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26 pages, 23518 KiB  
Article
Avalanche Hazard Dynamics and Causal Analysis Along China’s G219 Corridor: A Case Study of the Wenquan–Khorgas Section
by Xuekai Wang, Jie Liu, Qiang Guo, Bin Wang, Zhiwei Yang, Qiulian Cheng and Haiwei Xie
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070817 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 346
Abstract
Investigating avalanche hazards is a fundamental preliminary task in avalanche research. This work is critically important for establishing avalanche warning systems and designing mitigation measures. Primary research data originated from field investigations and UAV aerial surveys, with avalanche counts and timing identified through [...] Read more.
Investigating avalanche hazards is a fundamental preliminary task in avalanche research. This work is critically important for establishing avalanche warning systems and designing mitigation measures. Primary research data originated from field investigations and UAV aerial surveys, with avalanche counts and timing identified through image interpretation. Snowpack properties were primarily acquired via in situ field testing within the study area. Methodologically, statistical modeling and RAMMS::AVALANCHE simulations revealed spatiotemporal and dynamic characteristics of avalanches. Subsequent application of the Certainty Factor (CF) model and sensitivity analysis determined dominant controlling factors and quantified zonal influence intensity for each parameter. This study, utilizing field reconnaissance and drone aerial photography, identified 86 avalanche points in the study area. We used field tests and weather data to run the RAMMS::AVALANCHE model. Then, we categorized and summarized regional avalanche characteristics using both field surveys and simulation results. Furthermore, the Certainty Factor Model (CFM) and the parameter Sensitivity Index (Sa) were applied to assess the influence of elevation, slope gradient, aspect, and maximum snow depth on the severity of avalanche disasters. The results indicate the following: (1) Avalanches exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal concentration: temporally, they cluster between February and March and during 13:00–18:00 daily; spatially, they concentrate within the 2100–3000 m elevation zone. Chute-confined avalanches dominate the region, comprising 73.26% of total events; most chute-confined avalanches feature multiple release areas; therefore the number of release areas exceeds avalanche points; in terms of scale, medium-to-large-scale avalanches dominate, accounting for 86.5% of total avalanches. (2) RAMMS::AVALANCHE simulations yielded the following maximum values for the region: flow height = 15.43 m, flow velocity = 47.6 m/s, flow pressure = 679.79 kPa, and deposition height = 10.3 m. Compared to chute-confined avalanches, unconfined slope avalanches exhibit higher flow velocities and pressures, posing greater hazard potential. (3) The Certainty Factor Model and Sensitivity Index identify elevation, slope gradient, and maximum snow depth as the key drivers of avalanches in the study area. Their relative impact ranks as follows: maximum snow depth > elevation > slope gradient > aspect. The sensitivity index values were 1.536, 1.476, 1.362, and 0.996, respectively. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for further research on avalanche hazards, the development of avalanche warning systems, and the design of avalanche mitigation projects in the study area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change in the Cryosphere and Its Impacts)
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14 pages, 236 KiB  
Article
Exploration of Commonly Used Tests to Assess Physical Qualities in Male, Adolescent Rugby League Players: Discriminative Validity Analyses and Correlations with Match Performance Metrics
by Michael A. Carron, Aaron T. Scanlan and Thomas M. Doering
Sports 2025, 13(7), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13070204 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Tests assessing physical qualities are regularly used in youth rugby league teams for various functions. However, the utility of such tests is under-explored in this population. In this way, tests are commonly examined in terms of how well they can differentiate performances between [...] Read more.
