Search Results (7,035)

This study investigated the key flavor metabolites and their seasonal variation mechanisms in the Fuliang green tea-specific cultivar ‘Fuliang Zhuye 1’ (FLZY). Results showed that cultivar identity shaped the metabolite profile more strongly than spring seasonal changes. Compared with ‘Fuding Dabaicha’ (FDDB), FLZY better represented the traditional flavor profile of Fuliang green tea, which is characterized by floral aroma and a sweet aftertaste. Using multimodal flavoromics, we identified a set of key aroma- and taste-active compounds capable of reconstituting FLZY’s characteristic flavor. Omission experiments suggested that several amino acids—including L-theanine, L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, and L-glutamine—enhanced umami, sweetness, mellowness, and sweet aftertaste. These amino acids also reduced bitterness and astringency. Notably, their individual dose-over-threshold values were all below one. The springtime decline of these components correlated with a reduction in overall flavor intensity. Furthermore, FLZY accumulated markedly higher levels of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside than FDDB. This difference may have contributed to its enhanced sweet aftertaste. These findings provide references for protecting the traditional flavor of geographical indication tea products and for targeted tea plant breeding. Full article

Cold stress poses a major threat to global agricultural productivity. As a tropical woody oil crop, oil palm is highly susceptible to chilling damage; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its cold response remain largely unknown. In this study, we profiled spear leaves of oil palm seedlings exposed to 8 °C for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h, using transcriptomic analysis across the full time course, complemented by metabolomic profiling at the 2 h time point. Physiological measurements showed cold stress-associated changes in chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT). Transcriptome analysis identified 31,576 expressed genes, including 9042 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The highest number of specific DEGs was observed at the 2 h time point. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed nine co-expression modules with distinct temporal patterns. A total of 46 hub genes were identified, including WRKY, ERF, and seven genes encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan (LOC105041937, LOC105056784, LOC105048637, LOC105055093, LOC105038203, LOC105033050, and LOC105037948). Metabolomic analysis detected 98 differentially accumulated metabolites, which were enriched in the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan pathway. qRT-PCR analysis showed that WRKY and ERF expression peaked at 2 h, coinciding with phenylalanine accumulation. In summary, this study describes the temporal dynamics of the cold stress response in oil palm, identifies the 2 h time point as a transition period, and provides a set of prioritized hub genes for further functional validation. These findings may support future breeding efforts aimed at improving cold tolerance in oil palm. Full article

Ocimum basilicum is widely used as both a culinary and medicinal plant; however, its nutritional metabolite composition, functional relevance, and underlying regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. To systematically profile nutritional metabolites and explore their potential biological relevance in O. basilicum, an integrative multi-omics strategy that combined UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics, transcriptomics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking was deployed herein. A total of 443 nutritional metabolites across four accessions were identified, including vitamins, saccharides, amino acids and lipids. Of these, Vitamin A1 (retinol) and N-acetyl-L-tryptophan were found to be important metabolites that could have functional significance. Predictive network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses suggested potential in silico interactions between these metabolites and disease-associated targets, including ESR2 and MAPK1; these findings await experimental validation. Transcriptomic analysis also showed that genes involved in Vitamin A1 biosynthesis (PSY, LCYB) were expressed, and the expression patterns of the genes were validated by the qPCR analysis, in which expression level was largely consistent with the transcriptome results. Specifically, the accessions G083 and G082 showed high values of Vitamin A1 and N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, respectively, suggesting that they may also be interesting germplasm for functional food innovation and the development of nutraceuticals. Overall, this study offers a comprehensive multi-omics dataset and mechanistic insights that can help in the targeted use of O. basilicum for nutritional and functional applications. Full article

