Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

Article Types

Countries / Regions

Search Results (10)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = mid-diaphysis

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
11 pages, 1894 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Morphological Traits, Mineralization, and Mechanical Properties of Femoral Bones in Young and Adult European Hares (Lepus europaeus)
by Cezary Osiak-Wicha, Ewa Tomaszewska, Siemowit Muszyński, Marian Flis and Marcin B. Arciszewski
Animals 2023, 13(13), 2077; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13132077 - 23 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2022
Abstract
Lagomorphs, which include hares, rabbits, and pikas, are herbivorous animals renowned for their exceptional running abilities. The femur, the largest and strongest bone in their bodies, plays a crucial role in supporting their weight and facilitating movement. This study aimed to investigate the [...] Read more.
Lagomorphs, which include hares, rabbits, and pikas, are herbivorous animals renowned for their exceptional running abilities. The femur, the largest and strongest bone in their bodies, plays a crucial role in supporting their weight and facilitating movement. This study aimed to investigate the structural and functional changes in the femora of hares during their development in a sex-dependent manner, and the influence of aging on femur structure and function. Various mechanical properties, including stiffness and strength, as well as densitometry and morphology, were evaluated. The study was conducted on n = 24 hares collected from a hunting district in the Lublin region of Poland and divided into four groups: young females, adult females, young males and adult males (n = 6 animals each). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), and a three-point bending test was performed to assess mechanical properties. The findings revealed age-related differences in bone properties, with adult males exhibiting increased BMC, and BMD compared to young males. Geometrical properties of the femora mid-diaphysis, such as cortical index and cross-sectional area, remained relatively unchanged during maturation. Regarding mechanical properties, the femora of young males exhibited higher elastic work compared to those of young females, while the femora of adult males exhibited higher elastic and breaking work than those of adult females. The stiffness of femora was higher in adult females compared to young females. The results provide insights into the development and aging of hare femora and contribute to our understanding of the relationship between bone mechanical properties, musculoskeletal system, and aging in the wild. This knowledge can inform animal husbandry practices in captivity and enhance our broader understanding of the ecological functions of lagomorphs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2315 KiB  
Article
Effect of Fermented Rapeseed Meal in Feeds for Growing Piglets on Bone Morphological Traits, Mechanical Properties, and Bone Metabolism
by Siemowit Muszyński, Aleksandra Dajnowska, Marcin B. Arciszewski, Halyna Rudyk, Jadwiga Śliwa, Dominika Krakowiak, Małgorzata Piech, Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek and Anna Czech
Animals 2023, 13(6), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13061080 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
Quality feed is essential for correct bone development and proper functioning of animals. Post-weaned piglets experience a radical change in eating behaviour that can influence their feed intake. For this reason, functional feed additives and ingredients that can be used in post-weaning feeds [...] Read more.
Quality feed is essential for correct bone development and proper functioning of animals. Post-weaned piglets experience a radical change in eating behaviour that can influence their feed intake. For this reason, functional feed additives and ingredients that can be used in post-weaning feeds are needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of partially replacing wheat with rapeseed meal fermented using Bacillus subtilis strain 87Y on overall bone quality and bone metabolism in weaner piglets. From the 28th day of life, barrows were fed either a standard wheat-based diet or a diet containing 8% fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) with or without a feed additive containing enzymes, antioxidants, probiotics, and prebiotics. The experimental period lasted 60 days, after which femur quality indices were assessed. Differences in bone length and weight were observed, but there were no changes in bone mineralization or bone mid-diaphysis morphometrical traits between treatments. FRSM inclusion reduced bone mid-diaphysis biomechanical properties, but these changes were dependent on feed-additive supplementation. Analysis of the levels of serum bone turnover markers suggests the intensification of bone resorption in FRSM-fed groups as deoxypyridinoline levels increase. The results obtained warrant further research on what the disturbances in bone mechanical properties and metabolism observed in FRSM-fed weaners means for the subsequent fattening period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Gut and Bone in Health and Disease)
Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 682 KiB  
Article
Increased Dietary Protein to Energy Ratio in Pre-Weaning Lambs Increases Average Daily Gain and Cortical Bone Thickness in the Tibia
by Michaela J. Gibson, Brooke R. Adams, Penny J. Back, Keren E. Dittmer, Hitihamy M. G. P. Herath, Sarah J. Pain, Paul R. Kenyon, Patrick C. H. Morel, Hugh T. Blair and Chris W. Rogers
Ruminants 2022, 2(4), 478-486; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants2040034 - 1 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2154
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine if diets differing in crude protein (CP) to metabolizable energy (ME) ratio (CP:ME) pre-weaning altered peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measures of bone mass and strength in lambs. The left hind leg of lambs were [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to examine if diets differing in crude protein (CP) to metabolizable energy (ME) ratio (CP:ME) pre-weaning altered peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measures of bone mass and strength in lambs. The left hind leg of lambs were available at the completion of a trial designed to examine the effect that altering the CP:ME ratio in milk replacer had on growth and body composition of pre-weaned lambs reared artificially. Treatments consisted of either normal commercial milk replacer (CMR, n = 10) containing 240 g/kg CP and 21.89 MJ/kg ME, high protein milk replacer (HPM, n = 9) containing CMR with additional milk protein concentrate to reach 478.7 g/kg CP and 19.15 MJ/kg ME or a mix of normal milk replacer and milk protein concentrate adjusted twice-weekly to match optimal CP:ME requirements (MB, n = 8) based on maintenance plus 300 g/d liveweight gain. At 22 kg live weight, lambs were euthanized and the tibia including the surrounding muscle was collected and scanned using pQCT at the mid-diaphysis. Lambs on the HPM and MB diets had a greater average daily gain (p < 0.01). There were limited differences in bone morphology and muscle mass, though notably the higher protein diets (MB and HPM) were associated with greater cortical thickness (p < 0.05) and, therefore, potentially greater peak bone mass at maturity This finding demonstrates that pre-weaning diets, and the protein content in particular, may influence the developmental potential of long bones and attainment of peak bone mass at maturity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Ruminants 2021-2022)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 640 KiB  
Article
Measures of Bone Morphology in the Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Metacarpus in Beef Cross Dairy Cattle at 8–12 and 24 Months of Age
by Michaela J. Gibson, Rebecca E. Hickson, Keren E. Dittmer, Penny J. Back and Chris W. Rogers
Ruminants 2022, 2(3), 297-307; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants2030020 - 27 Jun 2022
Viewed by 2525
Abstract
Bone morphology in the mid-diaphysis of the metacarpus in cattle and the effect of puberty and age has been well described. However, there is limited information on how age and not attaining puberty affects bone morphology in the epiphysis of the metacarpus. The [...] Read more.
Bone morphology in the mid-diaphysis of the metacarpus in cattle and the effect of puberty and age has been well described. However, there is limited information on how age and not attaining puberty affects bone morphology in the epiphysis of the metacarpus. The metacarpus is comprised of the third and fourth metacarpal bones fused together to create a medial and lateral epiphysis. When a cow is in stance phase there is greater pressure on the medial claw; however, the effect of this difference in loading on bone has not been described. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to describe bone morphology in the medial and lateral epiphysis of the metacarpus at the age of puberty in steers. The metacarpus was collected from beef cross dairy steers at approximately one and two years of age. The distal epiphysis of the metacarpus was scanned using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Measures were corrected for body weight and demonstrated a lack of bone growth cessation at one year of age. The lack of difference in bone morphology in the medial and lateral condyles of the distal metacarpus reflects the even loading distribution observed in the forelimb of cattle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Ruminants 2021-2022)
Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 238 KiB  
Article
The Mid-Diaphysis Is a Poor Predictor of Humeral Fracture Risk Indicating That Predisposing Factors Are Recent
by Michaela Gibson, Keren Dittmer, Rebecca Hickson, Penny Back, Alvaro Wehrle-Martinez and Chris Rogers
Ruminants 2021, 1(1), 23-30; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants1010002 - 26 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3348
Abstract
The incidence of spontaneous humeral fractures in first-lactation dairy heifers in New Zealand has emphasised the need to understand the thoracic limb bone growth of dairy heifers. Previous research has indicated that a predisposing factor to spontaneous humeral fracture is nutrition. In addition, [...] Read more.
