Search Results (94)

Vietnam’s tourism sector has experienced rapid expansion, yielding significant economic gains, but also escalating environmental and socio-cultural challenges. This necessitates a shift toward sustainable tourism practices. This study develops and tests an integrative model combining the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) theory to investigate the Sustainable Consumption Behavior (SCB) of domestic travelers in Vietnam. Grounded in the country’s collectivist culture—characterized by a strong emphasis on communal values and social harmony—the research examines how rational decision-making and normative pressures jointly drive eco-friendly travel behaviors. Data were collected from 549 Vietnamese tourists through stratified sampling across three major regions, and were analyzed through a robust multi-step methodology, including Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM), supplemented by regression analysis. The SEM results indicate that the proposed model accounts for 60.8% of the variance in SCB, underscoring its explanatory power. Within the TPB framework, Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control significantly predict Behavioral Intention, which, in turn, mediates their influence on SCB. In the VBN component, Environmental Awareness shapes Altruistic and Biospheric Values, fostering the New Environmental Paradigm and activating Personal Norms, which exert a direct effect on SCB. This direct influence of Personal Norms, bypassing Behavioral Intention, highlights the role of implicit moral obligations in Vietnam’s collectivist cultural context and challenges Western-centric behavioral models. Beyond these frameworks, Destination Attributes and Consumer Innovativeness emerge as critical direct predictors of SCB, with Destination Attributes showing the strongest effect. Mediation analyses confirm Behavioral Intention’s central role, while moderation tests reveal that gender and travel experience modulate TPB-based relationships, suggesting the value of targeted interventions. Theoretically, this study advances TPB–VBN integration by applying it to a collectivist setting, revealing how cultural norms amplify normative influences on sustainable behavior. Practically, it advocates for strategies such as community-driven initiatives leveraging Personal Norms, educational campaigns to enhance Perceived Behavioral Control, and sustainable destination management initiatives in locations like Da Nang and Ha Long Bay. While the cross-sectional design limits causal claims, the findings provide a foundation for future longitudinal studies and cross-cultural comparisons, particularly in other collectivist societies, potentially incorporating digital engagement and policy incentives as novel factors. Full article

Objective: This study assessed hospital pharmacists’ awareness, attitudes, and behaviors regarding adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting and explored cognitive factors shaping hospital pharmacists’ intentions to report ADRs, using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a framework. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among hospital pharmacists from various regions of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected on their intentions to report ADRs to the national pharmacovigilance center (NPC), along with their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control related to ADR reporting. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while multivariate logistic regression analyzed the influence of TPB constructs on reporting intentions. Results: A total of 141 hospital pharmacists participated in the study. While 86.5% of them were aware of the Saudi NPC, only 30% had reported ADRs in the past year. A strong intention to report ADRs was observed in 56% of the hospital pharmacists. Additionally, 53% exhibited a highly positive attitude, 57% perceived strong social norms, 52.5% reported high perceived behavioral control, and 63.8% expressed a strong moral obligation to report ADRs. Subjective norms and moral obligation emerged as significant predictors of the hospital pharmacists’ intention to report ADRs, according to the TPB constructs. Conclusions: While awareness of the Saudi NPC among hospital pharmacists was high, ADR reporting rates were low. Enhancing education, addressing barriers, and leveraging moral and normative drivers may strengthen pharmacovigilance practices and improve ADR reporting adherence among hospital pharmacists, ultimately fostering safer healthcare delivery. Full article

