Search Results (151)

Background: LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD/AS2) transcription factors integrate developmental and hormonal signals during organogenesis. As a high-value fruit tree crop, blueberries’ rooting ability underpins their vegetative propagation and field performance, yet a genome-wide view of the LBD repertoire and its roles in blueberry has been lacking. Results: We cataloged 153 non-redundant LBD genes (VcLBD) by homology search against the GDV RefTrans V1 genome and domain validation, substantially exceeding counts reported for other fruit crops. Phylogeny resolved the family into the canonical Class I/II and seven subclades, with extensive lineage-specific expansion supported by synteny: 72.31% of loci arose from whole-genome/segmental and tandem duplication. Gene structures were highly heterogeneous (2–24 exons) but conserved within clades; motif profiling (MEME/InterPro) recovered the signature LOB cysteine block, GAS module and a leucine-zipper-like motif with clade-specific combinations. Promoter scanning identified 38 cis-element types, including hormone- (auxin, cytokinin, GA, JA/MeJA, ABA, SA), stress- and meristem-associated motifs, indicating broad regulatory inputs. Public transcriptomes revealed pronounced tissue–stage specificity with a root-centered bias; qRT-PCR across eight organs/stages validated four archetypal expression programs (higher expression in roots, flowers, fruits in stage 1, or mature fruit, respectively), including floral/early-fruit enrichment (e.g., VcLBD39/40) and ripening-associated induction. Hormone assays demonstrated differential responsiveness: IAA up-regulated VcLBD6/16b/33c/40e/41, whereas 6-BA suppressed VcLBD16b/33c/39a/39c/40e and induced VcLBD41/46h; ACC and MeJA produced gene-specific induction or repression. During adventitious rooting (0/4/7/10 DAC), 30 VcLBDs were differentially expressed, forming three temporal patterns. VcLBD16b reaches its peak expression during the early stages of adventitious root development and exhibits a strong response to auxin. VcLBD11 shows dynamic changes synchronized with cytokinin activity, while VcLBD33/40 is associated with primordia growth and vascular-related processes. Conclusions: We identified and characterized 153 VcLBD genes, profiled their transcripts across multiple blueberry tissues, defined stages of adventitious root development, and evaluated hormone responsiveness for representative members. Together, these results establish a foundation for dissecting VcLBD regulatory mechanisms and functions, particularly in organ growth and adventitious rooting. Full article

This article examines Romanian internet memes as cultural micro-narratives that encode social critique, identity negotiation, and emotional response through compressed, multimodal storytelling. Using a mixed-method approach, the study integrates qualitative narrative analysis with quantitative sentiment data drawn from the RoMEMESv2 corpus, comprising 983 Romanian-language memes. The analysis identifies recurrent narrative roles and plot structures adapted from Propp’s morphology and applied to digital contexts, revealing archetypal roles, such as the slacker hero, the bureaucratic villain, the domestic guardian, and the trickster. From a quantitative point of view, the corpus exhibits a dominant negative sentiment, particularly within political memes, which combine systemic critique with affective ambivalence. These findings distinguish Romanian memes from datasets in other languages, suggesting that negativity functions not as deviance, but as a culturally specific narrative and emotional resource. Multimodal analysis demonstrates how visual and textual elements operate through anchorage, intertextuality, and symbolic compression, so as to construct narrative messages within single frames. The study argues that Romanian memes function as digital folklore: they narrate social frustration and institutional distrust through irony, repetition, and archetypal condensation, offering insights into the emotional and narrative logic of post-communist digital culture. Full article

The rise of toxic content, particularly in the form of hateful memes, poses a significant challenge to social media platforms. This paper presents an empirical comparative study of unimodal and multimodal architectures for toxic content detection. Rather than proposing a novel architecture, the study evaluates the efficacy of a modular Late Fusion framework (RoBERViT) against specialized unimodal baselines (RoBERTa and ViT) and a generalist Large Multimodal (LLaVA). Both unimodal and multimodal configurations across two distinct benchmarks—the imbalanced Innopolis Hateful Memes dataset and the confounder-driven Facebook Hateful Meme dataset—were explored. Beyond quantitative metrics, this study conducts a qualitative analysis using Explainable AI (LIME) and a Large Multimodal Model (LLaVA) to investigate model reasoning. Results demonstrate that the multimodal fusion model consistently outperformed its unimodal counterparts on the Innopolis Hateful Meme dataset, achieving a toxic class F1-score of 0.6439 compared to the text-only score of 0.5794. However, on the Facebook Hateful Meme dataset, text-only models remain competitive, highlighting the “benign confounder” challenge. The qualitative analysis reveals that text remains the dominant modality, with models often relying on surface-level keywords. Notably, the Vision Transformer frequently uses text overlays as a visual proxy for hate, while the LLaVA model struggles with hallucinated toxicity in benign confounder contexts. These findings underscore the persistent challenge of achieving true multimodal understanding in hate speech detection. Full article