Tests assessing physical qualities are regularly used in youth rugby league teams for various functions. However, the utility of such tests is under-explored in this population. In this way, tests are commonly examined in terms of how well they can differentiate performances between groups that are expected to differ and how they relate to outcomes in actual competitive contexts. Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the discriminative validity and relationships to match performance metrics of frequently used tests to assess physical qualities in male, adolescent rugby league players. Anthropometric (standing height and body mass) and fitness-related (20 m linear sprint, 505-Agility Test, L-run Test, medicine ball throw, countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum back squat, bench press, and prone row tests, and Multistage Fitness Test) physical qualities were measured using common tests in 42 players (16.1 ± 1.3 years). Test outcomes were compared between players in different age and positional groups for discriminative validity analyses. Relationships between test outcomes and match performance metrics gathered via global positioning system and video analysis were also determined. Compared to younger players (14–15 years), older players (16–18 years) had significantly better fitness-related physical qualities (p < 0.05, d = −1.78–1.66), but similar anthropometric qualities (p > 0.05, d = −0.45–0.20). Significant, moderate correlations (p < 0.05, r = 0.56–0.70) were found between (1) one-repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat and relative (per min) high-speed running distance and maximum velocity in matches; (2) 20-m sprint time and relative total distance; (3) 505-Agility Test time and relative line breaks; and (4) height and relative unsuccessful tackles. Consequently, commonly used fitness-related tests demonstrate discriminative validity in detecting differences between age groups, with standing height and the 1-RM back squat showing promising utility given their associations with key match metrics in adolescent rugby league players. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Modifiable Factors of Athletic Success)
22 pages, 6482 KiB  
Article
Similar Physical Model Experimental Investigation of Landslide-Induced Impulse Waves Under Varying Water Depths in Mountain Reservoirs
by Xingjian Zhou, Hangsheng Ma and Yizhe Wu
Water 2025, 17(12), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121752 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 425
Abstract
Landslide-induced impulse waves (LIIWs) are significant natural hazards, frequently occurring in mountain reservoirs, which threaten the safety of waterways and dam project. To predict the impact of impulse waves induced by Rongsong (RS) potential landslide on the dam, during the layered construction period [...] Read more.
Landslide-induced impulse waves (LIIWs) are significant natural hazards, frequently occurring in mountain reservoirs, which threaten the safety of waterways and dam project. To predict the impact of impulse waves induced by Rongsong (RS) potential landslide on the dam, during the layered construction period and maximum water level operation period of Rumei (RM) Dam (unbuilt), a large-scale three-dimensional similar physical model with a similarity scale of 200:1 (prototype length to model length) was established. The experiments set five water levels during the dam’s layered construction period and recorded and analyzed the generation and propagation laws of LIIWs. The findings indicate that, for partially granular submerged landslides, no splashing waves are generated, and the waveform of the first wave remains intact. The amplitude of the first wave exhibits stable attenuation while the third one reaches the largest. After the first three columns of impulse waves, water on the dam surface oscillates between the two banks. This study specifically discusses the impact of different water depths on LIIWs. The results show that the wave height increases as the water depth decreases. Two empirical formulas to calculate the wave attenuation at the generation area and to calculate the maximum vertical run-up height on the dam surface were derived, showing strong agreement between the empirical formulas and experimental values. Based on the model experiment results, the wave height data in front of the RM dam during the construction and operation periods of the RM reservoir were predicted, and engineering suggestions were given for the safety height of the cofferdam during the construction and security measures to prevent LIIW overflow the dam top during the operation periods of the RM dam. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Hydraulic Engineering and Modelling)
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24 pages, 4239 KiB  
Article
Thermodynamic and Exergetic Evaluation of a Newly Designed CSP Driven Cooling-Desalination Cogeneration System
by Hassan F. Elattar, Abdul Khaliq, Bassam S. Aljohani, Abdullah M. A. Alsharif and Hassanein A. Refaey
Processes 2025, 13(5), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051589 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 535
Abstract
This investigation attempts to develop a tower solar collector-based system designed for the cogeneration of cooling and desalination. The traditional organic Rankine cycle (ORC) integrated with the ejector refrigeration cycle generates limited power and cooling at a single temperature. Acknowledging their [...] Read more.