This study systematically reviewed the effectiveness of cognitive, affective, and combined approaches in doping prevention, considering the impact of athletes’ active versus passive participation. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PICOS framework, a literature search identified ten studies involving 3581 athletes (1094 women, 2487 men). Ten studies were included as a sample in the meta-analysis and meta-regression, which were used in the effect size calculation. This meta-analysis shows that anti-doping education programs effectively improve short-term doping intentions (ES = 0.29, p < 0.001) and anti-doping behaviors (ES = −0.27, p < 0.001), although there is a decline in the long-term effects (ES = −0.13, p = 0.009). Moral behaviors were unaffected (ES = 0.01, p < 0.001), suggesting that changing deeper values requires alternative approaches like mentorship. Passive participation negatively impacted doping intentions (ES = −0.40, p = 0.004) and behaviors (ES = −0.40, p = 0.022), highlighting the need for active engagement. Pre-experimental designs showed a negative effect on behaviors (ES = −0.74, p = 0.023), emphasizing the importance of rigorous methodologies. While anti-doping education programs effectively influence short-term attitudes and intentions, sustaining behavioral change requires continuous reinforcement and active engagement. The decline in the long-term effects suggests that standalone interventions are insufficient to instill lasting anti-doping behaviors in athletes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Health consciousness has emerged as a key driver of healthy food purchase decisions in the post-pandemic era. Despite growing interest in health-oriented products, the psychological mechanisms through which health consciousness influences purchase intentions remain understudied. This research examined how health consciousness impacts healthy food purchase intentions through multiple psychological pathways, integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior with additional constructs. Methods: Data were collected through an online survey of 573 Peruvian consumers. Healthy foods were operationalized based on their nutritional quality, including a high nutrient content, low saturated fats and added sugars levels, and minimal processing. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypothesized relationships between health consciousness, attitudes, perceived behavioral control, self-identity, moral norms, and purchase intention. Results: Health consciousness demonstrated significant direct effects on all psychological mediators (attitudes: β = 0.643; perceived behavioral control: β = 0.593; self-identity: β = 0.638; moral norms: β = 0.613) and purchase intention (β = 0.163). However, only perceived behavioral control (β = 0.261) and self-identity (β = 0.107) significantly influenced the purchase intention, while the effects of attitudes and moral norms were non-significant. Conclusions: The findings challenge traditional assumptions about the primacy of attitudes in consumer decision making and highlight the importance of perceived behavioral control and self-identity in translating health consciousness into purchase intentions. Successfully promoting healthy food consumption requires strategies addressing both practical barriers and identity-related aspects of food choice, providing valuable insights for food marketers and public health initiatives. Full article

The adoption of electric motorcycles is critical for reducing transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia, which reached 674.54 million t of CO₂ in 2023. This study integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior with situational, contextual, and demographic factors to explore the determinants of electric motorcycle adoption intentions and actual usage. Data were collected from 1602 respondents across ten provinces with the highest motorcycle sales using purposive sampling and analyzed through Partial Least Squares—Structural Equation Modeling. Findings reveal that psychological factors—attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—significantly influence purchase intentions, while personal moral norms do not. Situational factors such as technology and cost indirectly affect adoption intentions through attitude and perceived behavioral control. Contextual factors show mixed results; government policies effectively shape attitudes and perceived behavioral control, but infrastructure remains inadequate to influence attitudes directly. Demographic analysis highlights gender as a moderating factor, with men showing higher moral-driven adoption intentions. These results imply that the government and manufacturers need to develop the appropriate strategy to foster public interest in adopting electric motorcycles to increase the adoption rate of pro-environmental vehicles. Government policies such as purchase price subsidies, tax reductions, and charging rate discounts can motivate the intention to adopt electric motorcycles. In addition, manufacturers could improve technical performance and reduce the total cost of ownership, such as the purchase price and battery replacement costs. Full article

The rising amount of electronic waste (e-waste) presents serious threats to the environment and public health. Addressing this challenge necessitates a focus on improving the e-waste recycling rate, which is facilitated by consumers’ spontaneous participation. This paper explores the factors influencing young consumers’ e-waste recycling behavior (EWRB) from a developing country’s perspective. Though existing literature has addressed various factors affecting EWRB, the role of individuals’ pro-environmental goals (PEG) remains underexplored. This paper provides an integrated theoretical model that incorporates PEG alongside factors drawn from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Norm Activation Model (NAM), and Behavioral Reasoning Theory (BRT). Data were collected through a survey and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results reveal that young consumers’ intentions toward EWRB are significantly influenced by economic benefits, perceived behavioral control, moral norms, and PEG, while economic benefits emerge as the most influential factor. However, the impact of attitude and subjective norm on intention was found to be insignificant. Results indicate that despite having positive intentions, young consumers were often deterred from recycling e-waste due to perceived risks, indicating a negative moderating effect of perceived risk on the intention–behavior relationship. Conversely, PEG positively moderates the impact of intention on EWRB, reducing the intention–behavior gap. This paper contributes to the literature by enhancing our understanding of how PEG interacts with other factors affecting EWRB. Practically, the findings offer valuable recommendations for policymakers and practitioners aiming to promote EWRB among young consumers, particularly in Bangladesh. Full article