Conversational Agents have been showing promise for depression in adults in the short-term. Although, there has been little research done for conversational agents (CAs) with depression in adolescents. This study aimed to determine adolescents’ user experience with Athenabot, a behavioral activation CA for depression. The study included 66 participants who interacted with Athenabot. Participants were aged 13 to 18 (mean = 14.12) and predominantly identified as female (56.1%). Participants’ confidence in the CA’s utility to improve mood significantly increased from baseline to post-intervention (p < 0.001). Adolescents provided an acceptable Net Promoter Score of 6.73. Positive themes from feedback included the CA being helpful and favorably viewed, while negative themes included its perceived audience-dependency and impersonal nature. Recommendations for improvement included reducing repetitive questions and enhancing personalization. Adolescents significantly preferred multiple-choice questions over typed response questions (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in preference for emojis, memes, or GIFs. Adolescents reported an increased confidence that the CA could improve their mood. While the CAs received acceptable support, feedback highlighted a need for improved engagement and personalization. Adolescents favored multiple-choice button questions over typed responses and preferred GIFs over memes and emojis, with no significant demographic differences. Full article

Complex transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, including variation in promoter-level cis-regulatory architecture, influences infertility. In this study, we performed a purely in silico analysis of the −1000 to −1 bp promoter regions (relative to the annotated TSS) of 13 human fertility-related genes using an integrated motif-discovery and annotation workflow (NNPP, MEME/STREME, Tomtom, FIMO/CentriMo, GOMo, and MethPrimer). Motif discovery identified multiple statistically supported de novo promoter motifs, and motif scanning mapped their occurrences across the analyzed promoters. Similarity searches against curated PWM databases did not yield significant matches under stringent criteria, consistent with divergent or under-represented motif patterns. Functional association analysis and CpG island profiling further highlighted promoter segments that merit prioritization for follow-up testing. As the analysis is purely in silico and restricted to a fixed promoter window, the identified motifs should be interpreted as candidate regulatory elements pending experimental validation. Full article

This paper, positioned within the study of immigrant language varieties in Canada, examines mismo si (‘even if’), an understudied grammatical feature of Spanish in contact with French in Montreal. The phenomenon is analyzed cross-linguistically and within the theoretical framework of Distributed Morphology, approaching it from two complementary perspectives: (1) a sociolinguistic analysis of Spanish-French bilinguals in Montreal, and (2) a formal investigation of its structural properties. Mismo si, equivalent to Standard Spanish aunque and incluso si (‘even though’), is a lexical transfer from the French conjunction même si and conveys a concessive meaning. The evidence shows that this structure constitutes a distinctive linguistic adaptation to the bilingual sociolinguistic environment of Montreal. The article is organized in two sections: the first presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of mismo si occurrences in the COLEM corpus (Corpus Oral de la Lengua Española en Montreal), while the second offers a formal examination of this contact-induced structure. Full article

Cyberbullying and hate speech increasingly appear in multi-modal social media posts, where images and text are combined in diverse and fast changing ways across platforms. These posts differ in style, vocabulary and layout, and labeled data are sparse and noisy, which makes it difficult to train detectors that are both reliable and deployable under tight computational budgets. Many high performing systems rely on large vision language backbones, full parameter fine tuning, online retrieval or model ensembles, which raises training and inference costs. We present a parameter efficient cross-platform multi-modal transfer learning framework for cyberbullying and hateful content detection. Our framework has three components. First, we perform domain adaptive pretraining of a compact ViLT backbone on in domain image-text corpora. Second, we apply parameter efficient fine tuning that updates only bias terms, a small subset of LayerNorm parameters and the classification head, leaving the inference computation graph unchanged. Third, we use noise aware knowledge distillation from a stronger teacher built from pretrained text and CLIP based image-text encoders, where only high confidence, temperature scaled predictions are used as soft labels during training, and teacher models and any retrieval components are used only offline. We evaluate primarily on Hateful Memes and use IMDB as an auxiliary text only benchmark to show that the deployment aware PEFT + offline-KD recipe can still be applied when other modalities are unavailable. On Hateful Memes, our student updates only 0.11% of parameters and retain about 96% of the AUROC of full fine-tuning. Full article