This investigation attempts to develop a tower solar collector-based system designed for the cogeneration of cooling and desalination. The traditional organic Rankine cycle (ORC) integrated with the ejector refrigeration cycle generates limited power and cooling at a single temperature. Acknowledging their limitations, our present study uses an organic flash cycle (OFC) supported by solar heat combined with the two-phase ejector cycle and the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit. Since the OFC turbine is fed with two extra streams of fluid, therefore, it provides greater power to run the compressor of the ejector and pumps of the RO unit, resulting in the production of cooling at two different temperatures (refrigeration and air conditioning) and a higher mass flow rate of fresh water. A mathematical model is employed to assess the impact of coil curvature ratio, Rib height, and direct normal irradiation (DNI) on the temperature of the collector’s oil outlet. ANSYS-FLUENT conducts numerical simulations through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The results indicate an ultimate increase in oil outlet temperature of 45% as the DNI increased from 450 to 1000 W/m2 at a curvature ratio of 0.095 when employing the 1st Rib. Further, a steady-state energy and exergy analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed cogeneration, with different design parameters like DNI, coil curvature ratio, rib height, and OFC turbine inlet pressure. The energetic and exergetic efficiencies of the cogeneration system at DNI of 800 W/m2 are obtained as 16.67% and 6.08%, respectively. Exergetic assessment of the overall system shows that 29.57% is the exergy produced as cooling exergy, and the exergy accompanied by freshwater, 68.13%, is the exergy destroyed, and 2.3% is the exergy loss. The solar collector exhibits the maximum exergy destruction, followed by the ejector and RO pumps. Integrating multiple technologies into a system with solar input enhances efficiency, energy sustainability, and environmental benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
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17 pages, 6958 KiB  
Article
Effect of Combined Wave and Current Loading on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Double-Pile Structures in Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations
by Yongqing Lai, Li Cai, Xinyun Wu, Bin Wang, Yiyang Hu, Yuwei Liang, Haisheng Zhao and Wei Shi
Energies 2025, 18(10), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102573 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 436
Abstract
The multi-pile structure is a common and reliable foundation form used in offshore wind turbines (such as jacket-type structures, etc.), which can withstand hydrodynamic loads dominated by waves and water flow, providing a stable operating environment. However, the hydrodynamic responses between adjacent monopiles [...] Read more.
The multi-pile structure is a common and reliable foundation form used in offshore wind turbines (such as jacket-type structures, etc.), which can withstand hydrodynamic loads dominated by waves and water flow, providing a stable operating environment. However, the hydrodynamic responses between adjacent monopiles affected by combined wave and current loadings are seldom revealed. In this study, a generation module for wave–current combined loading is developed in waves2Foam by considering the wave theory coupled current effect. Subsequently, a numerical flume model of the double-pile structure is established in OpenFOAM based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and SST k-ω turbulence theory, and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the double-pile structure are investigated. It can be found that, under the combined wave–current loading, the maximum wave run-up at the leeward side of the upstream monopile is significantly reduced by about 24% on average compared with that of the individual monopile when the spacing is 1.25 and 1.75 times the wave length. At the free water surface height, the maximum discrepancy between the maximum surface pressure on the downstream monopile and the corresponding result of the individual monopile is significantly reduced from 37% to 19%. Compared to the case applying the wave loading condition, the wave–current loading reduces the influence of spacing on the wave run-up along the downstream monopile surface, the maximum surface pressure at specific positions on both upstream and downstream monopile, and the overall maximum horizontal force acting on the double-pile structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy Technologies in China)
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17 pages, 2773 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Nonlinear Vibrations of Flexible Monopile-Foundation Offshore Wind Turbines in Regular Waves
by Songxiong Wu, Hao Zhang, Ziwen Chen, Xiaoting Liu, Long Zheng, Mengjiao Du, Rongfu Li and Donghai Li
Water 2025, 17(8), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081176 - 15 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2431
Abstract
The offshore wind industry is increasingly moving towards larger turbines. The growth in rotor size and aerodynamic loads necessitates larger monopile foundations. This increased foundation height results in a monopile that exhibits pronounced slenderness and flexibility. Consequently, the fixed-bottom monopile becomes more susceptible [...] Read more.
The offshore wind industry is increasingly moving towards larger turbines. The growth in rotor size and aerodynamic loads necessitates larger monopile foundations. This increased foundation height results in a monopile that exhibits pronounced slenderness and flexibility. Consequently, the fixed-bottom monopile becomes more susceptible to wave loads, which can induce nonlinear vibrations in complex wave environments. Extensive physical model experiments have been conducted in a wave tank to study the nonlinear vibration characteristics of a fixed-bottom monopile under regular wave action. The experimental results demonstrate that when the wave period is close to twice the resonant period of the model, the vibration response of the monopile increases significantly. Under these conditions, a second harmonic resonance occurs, with the amplitude of the second harmonic component being more than twice that of the fundamental (wave frequency) component. Additionally, the maximum run-up around the model exhibits a W-shaped distribution in the circumferential direction, with the highest run-up observed on the incident wave side. The wave pressure at the water surface is the greatest and increases with wave height, while the pressure below the water surface gradually increases with the measurement height. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Offshore Hydrodynamics)
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16 pages, 10508 KiB  
Communication
Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Different Reservoir Water Levels on Landslide-Induced Impulsive Waves
by Anchi Shi, Jie Lei, Lei Tian, Changhao Lyu and Pengchao Mao
Water 2025, 17(6), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060890 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 448
Abstract
Since the impoundment of the Baihetan Reservoir, water-involved landslides have become widespread. Existing studies on landslide-generated waves have rarely examined the impact of varying water levels on wave characteristics. This paper focuses on the Wangjiashan (WJS) landslide in the Baihetan Reservoir area of [...] Read more.