Tourists’ pro-environmental behavior (TPEB) is crucial in promoting the sustainable development of tourism worldwide. It has received increased attention from scholars in different fields of tourism, but relevant research on the normative activation and formation process of TPEB in geotourism is lacking. Given the complexity of behavioral causes and norm activation, this study is grounded in multiple theories, including the norm activation model (NAM), behavioral reasoning theory (BRT), and complexity theory, to illustrate the formation process of TPEB in geotourism. The Zhangye National Geopark, which is located in Gansu Province, China, was chosen as the research case for this study. In total, 502 valid survey responses were utilized for data analysis using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The PLS-SEM results showed that tourist intention for pro-environmental behaviors is linearly affected by moral norms, attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control, which are the key components in the NAM and BRT. The fsQCA results identified six causal recipes components that influence the formation of intention for pro-environmental behaviors, confirming the causal complexity principle of complexity theory. Among these, environmental awareness, anticipated emotion of pride, moral norms, attitude, and social norms are considered core variables. These research findings provide significant management guidance and strategies for the environmental protection of geoparks and the sustainable development of geotourism. Full article

Avoiding food waste has become an important global issue. Given the global impact of food waste and the profound influence of Generation Z on future development, it is crucial to guide them in cultivating awareness and behaviors to reduce food waste, thereby promoting sustainable development. Considering young consumers’ specific characteristics and consumption environment, this study extended the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework by adding two constructs of moral self-identity and scarcity mindset. An online survey was conducted, receiving 417 valid responses, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. This study shows that subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control positively influence Generation Z’s intentions to avoid food waste. Meanwhile, moral self-identity remarkably positively influences attitudes and perceived behavioral control, which in turn affects intention to avoid food waste. Moreover, the positive moderating role of scarcity mindset is verified. This study refines the exploration of food waste within the realm of the Generation Z group, and the findings are beneficial for relevant stakeholders to further develop personalized promotion strategies for Generation Z. Full article

While environmental consciousness has gained global momentum, the influence of climate advocacy on consumer behavior within tourism has rarely been examined. The present study investigated the impact of climate advocacy on regenerative tourism intentions while examining the moderating effects of data privacy-conscious marketing and social moral licensing. Drawing on theoretical frameworks focusing on social psychology and digital marketing ethics, the present study employed a survey-based quantitative approach to collect online data from environmentally conscious tourists in Hawaii (N = 526). The findings highlighted that the positive impact of climate advocacy on regenerative tourism intention is significantly reinforced by data privacy-conscious marketing and social moral licensing. The present study extends theoretical implications by underscoring the integration of behavior change theories in understanding consumer decision-making processes in regenerative tourism. Importantly, the practical implications of this study advocate for ethical digital marketing strategies and climate advocacy initiatives to support regenerative tourism practices. Hence, the present study offers ground-breaking evidence on the nuanced interplay between climate advocacy, privacy-conscious marketing, social moral licensing, and regenerative tourism intention. These strategic insights can aid tourism marketers and destination managers in fostering a more environmentally responsible tourism industry amidst global environmental challenges. Full article

In-vehicle information system (IVIS) use while driving has raised concerns about driver distraction, especially for young drivers. To understand better their psychological factors, an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) was employed to predict young drivers’ IVIS use intentions and behavior while driving. A two-wave longitudinal survey was conducted to explore the temporal effects of ‘intention–behavior’ causality. At Time 1, 236 qualified participants completed a main questionnaire assessing the standard TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control) and the extended constructs (descriptive norms, moral norms, and perceived risks). At Time 2, 145 follow-up questionnaires measuring self-reported behavior were successfully administered. The hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the standard constructs account for 36.5% of the intention variance and 41.2% of the behavior variance. The extended constructs additionally contributed 20.3% of intention variance. All variables were identified as significant predictors of intentions, except for perceived crash risks and perceived risks of being caught and fined. The sole significant predictor of prospective behavior was intention. Theoretically, the findings further support the efficacy of the TPB in explaining IVIS use while driving. Practically, it is helpful to design non-legal interventions that sustainably reduce young drivers’ engagement in IVIS-related distractions. Full article

Green purchasing behavior refers to the potential of consumers to reduce the impact on the environment and the excessive loss of natural resources in the procurement process as far as possible under the premise of meeting their own needs. This behavior is not only helpful in alleviating environmental problems but also is an important way to achieve sustainable development. However, whether consumers will increase non-green or excessive compensatory consumption behaviors due to the “moral permission” psychological tendency, present after purchasing green products, is an important question in the current research. This study explores the effect of green purchase intention on compensatory consumption behavior, with special attention to the moderating role of pro-environmental behavior in this relationship. With the increasingly severe global environmental problems, green consumption, as a pro-environmental behavior, has gradually become the focus of social attention. By analyzing the relationship between consumers’ green purchase intention and their subsequent compensatory consumption behavior, this study further reveals the important role of pro-environment behavior in the consumption decision-making process. Full article

