity, mechanical strengths, and accelerated bioactivity to construct an optimized nanomaterial-oriented scaffold. Numerous strategies including three-dimensional bioprinting, electro-spinning techniques and meticulous nanomaterials (NMs) fabrication are well established to achieve radical scientific precision in BTR engineering. The contemporary research is unceasingly decoding the pathways for spatial and temporal release of osteoinductive agents to enhance targeted therapy and prompt healing processes. Additionally, successful material design and integration of an osteoinductive and osteoconductive agents with the blend of contemporary technologies will bring radical success in this field. Furthermore, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) can further decode the current complexities of material design for BTR, notwithstanding the fact that these methods call for an in-depth understanding of bone composition, relationships and impacts on biochemical processes, distribution of stem cells on the matrix, and functionalization strategies of NMs for better scaffold development. Overall, this review integrated important technological progress with ethical considerations, aiming for a future where nanotechnology-facilitated bone regeneration is boosted by enhanced functionality, safety, inclusivity, and long-term environmental responsibility. Therefore, the assimilation of a specialized research design, while upholding ethical standards, will elucidate the challenge and questions we are presently encountering. Full article

Recent advancements in polymer science have catalyzed a transformative shift in biomedical engineering, particularly through the development of biodegradable and smart polymers. This review explores the evolution, functionality, and application of these materials in areas such as tissue scaffolding, cardiovascular occluders, and controlled drug delivery systems. Emphasis is placed on shape-memory polymers (SMPs), conductive polymers, and polymer-based composites that combine tunable degradation, mechanical strength, and bioactivity. The synergy between natural and synthetic polymers—augmented by nanotechnology and additive manufacturing—enables the creation of intelligent scaffolds and implantable devices tailored for specific clinical needs. Key fabrication methods, including electrospinning, freeze-drying, and emulsion-based techniques, are discussed in relation to pore structure and functionalization strategies. Finally, the review highlights emerging trends, including ionic doping, 3D printing, and multifunctional nanocarriers, outlining their roles in the future of regenerative medicine and personalized therapeutics. Full article

Bone repair and regeneration following an injury still present challenges worldwide. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds made from various materials are used for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Polymers, minerals and nanotechnology are now being used in combination to achieve specific goals for BTE, including the delivery of antimicrobials through the scaffolds to prevent post-surgical infection. While several materials are utilised for BTE, natural polymers present a unique set of materials that can be manipulated to formulate scaffolds for BTE applications. They have been found to demonstrate higher biocompatibility, biodegradability and lower toxicity. Some even naturally mimic the bone microarchitecture, providing inherent structural support for BTE. Natural polymers may be simply classified as those from plant and animal sources. From both sources, there are different types of proteins, polysaccharides and other specialised materials that are already in use for research in BTE. Interestingly, these have the potential to revolutionise the field of BTE with a sustainable approach. In this review, we first discuss the different natural polymers used in BTE from plant sources, followed by animal sources. We then explore novel materials that are aimed at sustainable approaches, focusing on innovation from the last decade. In these sections, we outline studies of these materials with different types of bone cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are the progenitors of bone. We finally outline the limitations, conclusions and future directions from our perspective in this dynamic field of polymers in BTE. With this review, we hope to bring together the updated existing knowledge and the potential future of innovation and sustainability in natural polymers for biomimetic BTE applications for fellow scientists, researchers and surgeons in the field. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cirsium setosum (commonly known as thistle) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with significant therapeutic potential, exhibiting hemostatic, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties. Electrospinning offers a versatile platform for fabricating nanoscale scaffolds with tunable functionality, making them ideal for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Methods: In this study, a bioactive extract from thistle was obtained and incorporated into a thermosensitive triblock copolymer (PNNS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) to develop a multifunctional nanofibrous scaffold for enhanced wound healing. The prepared nanofibers were thoroughly characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile fracture testing to assess their physicochemical properties. Results: Notably, the inclusion of PNNS imparted temperature-responsive behavior to the scaffold, enabling controlled deformation in response to thermal stimuli—a feature that may facilitate wound contraction and improve scar remodeling. Specifically, the scaffold demonstrated rapid shrinkage at a physiological temperature (38 °C) within minutes while maintaining structural integrity at ambient conditions (20 °C). In vitro studies confirmed the thistle extract’s potent antioxidant activity, while in vivo experiments revealed their effective hemostatic performance in a liver bleeding model when delivered via the composite nanofibers. Thistle extract and skin temperature-responsive contraction reduced the inflammatory outbreak at the wound site and promoted collagen deposition, resulting in an ideal wound-healing rate of above 95% within 14 days. Conclusions: The integrated strategy that combines mechanical signals, natural extracts, and electrospinning nanotechnology offers a feasible design approach and significant technological advantages with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Full article