Since the impoundment of the Baihetan Reservoir, water-involved landslides have become widespread. Existing studies on landslide-generated waves have rarely examined the impact of varying water levels on wave characteristics. This paper focuses on the Wangjiashan (WJS) landslide in the Baihetan Reservoir area of China, conducting geomechanical experiments to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of landslide-generated waves under different water level conditions. Utilizing a self-developed experimental measurement system, this study accurately records key parameters during the generation, propagation, and run-up of landslide-generated waves. It captures the complete sliding process of the WJS landslide under various water level conditions and elucidates the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of waves throughout their entire lifecycle, from generation through propagation to run-up. The research results indicate that water level factors significantly influence key parameters such as initial wave height, run-up on the opposite bank, propagation characteristics along the course, and maximum run-up in the Xiangbiling residential area. Generally, wave height initially increases and then decreases as the water level drops. Furthermore, this study offers crucial experimental data to deepen the understanding of the physical mechanisms of landslide-generated waves, advancing landslide disaster early warning technologies and enhancing the scientific accuracy and precision of landslide risk management. Full article
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21 pages, 14076 KiB  
Article
Design and Optimization of Stem Mustard Cutting Device Based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
by Shumin Song, Lei Zhang, Yu Wu, Weixing Shao, Wenshu Liu, Bin Li, Zhiheng Zeng and Youlun Pang
Processes 2025, 13(3), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030845 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 689
Abstract
The high damage rate of mechanical cutting and low harvesting efficiency of stem mustard is a major constraint to the sustainable development of its industry. In this study, a reciprocating cutter device tailored for stem mustard was designed for stem mustard under special [...] Read more.
The high damage rate of mechanical cutting and low harvesting efficiency of stem mustard is a major constraint to the sustainable development of its industry. In this study, a reciprocating cutter device tailored for stem mustard was designed for stem mustard under special growing conditions in southwest China. A reciprocating cutter model was developed based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA. Parameters considered include cutting height (X1), angle of incision (X2), forward speed (X3) and single run displacement (X4). Cutting force (F) and cutting power (P) were identified as evaluation metrics. A multifactor quadratic regression model was developed for the orthogonal combinatorial testing procedure using the Box–Behnken design methodology. Cutting force and cutting power obtained by applied derivation of regression equations were 41.4 N and 36.756 W, respectively. Response surface methodology and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the optimum operating parameters of the cutting tools used for machining, which were determined to be X1 = 1.45 mm, X2 = 12°, X3 = 0.5 m/s and X4 = 93 mm. The maximum cutting success rate of 94% and the minimum damage rate of 6% on stemmed mustard under the optimum combination of cutting parameters were verified through several field trials. The results of this study provide valuable technical insights into the optimal design of harvesting equipment for stem and leaf mustard to improve the success rate and reduce the damage rate. Full article
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11 pages, 626 KiB  
Article
Reactive Balance in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Prospective Motion Analysis Study
by Ria Paradkar, Christina Regan, Kathie Bernhardt, Kenton R. Kaufman, Todd A. Milbrandt and A. Noelle Larson
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(5), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051715 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 959
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Traditional fusion leads to a loss of spine mobility across the fused vertebrae. Vertebral body tethering (VBT) was developed with the goal of increasing flexibility and maintaining some spinal mobility. However, it is not known if the additional mobility leads to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Traditional fusion leads to a loss of spine mobility across the fused vertebrae. Vertebral body tethering (VBT) was developed with the goal of increasing flexibility and maintaining some spinal mobility. However, it is not known if the additional mobility leads to significant functional improvement. This prospective motion analysis study evaluates functional outcomes, specifically gait stability, in pre-operative, post-fusion, and