The phenomenon of empathy is an intersubjective process of feeling and a particular form of intentionality. Moral empathy refers to a type of empathy that can trigger moral action, with the embodied intersubjectivity laying the foundation for its emergence. This paper attempts to propose a comprehensive theoretical model of moral empathy from the perspective of intersubjective phenomenology, which includes the following. (1) The moral dimension of perceptual empathy: at the subpersonal, unconscious, and perceptual–motor level, embodied empathic practices are essential for the formation of moral consciousness and the emergence of moral empathy. (2) The moral dimension of situational empathy: following the development of shared attention mechanisms, children can direct towards the intentional objects of others through embodied situational cues to perceive the psychological state of others and generate the moral empathy of “ought”, leading to dyadic morality that promotes cooperative behavior. (3) The moral dimension of narrative empathy: the narrative practices of moral empathy refer to the processes by which children could perceive and understand the moral situation of characters within an embodied narrative structure, subsequently generate prosocial motives such as empathic concern, and then accept the “objective” moral norms of the group consciousness embedded in the narrative. Full article

The attitude–behavior gap in sustainable product purchasing persists despite prior attempts to address it, thus indicating a need for more research. This study examines contextual factors in sustainable consumption, particularly the sustainability trade-offs (STOs) faced by consumers during product purchases and the impact of conditional morality. We investigate STOs in terms of sustainability type and attribute type and indicate that moral regulation enhances the impact of sustainability trade-offs on purchase intention. Four experiments were conducted with 457 participants in South Korea, focusing on STOs in terms of sustainability type (social vs. environmental) and attribute type (utilitarian vs. hedonic). The findings indicate that attitudes towards sustainability have a positive influence on purchase intention, though sustainability- and attribute-type STOs do not significantly affect this relationship. However, the combination of STOs in environmental sustainability with utilitarian attributes does have a significant impact on the relationship between attitude and purchase intention. Furthermore, while moral regulation mediates this relationship, morality does not have an impact. This research highlights the moderating role of sustainability trade-offs in the relationship between attitudes towards sustainability and purchase intention, underscoring the importance of contextual factors in sustainable product purchasing. Firms can leverage sustainability trade-offs in their marketing strategies, incorporating product features and advertising messages. Full article

This study investigated the psychological constructs related to ocean conservation among visitors to a marine mammal park in Portugal. A survey was conducted with 335 adult visitors, assessing value orientations, awareness of ocean vulnerability, attribution of responsibility, personal norms, and behavioral intentions towards ocean conservation. The results revealed two distinct attitudinal profiles among the visitors. ‘Anthropocentric visitors’ prioritize human interests over environmental concerns, along with heightened awareness of the ocean’s vulnerability and greater ascription of responsibility to humans for environmental problems. ‘Ecocentric visitors’ recognize the intrinsic worth of nature, reporting deeper awareness of the consequences of environmental issues on the ocean, more robust personal norms centered on moral obligations towards conservation and higher behavioral intentions to support ocean conservation. Compared to whale-watching tourists from a previous study, the zoo visitors exhibited more polarized anthropocentric and ecocentric profiles, suggesting the whale-watching tourists fell somewhere between the two zoo visitor profiles in their psychological orientations. These contrasting profiles emphasize the heterogeneity in environmental attitudes and highlight the importance of tailoring interventions to resonate with the distinct psychological motivations of different audience segments. Institutions like zoos can play a vital role in shaping public attitudes through targeted communication strategies aligned with visitors’ unique value systems and beliefs. Full article

The increasing global focus on environmental sustainability has led to a growing emphasis on green purchase behavior. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the classical theories used to understand individual green purchase behavior from the perspective of psychology. Data are collected through an online survey, and the structural equation modeling (SEM) method is employed for analysis. The research findings demonstrate that consumers’ green purchase intention and environmental knowledge significantly and positively influence green purchase behavior. Moreover, moral obligation plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between green purchase intention and green purchase behavior, as well as in the relationship between environmental knowledge and green purchase behavior. By incorporating moral obligation and environmental knowledge into the TPB framework, this study advances the theoretical understanding of the drivers of green purchase behavior. Furthermore, this study reveals that green purchase intention, compared to environmental knowledge, exerts a greater influence on promoting consumers’ green purchase behavior. This finding underscores the crucial role of consumers’ internal motivation in driving sustainable choice. This study offers valuable implications for the design of green marketing strategies and have the potential to promote environmentally sustainable consumption behavior, thereby contributing to the global sustainability efforts. Full article