The incidence of spontaneous humeral fractures in first-lactation dairy heifers in New Zealand has emphasised the need to understand the thoracic limb bone growth of dairy heifers. Previous research has indicated that a predisposing factor to spontaneous humeral fracture is nutrition. In addition, it has been hypothesised that liver copper concentration affects bone strength and may be a potential factor associated with humeral fracture risk. The aim of this study was to compare bone morphology in the mid-diaphysis of the metacarpus and humerus of heifers affected and unaffected by spontaneous humeral fractures, and determine the effect of copper status at death on bone morphology. The metacarpus and humerus were collected from heifers affected and unaffected by humeral fractures, and scanned using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The mid-diaphysis of the humerus of the affected group had reduced cortical bone mineral density and a trend for reduced cortical content and total bone content, which contributed to a reduced stress–strain index. The trend for reduced bone length in affected humeri provides additional support for the hypothesis of inhibited humeral growth. Heifers with low copper liver concentrations had reduced humerus lengths and reduced cortical bone mineral densities. These data support the hypothesis that the developmental window for humeral fracture is recent, and possibly associated with periods of inadequate nutrition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Ruminants 2021-2022)
10 pages, 244 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Sex and Age on Bone Morphology and Strength in the Metacarpus and Humerus in Beef-Cross-Dairy Cattle
by Michaela Gibson, Rebecca Hickson, Penny Back, Keren Dittmer, Nicola Schreurs and Chris Rogers
Animals 2021, 11(3), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030694 - 5 Mar 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2756
Abstract
In cattle, limited data have been reported about the relationship between live weight, bone size, and strength and how this relationship can be altered by factors such as sex and age. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship of peripheral [...] Read more.
In cattle, limited data have been reported about the relationship between live weight, bone size, and strength and how this relationship can be altered by factors such as sex and age. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)-derived parameters of bone strength and morphology with live weight, age and sex in beef-cross-dairy cattle. All animals were weighed the day before slaughter. The metacarpus and humerus were collected at slaughter and scanned at the mid-diaphysis using pQCT. Live weight was the primary explanatory variable for bone size and strength in all cohorts. However, the effect of age was significant, such that magnitude of response to liveweight was less in the 24-month-old cohort. Sex was significant within cohorts in that bulls had a shorter metacarpus than steers and heifers had a shorter metacarpus than steers at age of slaughter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
11 pages, 4260 KiB  
Article
Shear-Actuation and Vibrometer Reception of Penetrating Ultrasonic Guided Wave Modes in Human Tibia
by Anurup Guha, Michael Aynardi, Parisa Shokouhi and Cliff J. Lissenden
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8397; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238397 - 25 Nov 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2274
Abstract
The hollow long bones of the human appendicular skeleton are known to support the propagation of ultrasonic guided waves, whose potential for diagnosing bone health is being investigated. In this study, ultrasonic guided waves propagating in the diaphysis of human tibia are characterized [...] Read more.
The hollow long bones of the human appendicular skeleton are known to support the propagation of ultrasonic guided waves, whose potential for diagnosing bone health is being investigated. In this study, ultrasonic guided waves propagating in the diaphysis of human tibia are characterized experimentally and numerically in the frequency range around 200 kHz. The experiment involves a unique combination of omni-directional shear transducer-based excitation and detection using a 1D laser Doppler vibrometer. The cluster of phase velocities obtained from a linear array of time-history data using space-time Fourier transform is found to be in the non-dispersive low-phase velocity region of the dispersion curves obtained for a tibial cross-section. Time-domain finite element analysis revealed that the displacement components normal to the surface are significant, even though the loading is from a shear transducer. Furthermore, semi-analytical finite element analysis revealed that the wave structures of the wave modes contained within the cluster of low-phase velocity modes are consistent with the displacement profiles obtained from the time-domain analysis. The experimental results show that the low-phase velocity mode cluster has sufficient intensity to propagate axially at least 85 mm in the mid-diaphyseal region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Acoustics and Vibrations)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2266 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Dietary Rye Inclusion and Xylanase Supplementation on Structural Organization of Bone Constitutive Phases in Laying Hens Fed a Wheat-Corn Diet
by Siemowit Muszyński, Marta Arczewska, Sylwester Świątkiewicz, Anna Arczewska-Włosek, Piotr Dobrowolski, Izabela Świetlicka, Monika Hułas-Stasiak, Tomasz Blicharski, Janine Donaldson, Tomasz Schwarz and Ewa Tomaszewska
Animals 2020, 10(11), 2010; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112010 - 31 Oct 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2891
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary rye inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the bone quality of ISA Brown laying hens. Ninety-six laying hens were assigned to four groups: fed with wheat–corn diet or rye–wheat–corn diet (25% of hybrid rye [...] Read more.