The microbial community plays a crucial role in plant health and sustainable agricultural development by influencing plant physiology and development. This study aimed to explore the biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis A9, an endophytic bacterium isolated from Morchella esculenta, against rot disease caused by Lecanicillium aphanocladii. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted on M. esculenta samples sprayed with B. subtilis A9 and a control group sprayed with LB medium. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that B. subtilis A9 significantly altered the microbial community structure and functional composition of M. esculenta, enriching genes related to biofilm formation, arginine and proline metabolism, and sulfur metabolism. Metabolomic analysis indicated significant upregulation of stress-resistant metabolites such as L-proline, ketoleucine, and pelargonic acid. Integrated multi-omics analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between the microbial community structure and the metabolomic profile, suggesting that B. subtilis A9 may be related to the disease-resistance response in the M. esculenta microecosystem. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the biological control of M. esculenta rot disease and support the development of green biocontrol strategies. Full article

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by complex and region-specific metabolic dysregulation that is not captured by conventional biomarkers. However, the spatiotemporal organization of metabolic alterations across renal compartments in type 1 diabetes remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, spatial metabolomics based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI) was applied to investigate metabolic alterations in kidney tissues from alloxan-induced diabetic rats at 4 and 8 weeks post-induction. Complementary LC–MS/MS metabolite profiling and label-free proteomic analysis were performed to support pathway interpretation. Results: Spatial metabolomics revealed pronounced region- and time-dependent metabolic reprogramming in diabetic kidneys. Early-stage (DN-4w) changes were characterized by elevated glucose and activation of glucose-associated pathways, including the polyol pathway, accompanied by accumulation of acylcarnitines and lipid intermediates, indicating metabolic substrate overload. At later stages (DN-8w), glucose and related metabolites declined, reflecting impaired metabolic capacity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Broad remodeling of lipid metabolism, including glycerophospholipids, fatty acids, and hexosylceramide, was observed, along with dysregulation of amino acid metabolism and redox-related pathways. These alterations exhibited clear regional heterogeneity across renal cortex and medulla, highlighting compartment-specific metabolic vulnerability. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive spatial characterization of metabolic perturbations during DN progression, revealing coordinated alterations in glucose utilization, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function. The findings demonstrate the value of spatial metabolomics in uncovering region-specific metabolic mechanisms and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Full article

Medicinal plants grown outside their native forest habitat may produce phytochemical profiles that differ from wild-harvested material, yet the ecological mechanisms underlying these differences remain poorly synthesized across disciplines. This review proposes that the forest understory functions as a multi-signal elicitation system in which canopy light filtering, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and above-ground biotic interactions collectively shape secondary metabolite profiles. AMF-mediated induced systemic resistance and above-ground biotic interactions operate through confirmed jasmonate-mediated pathways. Sunfleck-driven reactive oxygen species signaling is hypothesized but untested, and the red-to-far-red ratio modulated phytochrome B pathway characterized in Arabidopsis remains unconfirmed in shade-tolerant species. Using three saponin-rich medicinal plants (Panax vietnamensis, Panex quinquefolius, and Paris polyphylla) as case studies, we formalize this as a testable chemical terroir hypothesis with three falsifiable predictions. We also translate it into an ecological co-cultivation design principle with three production levels and a two-step operational framework, and identify priority experiments, analytical methods, and implementation challenges needed for validation. These contributions bridge forest ecology and medicinal plant science while identifying critical evidence gaps requiring resolution before field implementation. Full article

Background: The artificial cultivation of Dendropanax dentiger under forest understory conditions offers a sustainable alternative to wild harvesting, yet the metabolic adaptations underlying transplantation stress and recovery remain poorly understood. Objectives: In this study, we performed a comparative metabolomics analysis of different organs (leaves, current-year stems, three-year-old stems, and roots) from wild D. dentiger plants and those transplanted to the understory. Methods and Results: Metabolite annotation and classification revealed that over 60% of the metabolites fell into the categories of lipids and lipid-like molecules, organoheterocyclic compounds, phenylpropanoids, and polyketides. Further differential analysis of metabolites showed that understory transplantation significantly altered the metabolic profiles of all organs, exhibiting organ-specific response patterns. For the metabolite components in the organs of transplanted and wild D. dentiger, these metabolites were mainly classified into eight categories: alkaloids and derivatives; benzenoids; lignans, neolignans and related compounds; lipids and lipid-like molecules; organic acids and derivatives; organoheterocyclic compounds; phenylpropanoids and polyketides; and organic oxygen compounds. Notably, the contents of (-)-asarinin, (Z)-1-(methylthio)-5-phenyl-1-penten-3-yne, and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) were higher in transplanted plants than in wild plants, indicating the potential of understory cultivation for the targeted extraction of these bioactive compounds. Conclusion: These findings provide a metabolomics basis for optimizing the artificial cultivation and quality control of D. dentiger. This study highlights the value of metabolomics in understanding the metabolic composition of D. dentiger and offers a reference for its artificial cultivation. Full article