Cancer has rapidly emerged as a leading global cause of premature mortality, with significant economic implications projected to reach USD 25.2 trillion from 2020 to 2050. Among the various types of cancer, primary bone cancers, though uncommon, are projected to see nearly 4000 new cases diagnosed in the United States in 2024. The complexity of treating bone cancer arises from its rarity, diversity, and the challenges associated with surgical interventions, metastatic spread, and post-operative complications. Advancements in bone tissue engineering (BTE) have introduced innovative therapeutic approaches to promote bone regeneration and address tumor recurrence. This interdisciplinary field integrates biomaterials, scaffolds, and gene therapy, utilizing technologies such as 3D bioprinting to create custom scaffolds that facilitate cellular activities essential for tissue regeneration. Recent developments in biodegradable, bioactive materials aim to enhance the biocompatibility and effectiveness of scaffolds, while nanotechnology presents promising avenues for targeted drug delivery and improved therapeutic outcomes. This review outlines the current landscape of BTE, highlighting scaffold fabrication techniques, the advantages of incorporating stem cell and gene therapies, and future directions, including the integration of artificial intelligence in scaffold design for personalized medicine in orthopedic oncology. This work underscores the necessity for ongoing research and innovation, aiming to improve therapeutic strategies specifically designed to address the unique challenges posed by bone sarcomas and metastatic cancers. Full article

Background: Orthodontics and orthognathic surgery present challenges such as extended treatment durations, patient discomfort, and complications like root resorption. Recent advancements in tissue engineering and nanotechnology offer promising solutions by improving bone regeneration, periodontal repair, and biomaterial integration. Objectives: This review explores the integration of scaffold-based tissue engineering and nanotechnology in orthodontics, focusing on their roles in accelerating bone regeneration, reducing treatment times, and minimizing adverse effects to enhance the predictability and success of orthodontic interventions. Methods: Relevant literature was selected from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies related to scaffold technology, biomaterials, and nanotechnology in orthodontics. Keywords included “tissue engineering”, “orthodontics”, “biomaterials”, “scaffolds”, “nanotechnology”, and “bone regeneration”. Priority was given to peer-reviewed original studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses addressing innovative treatment approaches and clinical outcomes. Results: Findings indicate that scaffolds enhance bone regeneration and periodontal repair, while nanoparticles improve biomaterial integration and drug delivery efficiency. These advancements contribute to faster, more predictable orthodontic treatments with reduced complications. However, challenges such as high costs, regulatory hurdles, and the need for long-term clinical validation remain barriers to widespread adoption. Conclusions: Tissue engineering and nanotechnology offer minimally invasive, biologically driven solutions for orthodontic treatment. While significant progress has been made, further clinical studies, cost-effective strategies, and regulatory approvals are needed to integrate these innovations into routine practice. Full article

Polymer-based scaffolds have emerged as transformative materials in regenerative dentistry, enabling the restoration and replacement of dental tissues through tissue engineering approaches. These scaffolds, derived from natural and synthetic polymers, mimic the extracellular matrix to promote cellular attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Natural polymers such as collagen, chitosan, and alginate offer biocompatibility and bioactivity, while synthetic alternatives like polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) provide tunable mechanical properties and degradation rates. Recent advancements highlight the integration of bioactive molecules and nanotechnology to enhance the regenerative potential of these materials. Furthermore, developing hybrid scaffolds combining natural and synthetic polymers addresses biocompatibility and mechanical strength challenges, paving the way for patient-specific treatments. Innovations in 3D bioprinting and stimuli-responsive biomaterials are expected to refine scaffold design further, improving therapeutic precision and clinical outcomes. This review underscores the critical role of polymer-based scaffolds in advancing regenerative dentistry, focusing on their applications, advantages, and limitations. Full article