With the acceleration of modernization, historical residences are facing increasingly prominent conflicts between cultural inheritance and contemporary visitor experiences. However, existing research on the revitalization of architectural heritage predominantly focuses on spatial functional replacement and value assessment, with insufficient attention paid to user-perceived issues and the transformation of architectural features into specific design practices. To address these gaps, this study takes the Ganxi Former Residence as an example and proposes an innovative pathway that integrates online review data, architectural meme theory, eye-tracking experiments, shape grammar, and design application, aiming to explore the contemporary transformation of architectural heritage in a user-demand-oriented manner. Based on 2845 valid online reviews, the study identified an imperfect signage system as the primary existing problem of the Ganxi Former Residence. Subsequently, comprehensive architectural meme maps encompassing architectural form memes, spatial memes, and cognitive memes were constructed based on architectural meme theory; high-visual-attention architectural factors were objectively screened through eye-tracking experiments; and these factors were innovatively evolved using shape grammar and applied to signage board design. Evaluation results indicate that the design proposal yielded positive effects in wayfinding clarity, aesthetic appeal, cultural fit, and overall satisfaction. This study not only accomplishes the cross-media transformation of traditional architecture from its physical form to visual signage boards but also provides a replicable and verifiable methodological paradigm for the creative transformation and innovative development of other architectural cultural heritage sites worldwide. Full article

Background: The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) G subfamily, a key member of the ABC protein family, mediates plant stress responses by transporting metabolites across membranes, but its mechanism of action in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) remains poorly understood. Methods: We systematically analyzed the evolutionary relationships, structural characteristics, stress-responsive expression patterns, and functional roles in response to saline-alkali stress of the SlABCG gene family in tomato, using a combination of approaches including phylogenetic analysis (MEGA), gene structure and motif analysis (GSDS, MEME), cis-acting element prediction, homology analysis, transcriptome analysis, protein-protein interaction prediction, and qRT-PCR validation. Results: We identified a total of 41 SlABCG genes from the tomato genome. These genes, together with 43 ABCG genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, were clustered into five distinct clades. There are 35 collinear gene pairs between the SlABCG gene family in tomato and the ABCG gene family in Arabidopsis, while 39 collinear gene pairs exist among ABCG genes within the tomato genome itself.The promoter regions of SlABCG genes contain cis-acting elements associated with responses to salicylic acid, low temperature, and gibberellin stresses. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that six SlABCG genes responded to saline-alkali stress. Gene regulatory network prediction revealed that multiple genes related to saline-alkali stress were regulated. Expression profile analysis of the 25 upregulated genes revealed that all of them were significantly upregulated during the saline-alkali stress treatment. Conclusions: In summary, our results provide deep insights into the characteristics of the SlABCG subfamily, facilitate the design of effective analysis strategies, and offer data support for exploring the roles of ABCG transporters under different stress conditions. Full article

YT521-B homology (YTH) domain-containing RNA-binding proteins, the earliest identified and most well-known m⁶A reader proteins, play important roles in post-transcriptional regulation of plant growth and development as well as stress response by specifically recognizing m⁶A-modified RNA and subsequently recruiting downstream effector proteins to mediate the biological effects of m⁶A modification in eukaryotes. In recent years, the identification and functional characterization of YTH family proteins in woody plants have significantly advanced. However, a systematic identification of the YTH proteins has not yet been reported in Salix suchowensis (S. suchowensis), an early-flowering shrub serving as a valuable model for basic genetic research in woody plants. In this study, we identified 11 YTH genes, named SsYTH1-SsYTH11, located on 9 of 19 chromosomes in S. suchowensis. All proteins with a highly conserved YTH domain were classified into 4 distinct subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analysis. The MEME analysis showed that two conserved motifs, motif 1 and motif 2, were distributed in most SsYTH proteins. Promoter cis-acting element analysis of these proteins suggested a potential close association with abiotic stress and hormones. Subsequently, expression analysis following abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) treatments demonstrated significant differential expression of several SsYTH genes, thereby establishing a basis for further exploration of the YTH function in S. suchowensis and contributing to the broader understanding of epigenetic regulation in woody plants. Full article

Background: Sucrose metabolism plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought and high temperatures, significantly influencing plant growth and yield formation. In higher plants, the second step in sucrose bioconversion involves sucrose phosphate phosphatase (SPP) hydrolyzing sucrose-6-phosphate to form sucrose. This study determined the number of SPP gene family members in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), systematically analyzed their fundamental characteristics, physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal localization, and expression patterns across different tissues and under various abiotic stresses. Methods: The SPP gene family in hirsutum was identified using Hidden Markov Models (HMMER) and the NCBI Conserved Domain Database (NCBI CDD), and its physico-chemical properties were analyzed via the SOPMA online analysis website. Phylogenetic relationships were determined using MEGA 12.0 software. Promoter regions were analyzed with PlantCARE, sequence patterns were identified via MEME, and transcriptome data were downloaded from the CottonMD database. Results: This study identified four members of the hirsutum SPP gene family, with amino acid lengths ranging from 335 to 1015, molecular weights between 38.38 and 113.28 kDa, and theoretical isoelectric points (pI) between 5.39 and 6.33. These genes are localized across four chromosomes. The SPP gene family in hirsutum exhibits closer phylo-genetic relationships with SPP genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Chenopodium quinoa. Their promoter regions are rich in cis-elements associated with multiple abiotic stress resistance functions, and their expression patterns vary across different tissues and under different abiotic stress conditions. Conclusions: The GhSPP gene may play an important role in the growth and development of upland cotton and its responses to salt stress and drought. Therefore, it could be considered as a candidate gene for future functional analysis of cotton resistance to salt and drought stress. Full article