post-VBT patients by using postural perturbations on a treadmill. Methods: Overall, 79 subjects underwent a computer-controlled treadmill study with postural perturbations, which simulated trips and slips. The subjects were harnessed for safety. Overall, 21 subjects were healthy controls, 18 patients were at least one-year post-VBT, 15 patients were at least one-year post-fusion, and 25 were pre-operative scoliosis patients. Subject weight, height, and treadmill acceleration were recorded and used to determine anteroposterior single (ASSTs, PSSTs) and multiple (AMSTs, PMSTs) stepping thresholds to describe the maximum torque a patient could withstand before failing to recover from the simulated trip. Independent t-tests were run to compare groups under the advice of a master statistician with expertise in orthopedic surgery. Results: Pre-operative scoliosis patients had lower PSSTs than healthy controls (uncorrected p = 0.036). No significant differences were observed between pre-operative and post-operative groups for both fusion and VBT. There was no significant difference in ASST, AMST, or PMST between any of the groups. Conclusions: The lower PSST in pre-operative scoliosis patients compared to healthy controls may reflect impaired reactive balance and potentially increased fall risk. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in reactive balance measures between pre-operative and post-operative scoliosis patients or between post-fusion and post-VBT patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)
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13 pages, 897 KiB  
Article
Comparison Between Water Aerobics and Deep-Water Running on Middle-Aged Adults’ Anthropometric, Hemodynamic and Functional Outcomes
by Larissa dos Santos Leonel, Angelica Danielevicz and Rodrigo Sudatti Delevatti
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22010106 - 14 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1327
Abstract
Background: Head-out aquatic training, using modalities such as water-aerobics/hydrogymnastics (HYD) and deep-water running (DWR), has been effective in improving the physical, metabolic and cognitive health of middle-aged adults. However, direct comparisons between these modalities are lacking. Aim: The aim of this study was [...] Read more.
Background: Head-out aquatic training, using modalities such as water-aerobics/hydrogymnastics (HYD) and deep-water running (DWR), has been effective in improving the physical, metabolic and cognitive health of middle-aged adults. However, direct comparisons between these modalities are lacking. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of water aerobics and deep-water running on anthropometric, functional and hemodynamic outcomes in adults and older adults. Methods: An uncontrolled pragmatic trial (RBR-2txw8zy) was conducted with participants aged 30 to 80, allocated to HYD and DWR groups. The intervention consisted of 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training with weekly undulating periodization (2× week), divided into three mesocycles (4, 5, and 3 weeks), each lasting 50 min. Intensity was prescribed using the Rate of Perceived Effort (RPE), ranging from RPE 11 to 17. Outcomes assessed included the 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, Timed-Up-and-Go usual (TUG-u) and maximum (TUG-m), 6 min walking test (6MWT), body mass, waist circumference, blood pressure and resting heart rate-HRrest. The analysis was conducted using generalized estimating equations, with per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses. Results: The study included 104 participants (HYD: n = 63, mean age 59 years, 54 women; DWR: n = 41, mean age 53 years, 33 women). ITT analysis showed improvements in waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and TUG-m in the HYD group, and a reduction in HRrest in the DWR group. Both modalities showed significant improvements in the 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, 6MWT, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio in the PP analysis. Conclusions: Both modalities promoted functional improvements and favorable changes in anthropometric evaluations, with DWR showing a greater reduction in HRrest. Full article
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33 pages, 21077 KiB  
Article
Deterministic Tsunami Hazard Assessment for the Eastern Coast of the United Arab Emirates: Insights from the Makran Subduction Zone
by Mouloud Hamidatou, Abdulla Almandous, Khalifa Alebri, Badr Alameri and Ali Megahed
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10665; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310665 - 5 Dec 2024
Viewed by 3241
Abstract
Tsunamis are destructive oceanic hazards caused by underwater disturbances, mainly earthquakes. A deterministic tsunami hazard assessment for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), due to the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ), was conducted based on the history of earthquakes in the region and considering the [...] Read more.