Since their discovery over two decades ago, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have captivated researchers due to their exceptional electrical, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties, making them versatile candidates for various advanced applications. CNTs have transformed numerous scientific domains, including nanotechnology, electronics, materials science, and biomedical engineering. Their applications range from nanoelectronics, robust nanocomposites, and energy storage devices to innovative materials, sensors, conducting polymers, field emission sources, and Li-ion batteries. Furthermore, CNTs have found critical roles in biosensing, water purification, bone scaffolding, and targeted gene and drug delivery. The chemical reactivity and functional versatility of CNTs are profoundly influenced by their structural and physicochemical properties, such as surface area, surface charge, size distribution, surface chemistry, and purity. This review comprehensively explores the current state of CNT research, focusing on widely used synthesis, purification, and characterization techniques alongside emerging applications. By highlighting recent advancements and addressing unresolved challenges, it aims to present a novel perspective on the transformative potential of CNTs, fostering innovation across diverse scientific and technological fields. Full article

Wound and injury healing processes are intricate and multifaceted, involving a sequence of events from coagulation to scar tissue formation. Effective wound management is crucial for achieving favorable clinical outcomes. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying wound healing, inflammation, and regeneration is essential for developing innovative therapeutics. This review explored the interplay of cellular and molecular processes contributing to wound healing, focusing on inflammation, innervation, angiogenesis, and the role of cell surface adhesion molecules. Additionally, it delved into the significance of calcium signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration and its implications for regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the therapeutic targeting of cellular senescence for long-term wound healing was discussed. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, such as quantitative imaging and computational modeling, has revolutionized the current approach of wound healing dynamics. The review also highlighted the role of nanotechnology in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, particularly in the development of nanomaterials and nano–bio tools for promoting wound regeneration. Moreover, emerging nano–bio interfaces facilitate the efficient transport of biomolecules crucial for regeneration. Overall, this review provided insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wound healing and regeneration, emphasizing the significance of interdisciplinary approaches and innovative technologies in advancing regenerative therapies. Through harnessing the potential of nanoparticles, bio-mimetic matrices, and scaffolds, regenerative medicine offers promising avenues for restoring damaged tissues with unparalleled precision and efficacy. This pursuit marks a significant departure from traditional approaches, offering promising avenues for addressing longstanding challenges in cellular and tissue repair, thereby significantly contributing to the advancement of regenerative medicine. Full article

Bone defects and fractures present significant clinical challenges, particularly in orthopedic and maxillofacial applications. While minor bone defects may be capable of healing naturally, those of a critical size necessitate intervention through the use of implants or grafts. The utilization of traditional methodologies, encompassing autografts and allografts, is constrained by several factors. These include the potential for donor site morbidity, the restricted availability of suitable donors, and the possibility of immune rejection. This has prompted extensive research in the field of bone tissue engineering to develop advanced synthetic and bio-derived materials that can support bone regeneration. The optimal bone substitute must achieve a balance between biocompatibility, bioresorbability, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity while simultaneously providing mechanical support during the healing process. Recent innovations include the utilization of three-dimensional printing, nanotechnology, and bioactive coatings to create scaffolds that mimic the structure of natural bone and enhance cell proliferation and differentiation. Notwithstanding the advancements above, challenges remain in optimizing the controlled release of growth factors and adapting materials to various clinical contexts. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in bone substitute materials, focusing on their biological mechanisms, design considerations, and clinical applications. It explores the role of emerging technologies, such as additive manufacturing and stem cell-based therapies, in advancing the field. Future research highlights the need for multidisciplinary collaboration and rigorous testing to develop advanced bone graft substitutes, improving outcomes and quality of life for patients with complex defects. Full article

This review explores the extensive applications of plants in areas of biomimetics and bioinspiration, highlighting their role in developing sustainable solutions across various fields such as medicine, materials science, and environmental technology. Plants not only serve essential ecological functions but also provide a rich source of inspiration for innovations in green nanotechnology, biomedicine, and architecture. In the past decade, the focus has shifted towards utilizing plant-based and vegetal waste materials in creating eco-friendly and cost-effective materials with remarkable properties. These materials are employed in making advancements in drug delivery, environmental remediation, and the production of renewable energy. Specifically, the review discusses the use of (nano)bionic plants capable of detecting explosives and environmental contaminants, underscoring their potential in improving quality of life and even in lifesaving applications. The work also refers to the architectural inspirations drawn from the plant world to develop novel design concepts that are both functional and aesthetic. It elaborates on how engineered plants and vegetal waste have been transformed into value-added materials through innovative applications, especially highlighting their roles in wastewater treatment and as electronic components. Moreover, the integration of plants in the synthesis of biocompatible materials for medical applications such as tissue engineering scaffolds and artificial muscles demonstrates their versatility and capacity to replace more traditional synthetic materials, aligning with global sustainability goals. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current and potential uses of living plants in technological advancements, advocating for a deeper exploration of vegetal materials to address pressing environmental and technological challenges. Full article