Grapevine branch and leaf silage (GBLS), a polyphenol-rich unconventional forage, exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that can benefit animal health and productivity. A total of 60 healthy six-month-old Kazakh rams (43.29 ± 4.55 kg, p > 0.05 for initial body weight among groups) were randomly assigned to three dietary groups, each consisting of four replicates with five rams per replicate. The control group (CK) was fed a basal diet based on whole-plant corn silage, whereas the experimental groups received diets in which 50% (GBLS50%) or 100% (GBLS100%) of the corn silage was replaced with GBLS. A 10-day adaptation period preceded the 90-day formal feeding trial. Results showed a significant quadratic response for average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) across GBLS substitution rates (p < 0.05), with the 50% level yielding the highest values. Specifically, ADFI at the 50% replacement level was significantly higher than that of the control (p < 0.05), confirming an inverted U-shaped response with 50% as the optimal substitution rate. However, in-depth analysis of serum biochemical parameters revealed that GBLS supplementation significantly reduced serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea nitrogen, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA), while significantly increasing levels of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) (p < 0.05). Rumen fermentation analysis showed that the GBLS50% group had significantly lower concentrations of acetate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (p < 0.05). In the rumen microbiota study, no significant differences were observed in alpha or beta diversity or at the phylum level between groups (p > 0.05); however, the abundance of Lactobacillus gasseri was significantly reduced in the GBLS50% group (p < 0.05). Metabolomic profiling identified 43 significantly altered metabolites—27 upregulated (e.g., PE (18:1(9Z)/0:0) and 12,14-pentacosadiynoic acid) and 16 downregulated (e.g., deoxyadenosine). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis highlighted purine metabolism as a significantly altered pathway (p < 0.05), providing insight into the potential metabolic mechanisms underlying the physiological effects of GBLS in rams. In conclusion, replacing 50% of whole-plant corn silage with grapevine branch and leaf silage improves growth performance trends and significantly enhances immunity and antioxidant capacity in Kazakh rams. Full article

Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a complex and debilitating disorder with limited treatment options. Camel milk (CM), known for its rich nutrients and anti-fatigue properties, may offer multi-target benefits for managing this condition. This study utilized an integrated approach combining metabolomics, network pharmacology, and animal experiments. CM metabolites were profiled and screened via ADME. Potential targets were predicted and intersected with CFS/ME-associated genes. Male BALB/c mice were subjected to chronic restraint and forced swimming to evaluate the effects of CM (1000 mg/kg) on behavioral, inflammatory, neuroendocrine, and metabolic parameters. CM administration significantly improved exhaustive swimming time and reduced immobility. It attenuated systemic inflammation (restored IL-10), normalized brain CREB and DRD2/OPRM1 mRNA, and enhanced skeletal muscle AKT/GLUT4 expression and glycogen levels. Camel milk alleviates CFS/ME symptoms through the multi-component, multi-target regulation of neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and energy metabolism pathways. These preclinical findings suggest that CM may have potential as a supportive nutritional intervention for alleviating chronic fatigue, pending validation in human studies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Herbivorous insects feed on plant tissues to obtain nutrients necessary for growth and development while simultaneously ingesting diverse plant secondary metabolites. Understanding the fate of these compounds during digestion is important for advancing knowledge of insect nutritional physiology and diet-associated biochemical processes. This study aimed to comparatively profile metabolites in host plants and corresponding insect gut extracts to generate insights into compound transfer and compositional changes within these systems. Methods: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics was combined with Ultraviolet-Visible (UV–Vis) quantification of total phenols and flavonoids to compare host plant tissues and insect gut extracts in three systems: fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larvae on maize (Zea mays), desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) on wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum), and silkworm (Bombyx mori) on mulberry (Morus alba). The analytical approach targeted semi-volatile and moderate polar compounds within the constraints of the extraction and detection workflow. Results: UV–Vis analysis revealed consistent enrichment of total phenols in insect guts relative to host plants (1.4- to 0.35-fold), while flavonoids were reduced (2- to 7-fold). GC-MS analyses showed clear separation of gut and plant metabolomes, with <35% shared metabolites and the majority unique to insect guts. Insect extracts were enriched in hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sterols, and terpenoid derivatives, reflecting extensive biochemical transformation. Sex-specific metabolite differences were observed in silkworm and desert locust guts despite identical diets. These findings show differences between plant and gut metabolite profiles, reflecting selective enrichment, depletion, and restructuring of dietary compounds during digestion. Overall, this study provides comparative metabolic data on insect–plant feeding systems and highlights the gut as a dynamic environment associated with changes in dietary metabolite composition. These findings contribute to understanding how plant-derived compounds are represented in insect gut extracts and establish a baseline framework for future studies investigating the biochemical processes underlying insect digestion and nutrient utilization. Full article