Tsunamis are destructive oceanic hazards caused by underwater disturbances, mainly earthquakes. A deterministic tsunami hazard assessment for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), due to the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ), was conducted based on the history of earthquakes in the region and considering the rapid development and urbanization of the east coast of the UAE. A variety of earthquake source scenarios was modeled, involving moment magnitudes of 8.2, 8.8, and 9.2. Tsunami travel time (TTT), run-up, flow depth, and inundation maps were generated to pinpoint the areas susceptible to tsunami hazards for the eastern coastal cities of Kalba, Al Fujairah, Khor Fakkan, and Dibba. The results show that the worst-case Mw 9.2 earthquake in a full MSZ rupture scenario resulted in an average TTT of 37 min, a maximum run-up height of 2.55 m, a maximum flow depth of 2.2 m, and a maximum inundation distance of 253 m on the east coast of the UAE. The Mw 8.2 western MSZ earthquake and the Mw 8.8 eastern MSZ earthquake scenarios were of less significant impact. These findings provide new insights into tsunami hazard assessment and are expected to play a vital role in advancing sustainable development in the region by providing key information for stakeholders and authorities as they highlight the need for enhanced tsunami mitigation and preparedness measures to reduce the potential impact of future tsunamis on the UAE. Full article
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15 pages, 4777 KiB  
Article
The Relationship Between Foot Anthropometrics, Lower-Extremity Kinematics, and Ground Reaction Force in Elite Female Basketball Players: An Exploratory Study Investigating Arch Height Index and Navicular Drop
by Catherine I. Cairns, Douglas W. Van Citters and Ryan M. Chapman
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 750-764; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040055 - 1 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2482
Abstract
Static and dynamic foot function can be evaluated using easy-to-implement, low-cost measurements like arch height index (AHI) and navicular drop (ND). Connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity kinematics/kinetics have largely focused on gait. Some studies exist evaluating basketball players; however, these predominantly focus on [...] Read more.
Static and dynamic foot function can be evaluated using easy-to-implement, low-cost measurements like arch height index (AHI) and navicular drop (ND). Connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity kinematics/kinetics have largely focused on gait. Some studies exist evaluating basketball players; however, these predominantly focus on men. To our knowledge, few studies evaluate female athletes, and none have investigated connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity biomechanics in elite female basketball players. Thus, we conducted an IRB-approved observational investigation of 10 female, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 basketball players, evaluating connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity biomechanics during basketball activities. Participants completed one visit wherein bilateral AHI/ND measurements and kinematics/kinetics were captured via optical motion capture and force-instrumented treadmill during basketball activities (walking, running, vertical/horizontal jumping, side shuffles, 45° cuts). No connections existed between the AHI and any variable during any task. Contrastingly, ND was statistically significantly correlated with medial/lateral force maximum and range during left cutting. This implies that individuals with stiffer feet produced more side-to-side force than those with more foot mobility during cutting. This is the first report connecting ND to lower-extremity biomechanics in elite, female basketball players. This could inform novel interventions and technologies to improve frontal kinematics/kinetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics in Sport, Exercise and Performance)
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18 pages, 6406 KiB  
Article
Design and Seismic Performance Study of Multistage Controllable Isolation Bearing for High-Speed Railway Simply Supported Beam
by Hanyun Liu, Jun Jiang, Na Mao, Yingyu Mao and Jianfeng Mao
Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3539; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113539 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1154
Abstract
The high-speed railway (HSR) system imposes stringent requirements for track smoothness. However, conventional seismic isolation bearings frequently fail to meet these demands. To address this challenge, a novel seismic isolation bearing was developed based on the principle of functional separation design. This innovative [...] Read more.