The cryptocurrency landscape underwent significant changes in 2024 with the regulatory approval of spot Bitcoin ETFs, opening the market to institutional investors and millions of new clients. As Bitcoin reached new price peaks, the market attracted many retail traders using speculative approaches, evidenced by the surge in meme coins at the end of 2024. In such an environment, properly examining trading strategies can offer substantial advantages over the majority of market participants. Many traders, however, fail to test their strategies adequately, limiting evaluations to selected time periods and risking overfitting. This paper introduces the Rolling Strategy–Hold Ratio (RSHR), which uses a rolling-window approach to evaluate how strategies would perform from thousands of different starting points. This method helps mitigate recency bias and provides a more comprehensive understanding of strategy performance across diverse market conditions and cycles. By comparing strategies results against buy-and-hold results, traders can make informed decisions about whether to refine their strategies further or opt for index-based investing or alternative analytical methods. This study demonstrates the RSHR’s applications across technical, on-chain, sentiment analysis, and dollar cost averaging strategies, with initial research suggesting potential applications in traditional markets. Full article

New media technologies have enabled freedom of expression through platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook and Twitter. These freedoms are amplified through engagement with jokes and memes circulating on these platforms. The study analyzes the political uses of memes circulating on WhatsApp by youths in Bulawayo. The literature on the dynamics around the circulation of jokes or memes on social media has under-explored the role of jokes in Zimbabwe. Using Habermas’s theory of the public sphere and Bakhtin’s theory of the carnivalesque, the author interviewed 14 youths using semi-structured interviews and conducted a focus group discussion, in which 5 youths participated, to obtain a deeper understanding of issues raised during the interviews. The study found that youths use memes to laugh, stimulate debate, confront those in leadership and participate in offline socio-political activities. It was concluded that, while they appear to be light-hearted, memes give youths the power to challenge official narratives. Full article

Permissionless blockchains have evolved beyond cryptocurrency into foundations for Web3 applications, decentralized finance (DeFi), and digital asset ownership, yet this rapid expansion has intensified privacy vulnerabilities. This study provides a comprehensive review of recent trends, emerging privacy threats, and mitigation strategies in permissionless blockchain ecosystems. We examine six developments reshaping the landscape: meme coin proliferation on high-throughput networks, real-world asset tokenization linking on-chain activity to regulated identities, perpetual derivatives exposing trading strategies, institutional adoption concentrating holdings under regulatory oversight, prediction markets creating permanent records of beliefs, and blockchain–AI integration enabling both privacy-preserving analytics and advanced deanonymization. Through this work and forensic analysis of documented incidents, we analyze seven critical privacy threats grounded in verifiable 2024–2025 transaction data: dust attacks, private key management failures, transaction linking, remote procedure call exposure, maximal extractable value extraction, signature hijacking, and smart contract vulnerabilities. Blockchain exploits reached $2.36 billion in 2024 and $2.47 billion in the first half of 2025, with over 80% attributed to compromised private keys and signature vulnerabilities. We evaluate privacy-enhancing technologies, including zero-knowledge proofs, ring signatures, and stealth addresses, identifying the gap between academic proposals and production deployment. We further propose a Secure Development Lifecycle framework incorporating measurable security controls validated against incident data. This work bridges the disconnect between privacy research and industrial practice by synthesizing current trends, providing insights, documenting real-world threats with forensic evidence, and providing actionable insights for both researchers advancing privacy-preserving techniques and developers building secure blockchain applications. Full article

This study aims to examine transformations in television based on how its intersections with digital media destabilise one of the main distinguishing features of television genres: direct broadcasting. Does temporal simultaneity, which historically acted as a strategy for authenticating the effects of presence and present time in television mediations, still hold in the face of the new spectatorial experience interconnected with digital networks? To answer this question, this paper proposes that the complex temporal dynamics of digital networks, based on the idea of connectivity and algorithmic logic, alters our experience of television time, no longer recognised only by simultaneous action, but also by the action of multiple presences continually updated through comments, reactions, memes, reposts, edits, etc. This study’s provocative arguments begin with the literature on the relationship between direct broadcasting and present time in the constitution of television genres, highlighting their distinctions when considering television interface with digital networks. The proposed approach is based on the conceptual articulation between the notions of connectivity and networked audiovisual as a means of understanding the effects of presence and present time in the television experience within a digital context. Full article