Atraphaxis virgata and Atraphaxis pyrifolia are xerophytic species of the Polygonaceae family that remain insufficiently characterized from pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and toxicological perspectives. This study provides an integrated evaluation of both species through anatomical authentication, sequential extraction of CO₂-extracted residual biomass, GC–MS and LC–MS metabolite profiling, and acute oral toxicity assessment. Anatomical analysis revealed shared xeromorphic traits, including cuticular protection, dorsiventral mesophyll organization, structured vascular bundles, and calcium oxalate druses. It also identified species-specific differences in leaf thickness, mesophyll arrangement, vascular architecture, and druse morphology. GC–MS analysis showed distinct chemical profiles: A. virgata displayed a concentrated profile dominated by acetophenone- and benzofuran-related constituents, whereas A. pyrifolia showed a broader spectrum of carbohydrate-derived, phenolic-related, and oxygenated constituents. LC–MS analysis supported the tentative annotation of diverse polyphenolic classes, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, and phenylpropanoid derivatives. Acute oral toxicity testing showed no mortality at doses up to 2000 mg/kg, supporting a low acute oral toxicity classification under the tested conditions. However, histological examination revealed mild to moderate dose-dependent alterations in liver and kidney tissues at higher doses. The novelty of this work lies in linking diagnostic anatomical traits, species-specific metabolite patterns, residual biomass valorization, and preliminary safety evidence within a single comparative framework. These findings provide a basis for pharmacognostic authentication, phytochemical standardization, and future bioactivity-guided evaluation of Atraphaxis species. Full article

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive nigrostriatal degeneration and striatal dysfunction, yet its metabolic remodeling remains incompletely defined. Here, untargeted GC–MS metabolomics was used to investigate the effects of standardized Brazilian green propolis on the striatal metabolic profile in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model. Discriminant metabolites, including suberic acid, gluconic acid, heptadecane, and tartaric acid, distinguished experimental groups, capturing key features of the metabolic response to dopaminergic injury and treatment. Suberic acid emerged as a prominently modulated metabolite, potentially linked to alterations in lipid catabolism associated with mitochondrial–peroxisomal pathways. Propolis treatment attenuated the elevation of suberic acid, accompanied by a reduction in gluconic acid levels, suggesting a metabolic profile linked to pathways involved in redox balance and glucose handling. Given previous reports identifying heptadecane as a hydrocarbon constituent of volatile propolis fractions, complementary GC-Q-TOF analyses demonstrated that heptadecane was absent from the administered extract, despite its consistent association with propolis-treated groups. Metabolic changes were accompanied by attenuation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration and improved motor performance. Together, these findings delineate a striatal metabolic signature associated with Brazilian green propolis and identify suberic acid as a key metabolite linked to neuroprotection in experimental Parkinsonism. Full article