This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary rye inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the bone quality of ISA Brown laying hens. Ninety-six laying hens were assigned to four groups: fed with wheat–corn diet or rye–wheat–corn diet (25% of hybrid rye inclusion) or nonsupplemented or supplemented with xylanase (200 mg/kg of feed) for a period of 25 weeks, from the 26th to the 50th week of age. X-ray absorptiometry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to provide comprehensive information about the structural organization of bone constitutive phases of the tibia mid-diaphysis in hens from all treatment groups. Bone hydroxyapatite size was not affected by diet. Xylanase supplementation influenced the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio and crystallinity index in hens fed with both diets. Xylanase had more pronounced effects on bone mineral density and collagen maturity in hens fed with the rye–wheat–corn diet versus those fed with the wheat–corn diet. The results of this study showed that modern rye varieties, when supplemented with exogenous xylanase, can be introduced to the diet of laying hens without any adverse effects on bone structure. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 216 KiB  
Article
Bone Morphology and Strength in the Mid-Diaphysis of the Humerus and Metacarpus in Dairy Calves Prior to Weaning
by Michaela Gibson, Keren Dittmer, Rebecca Hickson, Penny Back and Chris Rogers
Animals 2020, 10(8), 1422; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081422 - 14 Aug 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2710
Abstract
Calf growth rate in relation to future milk production has been thoroughly studied; however, the observation of growth arrest lines in bones from heifers with humeral fractures has highlighted the need to understand bone growth in relation to calf growth. The aim of [...] Read more.
Calf growth rate in relation to future milk production has been thoroughly studied; however, the observation of growth arrest lines in bones from heifers with humeral fractures has highlighted the need to understand bone growth in relation to calf growth. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)-derived measures of bone strength and morphology with gross measurements of size and growth in pre-weaning dairy calves. Liveweight, height, body length, girth and leg length were measured at one, six and twelve weeks of age. At these intervals, the mid-diaphysis of the metacarpus was also scanned in the live animal using pQCT. At six and twelve weeks old, a subset of calves were euthanised and the humerus was collected and scanned at the mid-diaphysis using pQCT. Differences in growth patterns were observed between the metacarpus and humerus over time. Weight was the best predictor for measures of periosteal circumference and stress strain index (R2 = 0.49–0.58) in the metacarpus, and also the best predictor for measures of stress strain index at all ages in the humerus (R2 = 0.94). The strong relationship with weight and bone measures emphasises the need for adequate preweaning nutrition for future bone growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
15 pages, 286 KiB  
Article
Influence of Phytase Supplementation at Increasing Doses from 0 to 1500 FTU/kg on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Status in Grower–Finisher Pigs Fed Phosphorus-Deficient Diets
by Eugeniusz R. Grela, Siemowit Muszyński, Anna Czech, Janine Donaldson, Piotr Stanisławski, Małgorzata Kapica, Oksana Brezvyn, Viktor Muzyka, Ihor Kotsyumbas and Ewa Tomaszewska
Animals 2020, 10(5), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050847 - 14 May 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3794
Abstract
The objective of the current study is to assess the effects of the inclusion of 6-n phytase to a phosphorous-deficient diet on the growth performance (feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio), apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, and bone characteristics [...] Read more.
The objective of the current study is to assess the effects of the inclusion of 6-n phytase to a phosphorous-deficient diet on the growth performance (feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio), apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus, and bone characteristics of grower–finisher pigs. The experimental diets included a phosphorus-deficient diet containing 0 (negative control), 250, 500, 1000, or 1500 FTU/kg of 6-phytase, and a diet formulated to meet the phosphorus nutrient requirements of pigs (positive control). Pigs were fed the experimental diets from the time they were ~35 kg body weight until they reached slaughter weight of ~110 kg. Bone status of the metacarpal (ash, mineral content) and femur (mineralization, geometry, and mechanical strength) bones were assessed. There was no effect of dietary treatment on feed intake. Feed conversion ratio was improved following inclusion of phytase at a dose of 500 FTU/kg or higher. Phytase inclusion at a dose of 1000 FTU/kg increased the average daily weight gain of grower–finisher pigs. Phytase inclusion at a dose of 500 FTU/kg was sufficient to increase metacarpal phosphorus content. Femur mid-diaphysis ash percentage was significantly increased even after the inclusion of the lowest dose of phytase. Analysis of structural parameters of femur mechanical strength (Young’s modulus, yield stress, yield strain, ultimate stress, ultimate strain) showed that the inclusion of a phytase dose of 500 FTU/kg in growing/finishing diets was sufficient to significantly improve bone status of grower–finisher pigs at slaughter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Gut and Bone in Health and Disease)
Back to TopTop