The high-speed railway (HSR) system imposes stringent requirements for track smoothness. However, conventional seismic isolation bearings frequently fail to meet these demands. To address this challenge, a novel seismic isolation bearing was developed based on the principle of functional separation design. This innovative bearing effectively achieves the multistage control objectives, including amplitude limitation to ensure track smoothness during frequent earthquakes, energy dissipation to guarantee train running safety during design earthquakes, and structural integrity maintenance to prevent beam collapse during rare earthquakes. Firstly, an overview of the novel isolation bearing’s structural design and operational principle is provided. Subsequently, a corresponding mechanical model is formulated, with the parameters of the new bearing determined through finite element analysis. The study then compares the seismic performance of the general rubber bearing and the new bearing, using an HSR simply supported bridge as an engineering background. The dynamic response of the bridge under varying seismic waves, pier heights, and bridge spans is meticulously analyzed. The results indicate that the new bearing can achieve multistage control. Compared to general bearings, it reduces bridge displacement vibration by over 46.4% under frequent, design, and rare earthquakes. The bridge deformation under frequent earthquakes remains below 3 mm, thus meeting the track smoothness requirements for normal HSR operations. Additionally, the study reveals that higher pier heights increase the seismic response, peaking at 15 m. The vibration reduction provided by the new bearing varies but remains effective in most earthquake scenarios, with maximum reductions of 92.9% for displacement and 74.17% for bending moment. Furthermore, larger bridge spans also increase the seismic response, with the 24 m span bridge outperforming the 32 m span bridge. In conclusion, the novel seismic isolation bearing significantly enhances the seismic performance of HSR bridges, ensuring train running safety and operational reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damping Control of Building Structures and Bridge Structures)
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33 pages, 13268 KiB  
Article
Offshore Hydrogen Infrastructure: Insights from CFD Simulations of Wave–Cylinder Interactions at Various Cross-Sections
by Mohammad Mohseni and Mohammad Yazdi
Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8309; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198309 - 24 Sep 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1165
Abstract
CFD-based numerical wave tank models are valuable tools for analyzing the nonlinear interaction between waves and structures. This paper aims to examine the deformation of high-order free surfaces near a vertical, surface-piercing fixed cylinder with various cross-sections under regular head waves, assuming no [...] Read more.
CFD-based numerical wave tank models are valuable tools for analyzing the nonlinear interaction between waves and structures. This paper aims to examine the deformation of high-order free surfaces near a vertical, surface-piercing fixed cylinder with various cross-sections under regular head waves, assuming no wave breaking. Additionally, the study investigates the effects of wavelength on wave evolution, nonlinear wave amplification, and the harmonics around the cylinder. The numerical analysis is performed using the CFD toolbox OpenFOAM. The comparison of numerical results for different cross-sections reveals the influence of corner ratio on lateral edge waves and highlights its significant impact on the nonlinear wave field around the cylinder, particularly for short incident waves. The numerical results indicate the important contribution of the cross-section shape together with the corner effect on the lateral edge waves and accordingly the nonlinear wave field surrounding the given column, which involves high harmonics wave amplification up to fourth. The reduction in corner ratio results in a reduction in maximum run-up height from 2.57 to 2.2 in short waves, while for the long waves, it is from 1.61 to 1.45. This research not only enhances our understanding of fluid–structure interactions but also has implications for the design and safety of hydrogen storage and transportation systems. Understanding dynamic pressures and structural responses is crucial for these applications. CFD simulations of wave–cylinder interactions are essential for designing and optimizing offshore hydrogen infrastructure. These simulations model how waves interact with cylindrical structures, such as wind turbine foundations, hydrogen production platforms, and storage tanks. Understanding these interactions is vital for ensuring the structural integrity, efficiency, and sustainability of offshore hydrogen facilities. Full article
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10 pages, 1422 KiB  
Article
Run-Up of a Vortex Hydrodynamic Bore onto the Shore
by Igor Shugan and Yang-Yih Chen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(9), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091525 - 3 Sep 2024
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Abstract
The run-up of a vortex hydrodynamic bore onto an inclined beach is the subject of this study. To theoretically analyze this problem, we use the Benny equations, which, within the shallow water model, allow us to take into account the distribution of horizontal [...] Read more.
The run-up of a vortex hydrodynamic bore onto an inclined beach is the subject of this study. To theoretically analyze this problem, we use the Benny equations, which, within the shallow water model, allow us to take into account the distribution of horizontal fluid velocity along the depth of the fluid layer. We show that the presence of a shear flow behind a bore significantly modifies the different regimes of bore motion toward the shoreline depending on its strength. The subsequent collapse of the bore near the shoreline with the release of a high-speed run-up jet onto the dry shore is also significantly modulated by the degree of vorticity of the fluid flow. The maximum flooding length and run-up height increase significantly with increasing vorticity of the fluid flow. We use a theoretical model based on the characteristic Whitham rule for a bore, supplemented by the laws of conservation of mass and the momentum of a liquid crossing a shock wave. It is assumed that the wave run-up that appears after the “collapse” of the bore is determined by gravity. As a result, the maximum value of the wave run-up, its speed, the influence of flow vorticity, and its structure as a whole are estimated. The acceptable agreement of the simulation results with experimental data can serve as a justification for the applicability of our model to the calculation of the bore run-up onto a sloping beach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)
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