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders are increasingly understood as conditions involving complex metabolic dysregulation across multiple biological domains. This review aimed to synthesize current clinical and translational evidence on amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as potential biomarkers, and components of integrative metabolic profiling in these disorders. A structured narrative approach was applied, focusing on studies assessing metabolomic alterations, their clinical correlates and their potential role in patient stratification, and treatment response. The available evidence indicates that amino acid disturbances, particularly within the tryptophan–kynurenine pathway, represent the most consistent and clinically interpretable findings. Lipid-related alterations, especially involving long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, provide complementary insights into membrane function, inflammation and neuroplasticity. In contrast, SCFAs appear to function as context-dependent markers rather than robust standalone biomarkers, with their clinical relevance depending on biological matrix, metabolic context and host–microbiota interactions. Importantly, most studies assess individual metabolites rather than integrated metabolic profiles, limiting their interpretability within a metabolomic framework. Overall, current evidence supports a shift toward integrative biomarker models that combine metabolic data with selected molecular and clinical parameters. Future research should focus on standardized, reproducible profiling approaches to enable biologically informed stratification and personalized treatment strategies. Full article

Steatotic liver disease (SLD) is characterised by profound metabolic reprogramming, yet no single biomarker reliably distinguishes disease entities, stages or sex-specific risk profiles. By integrating serum metabolomic signatures as a liquid biopsy with tumour-associated CSC marker profiles in a sex-stratified analytical framework, we aimed to identify biologically meaningful differences and improve strategies for early, presymptomatic detection of SLD progression and HCC. The present study focuses on a targeted panel of 12 strongly dysregulated serum metabolites as candidate biomarkers of disease progression, quantified by NMR-based metabolomics and ELISA and complemented by CSC marker staining. We combined these NMR-based metabolomic ‘liquid biopsy’ data with circulating tumour-associated biomarkers, MELD-based risk assessment and tissue-level CSC marker expression across MetALD, MASLD, immune-mediated and cancerogenic liver disease, HCC and healthy controls. Female MetALD patients showed the second highest mortality after HCC, with lower survival than male cancer patients, despite MELD 3.0 assigning ~50% higher scores in women. MetALD mortality clustered with GP73, CD44, metabolomics and AA/3HB ratio, indicating a distinct, high-risk female phenotype. Integrating liquid-based metabolomic profiling, AA/3HB redox assessment, CSC markers and MELD 3.0 into sex-sensitive diagnostic pathways may improve early detection and risk stratification of alcohol-associated SLD, especially in women. Full article

Elicitation is a powerful strategy for increasing bioactive metabolites in plant systems. This study is among the first to integrate growth responses, antioxidant enzyme activities, and metabolite profiling in G. paniculata adventitious roots (ARs). The study aims to evaluate the effects of yeast extract (YE) and salicylic acid (SA) on biomass traits, antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), and phenolic metabolite profiles. ARs were exposed to YE (0.25–2 g L⁻¹) and SA (50–400 µM) for 28 days. Yeast extract significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity by promoting enzyme activities, phenolics, and flavonoids. In contrast, SA exhibited concentration-dependent effects. Moderate concentrations improved antioxidant activity, while higher concentrations promoted the accumulation of specific flavonoids. Maximum biomass production was achieved with 1 g L⁻¹ YE, which also resulted in the highest metabolite productivity. Conversely, SA treatments caused a progressive reduction in biomass with increasing concentration, although they enhanced the accumulation of selected bioactive compounds. Notably, 100 µM SA resulted in the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity, whereas 400 µM SA markedly increased flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin. HPLC analysis identified seventeen phenolic compounds, demonstrating that YE acts as a broad-spectrum elicitor, whereas SA functions as a selective metabolic modulator. The differential enzymatic responses further highlight elicitor-specific regulatory patterns in antioxidant defense and secondary metabolism. Overall, these findings demonstrate that elicitor type and concentration differentially influence the balance between growth and secondary metabolism, providing a framework for optimizing metabolite production in controlled in-vitro systems. Full article